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Articles 541 - 570 of 1403
Full-Text Articles in International and Area Studies
“Todos Somos Trigueños”: La Presencia De Los Pueblos Indígenas En El Arte Urbano De Perú, Aubrey Parke
“Todos Somos Trigueños”: La Presencia De Los Pueblos Indígenas En El Arte Urbano De Perú, Aubrey Parke
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
Con una base en teorías de las ciencias sociales, incluso sociología, antropología y estudios urbanos, este proyecto investiga la representación de los pueblos indígenas en el arte urbano de Perú. Mi objetivo es entender como artistas urbanos en Lima conceptualizan a los pueblos indígenas a través de sus murales. Hice entrevistas con siete artistas urbanos en Lima durante un periodo de dos semanas, y también discutí con ellos ejemplos de su trabajo. Analizo las entrevistas y los murales dentro del contexto de la globalización, la historia del indigenismo en el arte peruano y las historias personales de cada artista. Encontré …
Influencia Del Quechua En El Castellano Andino Del Cusco, Perú, Meredith Church
Influencia Del Quechua En El Castellano Andino Del Cusco, Perú, Meredith Church
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
Esta investigación lingüística intenta analizar la influencia del quechua en el castellano andino de la ciudad del Cusco, Perú, con los objetivos de identificar y registrar las características lingüísticas que diferencian el castellano andino del español estándar en la ciudad del Cusco y delinear cuáles de estos cambios lingüísticos son resultados del contacto con el idioma quechua. La muestra consta de dieciséis residentes del distrito de Wanchaq, que han provisto 4.45 horas de entrevistas grabadas durante dos semanas de trabajo de campo. Las observaciones del corpus grabado se complementan con las observaciones de la investigadora durante su estadía en la …
La Estructura Neo-Colonial Del Turismo Espiritual En El Perú: Las Percepciones Locales De Quien Controla La Mercantilización Del Ayahuasca En Cusco, Andrea Aspajo
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
Esta investigación aborda el tema del turismo místico/espiritual en la ciudad de Cusco enfocándose en los negocios de ayahuasca. Intenta comprender las percepciones locales de quien controla a los negocios de ayahuasca en Cusco. El trabajo analiza cómo el turismo, como las formas emergentes de emprendimiento de la industria del ayahuasca, participan en la continuación de la colonización económica de Latino América. Como principal metodología de estudio se utilizaron las técnicas cualitativas de la entrevista y la observación con preguntas abiertas a representantes de negocios de ayahuasca tanto como agentes gubernamentales. Los resultados se analizaron usando un marco teórico del …
Pasantía En Programa De Integración Escolar (Pie): Apoyando Estudiantes Con Discapacidades En La Escuela Secundaria, Emily Sen
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
The intent behind this internship experience was to gain insight into the relationship between an individual’s physical and mental state in the general panorama of one’s health and wellness, specifically among the adolescent population. Throughout this investigation, I actively focused on helping the individuals with whom I was working by cultivating relationships and assisting in therapies. I completed this work in the Student Integration Program (Programa de Integración Escolar), known as PIE, within Liceo A-1 Octavo Palma Pérez, a public high school in Arica, Chile. PIE is a government sponsored program that provides additional resources to students in the public-school …
Pasantía En Red Oss: Más Que Una Clínica, Saad Ehsan
Pasantía En Red Oss: Más Que Una Clínica, Saad Ehsan
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
RED OSS es una organización en Conchalí, Santiago que provee pruebas rápidas de VIH y actualiza otras pruebas para ETS en una manera gratuita desde 1991. Durante mi pasantía, investigué como una organización disminuye las desigualdades de salud. También aprendí sobre el financiamiento de RED OSS, las pruebas rápidas y el nicho de RED OSS en un país con un sistema pública. Utilicé observaciones y entrevistas para estudiar la clínica. Tuve oportunidades para asistir los talleres para prevenir homofobia y ver las consejerías con un voluntario. También actualicé el sitio web para reflejar los servicios que RED OSS ofrece. En …
Gambaru-Ando: Las Familias De Los Desaparecidos De La Colectividad Japonesa (Fdcj) Y Su Lucha Por La Memoria, Verdad, Justicia, Y Visibilidad / Embodying Gambaru: Nikkei Families Of The Desaparecidos And Their Fight For Visibility In The Movement For Memory, Truth, And Justice, Mieko Kuramoto
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
En los años del último gobierno militar en la Argentina, 30.000 mil personas fueron desaparecidas en una campaña de terrorismo de estado. Entre esos miles, 17 de los desaparecidos eran argentinos de ascendencia japonesa, o ‘nikkei.’ Este proyecto estudia la lucha de sus familias para ganar visibilidad y borrar el estigma que rodeó a los desaparecidos dentro de la colectividad japonesa, a la vez de luchar por su reconocimiento en la sociedad argentina. Para estudiar su “doble- lucha,” este proyecto también toca temas de interseccionalidad, identidad y traumas nacionales sufridos por las comunidades minoritarias, y examina el trabajo que hizo …
La Vulneración De Los Derechos E Invisibilización Sobre Lxs Migrantes Senegaleses En Caba / The Violation Of Human Rights And The Invisibilization Of Senegalese Immigrants In The Autonomous City Of Buenos Aires, Madeline Doane
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
Antes de que Argentina fuera una estado-nación oficial, ha habido una invisibilización de lxs afro-descendientes y afro-argentinxs que continúa hoy bajo la negación de la existencia y los derechos de lxs inmigrantes senegaleses. Desde la década de 1990, ha habido una progresiva afluencia de migrantes senegaleses, por lo general de varones jóvenes, a Buenos Aires, Argentina, con el sueño de prosperidad económica para compartir con sus familias en Senegal. A su llegada, se enfrentan a varias barreras lingüísticas y culturales para adaptarse al estilo de vida argentino. Debido a las leyes de inmigración actuales, no son capaces de obtener trabajos …
La Radio Es Más Fuerte Que La Espada : La Percepción De La Eficacia De La Radio Comunitaria De Familiares Y Amigos De Luciano Arruga En La Visibilización Del Problema De La Violencia Institucional. / The Radio Is Mightier Than The Sword: The Perception Of Efficiency Of The Community Radio Of Familiares Y Amigos De Luciano Arruga In Making Visible The Problem Of Institutional Violence., Isabel Torres
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
Este trabajo investiga la percepción de la eficacia de las radios comunitarias en la visibilización de su lucha contra la violencia institucional. En particular, examina las percepciones de la eficacia que los miembros de la organización Familiares y Amigos de Luciano Arruga tienen sobre la radio comunitaria de su organización, Radio Zona Libre. A través de entrevistas semi-estructuradas y la investigación archivística, indagué como los objetivos de la organización y la radio han cambiado con el tiempo, y con esos cambios surgió un cambio posterior en los tipos de visibilidad que querían lograr y sus percepciones sobre el éxito que …
El Poder Del Sonido: La Radio Comunitaria En La Resistencia Contra Los Proyectos Extractivistas En La Patagonia / The Power Of Sound: Community Radio In Resistance Against Extractivist Projects In Patagonia, Dora Segall
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
Desde finales de la última dictadura militar, la radio comunitaria fue utilizada por las personas cuyas voces no se representaban en los medios masivos de comunicación (Gerbaldo 2012). A fines de la década de 1980, surgieron nuevos medios populares para expresar las opiniones de quienes habían sido silenciados. Este desarrollo ha continuado hasta hoy en día. En junio de 2017 se registraron 416 estaciones de radio sin fines de lucro en Argentina (Galay 2017).
Siendo medio de comunicación alternativo utilizado en todo el país, la radio comunitaria funciona con una gestión horizontal o democrática. La Ley de Servicios de Comunicación …
Entre El Júbilo Y El Horror: Un Análisis De La Prensa Nacionalista Creada Por La Última Dictadura De Argentina Durante La Copa Mundial De 1978 Y Las Micro Resistencias En El Buenos Aires Herald / Between Jubilation And Horror: An Analysis Of The Nationalistic Press Created By The Last Dictatorship In Argentina During The 1978 World Cup And The Micro Resistances In The Buenos Aires Herald, Catherine Mathias
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
This paper analyzes the nationalistic rhetoric used during the 1978 World Cup in Argentina. The dictatorship during this time heavily censored the press in order to maintain a favorable image, so, this paper will analyze three sources that supported the dictatorship and one that resisted the censorship instilled by the dictatorship. To achieve this analysis, I utilized various archives in Buenos Aires to find material from one newspaper and two magazines that supported the dictatorship: Clarín, Para Ti, and El Gráfico and articles from the newspaper, the Buenos Aires Herald, which continued to criticize the government despite intimidation. In this …
Impacts Of Anthropogenic Waste On Tasmanian Pacific Gull (Larus Pacificus) Diet, Anne Bartlett
Impacts Of Anthropogenic Waste On Tasmanian Pacific Gull (Larus Pacificus) Diet, Anne Bartlett
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
Plastic pollution is one of the foremost environmental issues that the world is currently experiencing. The effects of plastic pollution are great and range from leaching of hazardous chemicals into the environment to ingestion of plastic waste by wildlife, including seabirds. Due to the high rates of plastic consumption by seabirds, many recent studies have been performed to determine the biological impacts of plastic consumption on various seabird species. The Pacific Gull (Larus pacificus) is the world’s largest sea gull and the only gull endemic to Australia, yet very limited information exists on this species. This study examines the impacts …
Social Support And Discrimination: The Experiences Of Recovering Heroin Addicts In Kunming, China, Phoebe Li
Social Support And Discrimination: The Experiences Of Recovering Heroin Addicts In Kunming, China, Phoebe Li
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
Opioids have had a long, complex position in Chinese society, dating all the way back to the Ming dynasty. In 1949, 5% of the overall Chinese population and 25% of the population in Yunnan smoked opium regularly, which led to societal collapse and economic downturn. Since then, the Chinese government has used many different methods to attempt to control drug use and trafficking, including registering all users, executing traffickers, and using Compulsory Rehabilitation Centers. Starting in 2008, the government switched to a harm reduction approach and began to invest in methadone clinics, community support groups, and needle exchange programs. Because …
Is Technology The Key To Prevention Of Falls Among The Elderly In Rapidly Aging Societies? A Case Study Of Kunming, China, Phoebe Kiburi
Is Technology The Key To Prevention Of Falls Among The Elderly In Rapidly Aging Societies? A Case Study Of Kunming, China, Phoebe Kiburi
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
As the aging society rapidly becomes more dominant in the world, there is a pressing need for different stakeholders to tend to the needs of the aging sufficiently. This is crucial in ensuring the robustness of the healthcare system as a whole; given that it can only be as strong as its weakest link. This study focuses on one of the areas of need of the ageing society: fall prevention.
Numerous studies have been done on interventions by the government, private entities, elderly people and their caregivers to prevent occurrence and recurrence of falls. However, most of these have been …
When Crayons Meet Tibetan Living Room Walls: Early Childhood In Exile, Emma Hart
When Crayons Meet Tibetan Living Room Walls: Early Childhood In Exile, Emma Hart
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
This study aims to understand early childhood caregiving among Tibetan refugees living in Nepal. Due to the brain’s enormous developmental plasticity from ages zero to three, children’s experiences during this period are extremely important to explaining their future learnings in school, interactions with people, and engagements with their surroundings. Through interviews and observations, Tibetan parents shared their conceptions of early childhood, parent-child interaction norms, dreams for their children, and how their status as refugees in Nepal affects these. Research was conducted in two Pokhara district Tibetan settlements and one settlement in Mustang. Connected by the flow of children and adults …
Voices Unheard: Women And Their Children In Nepal’S Incarceration System, Aune Nuyttens, Mikayla Rose
Voices Unheard: Women And Their Children In Nepal’S Incarceration System, Aune Nuyttens, Mikayla Rose
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
This research project focused on women in Nepal’s incarceration system. Our goal was to hear and share their stories with the hopes of humanize and de-stigmatize perceptions of female prisoners in and outside of Nepal. A central component to these stories, as we learned, was also the story of prisoner’s children and the NGOs who provide assistance to this vulnerable group of women and their children. The researchers travelled to the east and west of Kathmandu to visit rural and urban prisons in Nepal, and visited various children homes, however the research was based out of Kathmandu, where many of …
Educator Perspectives On Suggested Changes To The Jordanian Education System As A Result Of The Syrian Refugee Crisis, Sara Sydney Caplan
Educator Perspectives On Suggested Changes To The Jordanian Education System As A Result Of The Syrian Refugee Crisis, Sara Sydney Caplan
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
The research investigates the question: How do teachers believe the Jordanian education system should change in order to best meet the needs of all students given the recent influx of Syrian refugees? The researcher interviewed seven teachers in Amman and Madaba, Jordan to gather qualitative data on their perspectives on the current Jordanian education system. Educators interviewed represented a vary of different school populations, grade levels, environments, resources and subject areas. Teachers interviewed and material culture demonstrated that the current education system is in need of multifaceted reform. The primary issue raised by many interviewees is enhanced discrimination and inequitable …
Schooling Silence: Sexual Harassment And Its Presence And Perception At Uganda’S Universities And Secondary Schools, Elena Mieszczanski
Schooling Silence: Sexual Harassment And Its Presence And Perception At Uganda’S Universities And Secondary Schools, Elena Mieszczanski
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
Although reports indicate that a majority of students in Uganda are sexually abused while in school, sexual harassment and its impact on educational attainment is a rampant yet understudied problem (The Uganda National Strategic Plan on Violence Against Children in Schools, 2015). While harassment in schools by teachers and students is not the only factor leading to high dropout rates among students, the behavior of teachers and students in school, and the lack of discipline towards their actions is an internal contribution to this effect. This study aims to better understand the perceptions on what constitutes “sexual harassment” in Uganda …
The Plastic Problem: Plastic Pollution In Bali, Kate Giesler
The Plastic Problem: Plastic Pollution In Bali, Kate Giesler
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
With the fourth highest population and an ever-growing rate of plastic consumption, Indonesia is the second largest plastic polluter in the world (McCarthy, 2018). The country, which has only had plastic since the latter half of the 20th century, has staggeringly high rates of plastic waste which becomes pollution due to various factors. This paper examines the factors that go into why the rates of plastic pollution are so high, what people know about it and what is being done to help combat the problem. The four main topics explored are: laws, disposal methods, education and tourism. The study uses …
Morocco: The Intersection Between Intercultural Mediation And Migration, Arianna Diaz
Morocco: The Intersection Between Intercultural Mediation And Migration, Arianna Diaz
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
My research seeks to understand the intersection between migration and intercultural mediation through a Moroccan context. The increase of undocumented and documented Sub-Saharans flowing into Morocco through the Western Mediterranean route creates an increase in intercultural spaces within Moroccan society. By analyzing Sub-Saharan livelihoods and discrimination in Morocco I address how ineffective intercultural communication creates tensions between Moroccan nationals and Sub-Saharan Migrants. By applying intercultural mediation theory I come to understand how intercultural mediation can be applied between these two cultural groups. I specifically analyze the capacity of Moroccan civil organizations to act as intercultural mediators between Moroccan communities and …
Looking Beyond Primary: A Study Of Barriers To Secondary Education In Kiryandongo Refugee Settlement, Uganda, Chloe Schalit
Looking Beyond Primary: A Study Of Barriers To Secondary Education In Kiryandongo Refugee Settlement, Uganda, Chloe Schalit
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
The increase in protracted refugee situations around the world complicates the provision of public services such as education. Accessing secondary school is key to individual and community empowerment for vulnerable refugees through providing higher education and employment opportunities. However, secondary school attainment is often severely lacking in refugee settlements. In Uganda, 58.2% of refugees are enrolled in primary school, while only 11.3% attend secondary school. This study sought to understand the experiences of Ugandan refugees related to barriers to secondary education and its relation to social and economic empowerment, as well as solutions that refugee communities, Implementing Partners (IPs), and …
Discutiendo Desde El Interior: La Marginación De Los Hombres Trans Dentro Del Movimiento Por El Aborto Legal En Argentina / Arguing From Within: The Marginalization Of Trans Men Within The Movement For Legal Abortion In Argentina, Olivia Nichols
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
En la actualidad, el color verde lleva con ello una asociación casi indudable al movimiento por el aborto legal en Argentina. A pesar de este alto perfil del movimiento conocido como la marea verde, una recorrida por la historia del movimiento revela una gran brecha en el diálogo en relación con la inclusión de personas que no son mujeres cis, como los hombres trans que también abortan.
Informada por entrevistas con activistas trans argentinos y la observación de un encuentro de la Campaña Nacional por el Derecho al Aborto Legal, Seguro y Gratuito, esta investigación considera la inclusión (o falta …
Imaginando La Inclusión: El Uso De La Escritura Creativa Para Imaginar Una Educación Superior Inclusiva Para Personas Con Discapacidades En Bolivia / Imagining Inclusion: The Use Of Creative Writing To Imagine An Inclusive Higher Education For People With Disabilities In Bolivia, Beatrice Chihak
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
Este estudio se enfoca en la educación superior inclusiva para personas con discapacidades en Bolivia. En la última década, la Universidad Mayor de San Simón ha visto un crecimiento grande en el reconocimiento de este tema. Sin embargo, hay mucho que hacer antes de que pueda considerarse una universidad verdaderamente inclusiva. En la investigación, yo pregunto: ¿Cuáles son los posibles caminos que se pueden utilizar para desarrollar una educación superior inclusiva? Usando entrevistas personales y un taller de escritura creativa, pinto un cuadro de la situación actual de la inclusión en el campus y de los diferentes caminos que utilizan …
Kisumu County Hospital Patient Demographic Analysis: Looking Toward Universal Health Coverage, Lauren Scheffey
Kisumu County Hospital Patient Demographic Analysis: Looking Toward Universal Health Coverage, Lauren Scheffey
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
Universal health coverage is priority sought after by developed and developing nations alike, and Kenya sits on the list of countries seeking to achieve this goal in the coming years. The definition of “coverage” can vary by country, but three criteria are commonly found in the discussion of UHC globally: access, affordability, and quality. Affordability is determined by the state’s healthcare financing system; quality refers to the services provided by health facilities; and access, at least in part, concerns the geographic placement of health services providers in relation to the population they intend to serve. This geographic element is the …
“Solo Está Derrotado Quien Deja De Soñar” Un Estudio De La Generación Y Apoyo De Motivación Estudiantil En Escuelas De Reingreso De Santiago, Chile Y Buenos Aires, Argentina Y Su Aplicación A Un Proyecto Material / "Only Those Who Stop Dreaming Are Defeated" A Study Of The Generation And Support Of Student Motivation In Re-Entry Schools Of Santiago, Chile And Buenos Aires, Argentina And Their Application To A Material Project, Emily Beyer
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
Este ensayo es parte de un proyecto que examina generación y apoyo de motivación estudiantil en escuelas de reingreso en Santiago, Chile y Buenos Aires, Argentina. El proyecto propuso crear un mural que refleje los resultados de la investigación y en su construcción, crea una representación física de lo que piensan los estudiantes, profesores, y directores sobre la importancia de la educación y luego tener un trabajo escrito que contextualiza el mural dentro de la investigación. La investigación fue hecha a través de entrevistas y observación participativa y examina las razones para motivación y los desafíos que enfrentan en tres …
Enseñando Desobediencia: La Pedagogía Del Cuerpo Y El Libre Desarrollo De La Identidad De Género De Las Estudiantes Transgénero Y Travesti En El Bachillerato Popular Mocha Celis / Teaching Disobedience: Pedagogies Of The Body And Transgender And Tranvestite Students’ Free Development Of Their Gender Identities In Bachillerato Popular Mocha Celis, Joaquín Labio
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
Después de años y años de la militancia transgénero, travesti, y transexual, se aprobó la Ley de Identidad de Género en 2012, que reconoce el derecho de todas personas a la identidad de género. Sin embargo, uno de los desafíos más grande a su implementación es la escuela. Desde el nacimiento de la estado-nación argentina, la escuela ha reproducido el binario de género y ha disciplinado los cuerpos de la población transgénero y travesti. Como resultado, seis en cada diez mujeres trans no han completado su secundaria (“Situación de los derechos humanos”, 2016, p. 15). En respuesta, el Bachillerato Popular …
Desde La Teoría A Lo Cotidiano: Tensiones En Escuelas En Contextos De Encierro / From The Theory To The Daily: Tensions In Schools In Contexts Of Encierro, Ethan Greenberg
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
Ambos Chile y Argentina han visto un aumento grande en personas privadas de libertad en las últimas décadas. Sin ir al tema de encarcelamiento en masa, la cuestión surge sobre la vida, los derechos, y el desarrollo de las personas en contextos de encierro, y principalmente ¿Qué significa para un Estado tener tantas personas privadas de libertad? Dentro de esta pregunta, surge una cuestión más específica sobre la habilidad de encontrar y conseguir un derecho a educación en contextos de encierro. Los dos países tienen, como parte de sus leyes nacionales educativas u otras normativas, requisitos o parámetros por educación …
La Escuela Chilena En Disputa: Las Perspectivas De Educadores Chilenos Sobre El Aporte De La Educación Popular En Un Contexto De Una Educación Bancaria / The Chilean School In Dispute: The Perspectives Of Chilean Educators On The Contribution Of Popular Education In A Context Of A Banking Education, Brooke Porter
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
El enfoque pedagógico dominante del sistema educativo chileno es una educación de tipo “bancaria” como diría Paulo Freire en su libro Pedagogía del Oprimido. Bajo este sistema, los estudiantes son depositarios de información, que está apartado de su realidad, que solo están orientados a la preparación de pruebas estandarizadas. Esto lleva a que los estudiantes salen del sistema educativo sin pensamiento crítico. A pesar del predominio de esta visión, hay proyectos educativos y profesores que apoyan e implementan una pedagogía alternativa, la educación popular (EP). La EP es una pedagogía latinoamericana y problematizadora que enfatiza el pensamiento crítico, la concientización …
Hijos De La Dictadura: Posmemoria, Trauma Y Resistencia En Chile Actual / Children Of The Dictatorship: Postmemory, Trauma And Resistance In Chile Current, Dana Williams
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
Today Chile prides itself on the success of its neoliberal economy and democracy. Yet, instances like the assassination of the Mapuche activist, Camilo Catrillanca, and the impassioned protests that have ensued, serve as constant reminders (to those who look for them) that the legacy of seventeen years of military dictatorship is hiding right beneath the surface of the modern ‘Miracle of Chile.’ This project seeks to unravel the loosely woven protective layer of Chilean democracy by investigating how the violence, trauma, and resistance that defined Pinochet’s dictatorship is alive in well amongst the children of victims and survivors of Chilean …
Repatriation Of Rwandan Returnees In Kigali: Integration Of Those Born And Raised On Exile As A Result Of The 1959 Violence Wave, Cristina Taulet Sanchez
Repatriation Of Rwandan Returnees In Kigali: Integration Of Those Born And Raised On Exile As A Result Of The 1959 Violence Wave, Cristina Taulet Sanchez
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
This study explores the repatriation process of millions of Rwandans that returned to Kigali after the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi, focusing on those that were born and raised in Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania, and Burundi as a result of the ethnic violence in 1959 and its aftermath. To complete this project, both theoretical and empirical research was conducted, including academic perspectives, numerical data analysis, and one-on-one interviews on the field. By examining the previous living conditions in the host countries, alongside the process of return and resettlement once in Rwanda, this study presents the physical and emotional …
"Prescribed To Fuck Off": Examining The Role Of Heterosexual White Men In South Africa From The Perspective Of Seven Students At The University Of Cape Town, Meagan Murray
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
Movements towards racial and gender equality in South Africa are experiencing growth because of the increasingly urgent need to rectify the inequalities of apartheid. These movements have destabilized notions of white hegemonic masculinity by creating a dissonance between the socially-constructed privileges that white men are entitled to and their perceived limited access to advancement. The primary responses to this “crisis” have materialized in the construction of male organizations aimed at either redeveloping masculinity or defending male privilege, as well as a desire to distance oneself from the stereotypical male identity. All reactions bear significant weight on the future of South …