International and Area Studies Commons^™

Title And Contents- Winter 1981

Great Plains Quarterly (through 2013)

Great Plains Quarterly

WINTER 1981 VOL. 1 NO.1

Contents

AN EDITORIAL NOTE Frederick C. Luebke

CHINOOK CLIMATES AND PLAINS PEOPLE Reid A. Bryson

TOWARD A HISTORY OF PLAINS ARCHEOLOGY Waldo R. Wedel

THE JOHN EVANS 1796-97 MAP OF THE MISSOURI RIVER W. Raymond Wood

TWO AUTHORS AND A HERO: NEIHARDT, SANDOZ, AND CRAZY HORSE Helen Stauffer

BOOK REVIEWS

The Ioway Indians

The Plains Across: The Overland Emigrants and the Trans-Mississippi West, 1840-60

Women and Men on the Overland Trail

Frederic Remington and the West: With the Eye of the Mind

The Dust Bowl

Dust Bowl: The Southern Plains in the …

Two Authors And A Hero: Neihardt, Sandoz, And Crazy Horse, Helen Stauffer

Great Plains Quarterly (through 2013)

The western writers John G. Neihardt and Mari Sandoz had much in common, not the least of which was their admiration for Crazy Horse, the famous Oglala Sioux chief during the Indian wars of the last century, whom both considered the "last great Sioux." The chief was a fine tactician and warrior, fighting successfully against General Crook at the Battle of the Rosebud and General Custer at the Little Bighorn in 1876, but the authors found much more to admire in his personal life. Born on the Great Plains around 1841, he remained a "hostile savage" all his life; nevertheless, …

Chinook Climates And Plains Peoples, Reid A. Bryson

Great Plains Quarterly (through 2013)

Changes in climate are major factors shaping the history of human occupance in the Great Plains region. Although Americans have often acted as though climates are fixed, the record indicates that in the past the climate of the Great Plains has changed drastically over relatively short periods of time. In order to acquire some understanding of what the Great Plains climate may become in the future and how human society may prepare for it, we must first comprehend what it was at various times in the past.

CHINOOK CLIMATES

An important element in the climate of the American West is …

Review Of The Plains Across: The Overland Emigrants And The Trans-Mississippi West, 1840-60 By John D. Unruh, Jr., Robert G. Athearn

Great Plains Quarterly (through 2013)

In this somewhat less than precisely titled work John D. Unruh set out to synthesize an enormous amount of published and unpublished material concerning travel across the plains during a period of two decades. Readers will discover that to Unruh "the plains across" meant the central route to the West Coast. He refers only briefly to a southern passage (pp. 67 and 400) and to the Pike's Peak rush that admittedly brought forth miners, as opposed to emigrant settlers (p. 119). However, he does discuss the miners' rush to California in '49. It is estimated that one hundred thousand "Peakers" …

Rölvaag, Grove And Pioneering On The American And Canadian Plains, Dick Harrison

Great Plains Quarterly (through 2013)

Ole Rölvaag's Giants in the Earth and Frederick Philip Grove's Fruits of the Earth are not obvious choices with which to begin comparing the pioneer fiction of the American and Canadian plains. Giants, translated from the Norwegian, is about Helgelander fishermen settling in the wilds of Dakota Territory in 1873 and, with little more than their bare hands, trying to farm the alien prairie and establish rudimentary institutions of family, church, school, and local government. Fruits, written in English, is about an Anglo-Saxon farmer from Ontario who brings equipment and capital to the task of building an empire …

Review Of Women And Men On The Overland Trail By John Mack Faragher, Robert L. Munkres

Great Plains Quarterly (through 2013)

Instead of a general treatment of life on the road west, Women and Men on the Overland Trail by John Mack Faragher is an analysis of several rather specialized aspects of interpersonal relationships within the context of the westward movement. These relationships are then further examined in connection with rural Midwestern life generally during the time period under consideration. Among the topics considered in some detail are gender roles and the division of work both on the farm and on the trail, the significance of differences in men's and women's diaries, the frequency and costs of child-bearing and rearing, and …

Review Of Trees, Prairies, And People: A History Of Tree Planting In The Plains States By Wilmon H. Droze, Richard A. Overfield

Great Plains Quarterly (through 2013)

Whether trees will grow successfully on the Great Plains has been a perplexing question since the early days of settlement, and forestry and tree-planting attempts were numerous before President Franklin D. Roosevelt proposed what in 1934 became the Prairie States Forestry Project, or more commonly the Shelterbelt Project. What was unique about the Roosevelt plan was its size, both in number of trees and in area involved. The project ultimately covered a zone about 100 miles wide by 1,150 miles long and stretched from North Dakota to Texas. Trees, Prairies, and People is a history of this New Deal program. …

Review Of The Dust Bowl By Paul Bonnifield & Dust Bowl: The Southern Plains In The 1930s By Donald Worster, Thomas Saarinen

Great Plains Quarterly (through 2013)

The Dust Bowl of the 1930s provides an excellent case study of American reactions to a major ecological crisis. By examining carefully how the nation and the region responded to this phenomenon, we could learn valuable lessons to aid in understanding current and future ecological crises. Thus it is of more than antiquarian interest to evaluate these two recent books on the Dust Bowl and the associated events now almost half a century behind us.

Although both authors examine the same area, events, and personalities, their treatment and conclusions are decidedly different. Both focus on the southern plains and devote …

An Editorial Note- Winter 1981, Frederick C. Luebke

Great Plains Quarterly (through 2013)

The Center for Great Plains Studies has several purposes in publishing the Great Plains Quarterly. Its general purpose is to use this means to promote appreciation of the history and culture of the people of the Great Plains and to explore their contemporary social, economic, and political problems. The Center seeks further to stimulate research in the Great Plains region by providing a publishing outlet for scholars interested in the past, present, and future of the region. As an interdisciplinary agency, the Center aims to improve communication between scholars in the several fields interested in regional studies.

Regionalism has …

Toward A History Of Plains Archeology, Waldo R. Wedel

Great Plains Quarterly (through 2013)

First viewed by white men in 1541, the North American Great Plains remained little known and largely misunderstood for nearly three centuries. The newcomers from Europe were impressed by the seemingly endless grasslands, the countless wild cattle, and the picturesque tent-dwelling native people who followed the herds, subsisting on the bison and dragging their possessions about on dogs. Neither these Indians nor the grasslands nor their fauna had any counterparts in the previous experience of the Spaniards. Later Euro-American expeditions, whether seeking gold, converts, or furs, added many details of much interest, but likewise found no wealth of minerals, too …

Ar 10-50, Organization And Functions, United States Army Medical Intelligence And Information Agency, 15 December 1980., Us Army, Robert Bolin , Depositor

United States Department of Defense Military Intelligence

The purpose of the regulation is described as setting “… forth the mission and functions of the Director, US Army Medical Intelligence and Information Agency (USMIIA)…”

The mission of the USMIIA…”is to produce timely medical intelligence support to the following:

• Offices of The Surgeons General, major commands, and staffs of the Army, Navy, and Air Force.
• DOD [Department of Defense] and national level intelligence production agencies.
• Other Government agencies as required.

[and] Administer and coordinate the medical aspects of the Army Foreign Materiel Exploitation Program. “ This regulation states more clearly than the 1975 edition, that the USMIIA provided medical …

“Statistical Division” A Section From A History Of The Board Of Engineers For Rivers And Harbors, Robert Bolin , Depositor

United States Department of Defense Military Intelligence

The “Foreign Ports Branch” of the Statistical Division of the Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors (BERH) was one of a number of small technical intelligence organizations within the Army Corps of Engineeers. The BERH was an agency within the Corps of Engineers performing civil functions concerning water resources functions. Its history and functions are described ably in this history.

The Foreign Ports Branch was established in August 1942 to prepare reports on foreign ports for use by the US Armed Forces. The BEHR was given this function because its personnel had long experience in preparing similar reports on …

The Comparison Of Usage And Availability Measurements For Evaluating Resource Preference, Douglas H. Johnson

United States Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center: Publications

Modern ecological research often involves the comparison of the usage of habitat types or food items to the availability of those resources to the animal. Widely used methods of determining preference from measurements of usage and availability depend critically on the array of components that the researcher, often with a degree of arbitrariness, deems available to the animal. This paper proposes a new method, based on ranks of components by usage and by availability. A virtue of the rank procedure is that it provides comparable results whether a questionable component is included or excluded from consideration. Statistical tests of significance …

Variation In Pappogeomys Castanops (Geomyidae) On The Llano Estacado Of Texas And New Mexico, Robert C. Dowler, Hugh H. Genoways

University of Nebraska State Museum: Mammalogy Papers

Nongeographic and geographic variation in the yellow-cheeked pocket gopher, Pappogeomys castanops, were analyzed in specimens collected in northwestern Texas and eastern New Mexico. Univariate and multivariate methods of analysis were utilized to assess variation in morphometric characters among 12 samples of P. castanops. Because of significant variation with age, only adult specimens were used in analyses. Adult males were significantly larger than females in all 13 characters studied. Our analyses of geographic variation reveal that those specimens previously assigned to the subspecies P. c. simulans are not sufficiently distinct to warrant subspecific designation.

Estimating Nest Success: The Mayfield Method And An Alternative, Douglas H. Johnson

United States Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center: Publications

Mayfield's method for calculating the success of a group of nests is examined in detail. The standard error of his estimator is developed. Mayfield's assumption that destroyed nests are at risk until the midpoint of the interval between visits leads to bias if nests are visited infrequently. A remedy is suggested, the Mayfield-40% method. I also present a competing model, which recognizes that the actual destruction date of a failed nest is unknown. Estimated daily mortality rates and standard errors are developed under this model. A comparison of the original Mayfield method, the Mayfield-40% method, and the new method, which …

Age Determination Of Mallards, Gary L. Krapu, Douglas H. Johnson, Charles W. Dane

United States Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center: Publications

A technique for distinguishing adult from yearling wild mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), from late winter through the nesting season, was developed by applying discriminant analysis procedures to selected wing feather characters of 126 yearlings and 76 adults (2-year-olds) hand-reared from wild eggs during 1974, 1975, and 1977. Average values for feather characters generally increased as the birds advanced from yearlings to adults. Black-white surface area of greater secondary covert 2 was the single most reliable aging character identified during the study. The error rate was lowest in females (3%) when discriminant functions were used with measurements of primary 1 …

Mathematics And Mallard Management, Lewis M. Cowardin, Douglas H. Johnson

United States Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center: Publications

Waterfowl managers can effectively use simple population models to aid in making management decisions. We present a basic model of the change in population size as related to survival and recruitment. A management technique designed to increase survival of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) by limiting harvest on the Chippewa National Forest, Minnesota, is used to illustrate the application of models in decision making. The analysis suggests that the management technique would be of limited effectiveness. In a 2nd example, the change in mallard population in central North Dakota is related to implementing programs to create dense nesting cover with …

World Food Supply And Demand: How The Two Can Be Linked, Clayton K. Yeutter

Clayton K. Yeutter, United States Secretary of Agriculture: Papers

It is a privilege and honor for me to make the concluding address of this excellent symposium on world agricultural trade. Ed Harshbarger and his colleagues at the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City are certainly to be complimented for assembling such a distinguished group of participants, as well as a most impressive audience. Hopefully, the discussions of the past two days will stimulate and enhance world agricultural trade over the next two decades or more.

Glossary Of Intelligence Terms, W. S. Liptak Cmdr, Robert Bolin , Depositor

United States Department of Defense Military Intelligence

This glossary was scanned by Dr. Jonathan Clemente, an intelligence researcher, and shared with Professor Bolin.

This glossary was prepared by Commander W. S. Liptak apparently in support of a “Seminar on Reconnaissance and Technical Information Collection (SORTIC)” taught at the Defense Intelligence College.

This document consists of:

• An introduction concerning “Methodology”
• Glossary of Intelligence Terms and Definition
• Appendix A: Acronyms and Abbreviations
• Appendix B: Alternate Definitions
• Appendix C: Index of Other Intelligence Glossaries

Note:

The date given above is based on the dates of the glossaries listed in Appendix C.

Interpreting The Results Of Nesting Studies, Harvey W. Miller, Douglas H. Johnson

United States Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center: Publications

Nesting studies are used to assess the production of birds and to evaluate nesting habitats. Most such studies involve finding nests in a given area and subsequently determining the proportion that hatched. Unfortunately, the results are often biased by unrecognized differences in the probabilities of finding successful and unsuccessful nests. The observed hatch rates of 1,900 nests of blue-winged teal (Anas discors) are presented to illustrate the relationship of hatch rates to time remaining until the nests should hatch. The Mayfield method of correcting for these biases is illustrated. Other examples demonstrate the possible effects of sampling procedures …

Address Given At The Annual Convention Of The Ground Water Management Districts Association, Clayton K. Yeutter

Clayton K. Yeutter, United States Secretary of Agriculture: Papers

It is good to be back in Nebraska. As many of you know, water resources was my major field of endeavor a dozen years ago when I was on the faculty of University of Nebraska. My Ph.D. dissertation involved water law and water administration in the central United States, and I know you have a number of states represented here that were involved in that particular study. Those states were Kansas, Colorado, Iowa and Nebraska, but with some spillover into other geographic areas as well. At that time, of course, I spent a lot of time with people like Don …

Official Phone Directory, Us Army Foreign Science And Technology Center, Robert Bolin , Depositor

United States Department of Defense Military Intelligence

This directory contains instructions for using various telephone systems and calling long distance, a thorough organizational listing, a quick reference guide, an alphabetic list of employees, and a world time conversion chart. The organizational listing gives the lists each division and the branches within it and the heads of the divisions and branches with their phone numbers. The list of employees includes the person’s name, his or her office extension and home phone number, office symbol, and room number. If the person listed was not located in Charlottesville, the alphabetic list tells where they were.

Major Issues Facing Agriculture As Our Nation Moves Toward A Domestic And International Food And Agricultural Policy, Clayton K. Yeutter

Clayton K. Yeutter, United States Secretary of Agriculture: Papers

It is a pleasure for me to speak this evening before such a distinguished group of agribusiness and academic representatives, all of whom have a common interest. Twenty years ago, that interest would have been denominated as "agricultural policy". Today it would be called "food policy", which presumably is a broader term. Food policy is usually defined to encompass the interests of everyone in the production and marketing process from producer to consumer. It is by no means limited geographically, but encompasses people and firms who are involved -- directly or indirectly, domestically and internationally - in the food business. …

U. S. Trade Policy - Procedures And Prospects, Clayton K. Yeutter

Clayton K. Yeutter, United States Secretary of Agriculture: Papers

To fully understand U.S. trade policy today, one must also understand its process of evolution. ~n particular, one must comprehend our trade policy of the late 1960's and early 1970 1 s, culminating in passage of the Trade Act of 1974. Putting it another way, a Brazilian businessman will be able to predict with much more accuracy what the U.S. will or will not do on trade issues in the coming years if he knows what the U.S. did or did not do on trade issues during the past few years, and why. Our trade policy of today is very …

Foods Of Juvenile, Brood Hen, And Post-Breeding Pintails In North Dakota, Gary Krapu, George Swanson

United States Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center: Publications

The Pintail (Anas acuta) is a common to abundant nesting species in North Dakota, becoming more numerous during years of favorable water conditions and less so during drought. Stewart and Kantrud (1974) estimated breeding-populations of 304,000, 111,000 and 379,000 pairs in the Prairie Pothole Region of North Dakota during 1967-69, respectively. We studied food habits of juvenile and adult Pintails during the brood-rearing and post-breeding periods in North Dakota to learn their food requirements during these phases of the life cycle. Food habits of flightless juveniles have been studied in Alberta (Sugden 1973) and limited information on downy …

Issues Facing U.S. Farmers And Their Cooperatives, Clayton K. Yeutter

Clayton K. Yeutter, United States Secretary of Agriculture: Papers

It is a pleasure for me to speak this morning to this dynamic group of young farm families. Those of .us who were actively involved in farming a few years back are continually amazed at the talent that has come along" to succeed us. Farming has indeed changed more than we realize. That is not a new discovery, for thousands of articles have been written about the technological revolution in agriculture. But relatively little attention has been given to the change in farm families themselves. without doubt, the quality level of young farmers and their wives - whether it be …

Food And Foreign Affairs: The Role Of Agricultural Trade Policy In International Commerce And Domestic Relations, Clayton K. Yeutter

Clayton K. Yeutter, United States Secretary of Agriculture: Papers

Until that now famous series of Russian grain sales took place in 1972 agricultural policy in the United States had begun to lose its sex appeal! It had its challenges in the drought and depression years of the '30s, and again during World War II, but in both those cases the concern was whether we could produce enough for our needs. In the earlier of those decades, we had an additional preoccupation with the economic survival of our farming communities. Farm families had to.be strong in every sense of the word to live through the '30s.

Us Army Foreign Science And Technology Center, Unit History, Fy 1963-Fy 77 (Unredacted), Robert Bolin , Depositor

United States Department of Defense Military Intelligence

This document is a basic organizational history of the Foreign Science and Technology Center (FSTC). It describes how FSTC was built out of various Army technical intelligence organizations; traces its relocations eventually culminating in settling into a federal building in Charlottesville, VA; and traces its various reorganizations and changes in staffing.

Appendix A contains a detailed discussion of FSTC Table of Distribution and Allowances (TDAs) changes over the years. That analysis shows how administrative problems were handled and how the focus of the organization had changed over the years. It also contains organizational charts corresponding to new TDAs, and tables …

Use Of Natural Basin Wetlands By Breeding Waterfowl In North Dakota, Harold A. Kantrud, Robert E. Stewart

United States Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center: Publications

Use of basin wetlands by breeding populations of 12 species of waterfowl was investigated in 1965 and during 1967-69 throughout the prairie pothole region of North Dakota. Data were obtained primarily by random sampling techniques. Of the total population occupying natural basin wetlands 55 percent occupied seasonal and 36 percent occupied semipermanent wetlands. Seasonal wetlands contained 60 percent of the population of dabbling ducks, while semipermanent wetlands supported 75 percent of the population of diving ducks. On basins with ponded water, highest concentrations of breeding pairs occurred on temporary, seasonal, and semipermanent wetlands; moderate concentrations were recorded on ephemeral, fen, …

Pintail Reproduction Hampered By Snowfall And Agriculture, Gary Krapu

United States Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center: Publications

The reproductive strategy of the Pintail (Anas acuta) shows several adaptations to the semi-arid variable climate of the prairie pothole region of north central North America where the species is a common breeder. By nesting early and using temporary and seasonal water areas replenished by snow melt waters or early spring rains, the species has successfully occupied broad areas containing limited permanent and semi-permanent water. The Pintail is prone to select new breeding grounds during periods of drought. Smith (J. Wildl. Manage. 34:9@-946, 19701 has shown that part of the population moves northward from the prairies and parklands …