Anthropology Commons^™

Steroid Hormones And Human Variability: Correlation Of Androgen Levels With Age And Occupation In Normal Subjects, Frances E. Purifoy

Anthropology ETDs

The endocrine system, coordinated with the central nervous system, is an important mediator of the genetic-environmental interactions which influence the development of human phenotypes. For this reason, endocrine parameters provide an important source of information for anthropological studies. This research focuses on the role of the endocrine system in normal human variability, with emphasis on the steroid hormones, which affect numerous aspects of mammalian morphology, physiology and behavior. Preceding the discussion of original research is an extensive literature review on hormonal variation in each of three areas: 1) sex and inter-individual variation, with emphasis on behavior; 2) variation with age, …

Historical Demography In The ÅLand Islands, Finland: The Size And Composition Of Households And Families In The Parishes Of FinströM And KöKar From 1760 To 1880, Eric Jeffrey Devor

Anthropology ETDs

The size and composition of households and families in the Lutheran parishes of Finström and Kökar, Åland, Finland are described by data derived from linking the parish Communion Books and civil tax records (mantal). The period between 1760 and 1880 is examined via single year cross-sectional analyses for the years 1760, 1800, 1840, and 1880. Overall aggregate data for the two parishes reveal a pattern of formation and maintenance of large, multi-generational households in the eighteenth century. In the nineteenth century, aggregate data show a secular trend of declining mean household size and the proportion of complex household structures in …

The Genetic Structure Of The ÅLand Islands, Finland, Lynn B. Jorde

Anthropology ETDs

For 3,272 individuals from the Aland Islands, patterns of genetic variation are analyzed. To study temporal trends, the sample is divided into three age cohorts . Gene frequencies ore calculated for 13 genetic systems, and genetic distance measures, Wright's Fst, and the parameters of Malecot 's isolation by distance equation ore calculated. Also, the principal components of the distance matrices are computed and rotated to maximum congruence with the geographic locations of the subdivisions. These analyses indicate that Aland's isolated outer island parishes are genetically more heterogeneous than the more centrally located main island parishes. Temporal trends in these measures …

Evolutionary Process In Complex Societies And The Late Period-Cara Occupation Of Northern Highland Ecuador, John Stephen Athens Ii

Anthropology ETDs

Attempts to explain the origin of complex social systems have been consistently unsuccessful. The arguments treating this subject are not predictive and fail to account for the documented variability of complex societies. This is attributed to their fundamentally non-processual orientation in which variable dimensions of analysis are generally lacking. Because of its more elaborate format, the recently popular “systems theory” approach is examined in detail with respect to these problems. It is suggested that familiarity with the epistemology of science can be useful for achieving the goal of explanation. The study of energy dynamics in cultural systems appears to have …

Foragers Of The Northwest Coast Of North America: The Ecology Of Aboriginal Land Use Systems, Randall F. Schalk

Anthropology ETDs

Land-use systems among foragers may be conceptualized as a combination of home range size, mobility, and local group size. An ecological model is constructed which links these three variables to the distributional structure of food resources. It is hypothesized that along a gradient of increasing resource clumping, home range size increases, local group size increases, and mobility becomes more logistical. The model is evaluated for its capacity to account for variations in land use among a number of ethnographically documented aboriginal groups from the Northwest Coast of North America. The nature of food resources along this latitudinal gradient is discussed …

Adaptive Process On The Late Prehistoric Shortgrass Plains: Archaeological Study Of The Vore Site, A Buffalo Jump In The Black Hills Of Northeast Wyoming, Charles A. Reher

Anthropology ETDs

The Vore Site is a Late Prehistoric buffalo jump in the northern Red Valley, an open, well-watered valley that encircles most of the Black Hills. Stratified bone middens were found from a depth of about four feet to one of about seventeen feet in the bottom of a gypsum sink one-hundred feet across and fifty feet deep. Two seasons of intensive work excavated about 10,000 cubic feet of material, a 5 to 10% sample of the site. Typological evidence, radiocarbon dates and correlation of varved sediments and tree-rings indicate that over twenty separate bone lenses were laid down between about …

Nutritional Security And The Strategy Of Purchasing: The Coastal Miskito Indians, Eastern Nicaragua, Dorothy Jean Cattle

Anthropology ETDs

Field research was conducted in an isolated Miskito Indian village on the east coast of Nicaragua.

The research presented here is based on the general proposition that a productive way of monitoring and understanding the impact and interrelationships of economics and subsistence is through examining the nutritional process. Economic change involving the sole of a traditional subsistence resource for cash is a particular example of a brooder phenomenon which occurs in many developing areas. Consideration of the larger problem may be phrased: the nutritionaI process may be negatively related to economic change. This negative relationship between nutrition and economics involves …

Commercial Networks In The Navajo-Hopi-Zuni Region, Klara Bonsack Kelley

Anthropology ETDs

This study attempts to explain a particular type of geographical distribution of central places (places with commercial functions). This distribution,, the dendritic system, appears in "underdeveloped" regions of the world and has six features as follows: (1) convergence of commercial networks on one regional urban hub; (2) a large number of rural centers per urban center; (3) a tendency for firms in each rural center to trade with those in only one urban center; (4) the failure of smaller centers to locate in the interstices of the trade areas of the larger centers; (5) a rural-urban contrast in class and …

The Acquisition Of Locatives In Estonian, Helgi Kasak Osterreich

Anthropology ETDs

The study and explanation of language acquisition has been approached from four major theoretical viewpoints. 1) The syntactic: what a child is mainly learning is grammatical structures, and the syntactic complexity of the language he is learning determines the sequence of acquisition; 2) The semantic: the child is really learning the meaning structures of language, and the semantic complexity of the adult language determines the sequence of acquisition; 3) The cognitive: as the child gains knowledge about the world around him, he tries to express it through language; the child's cognitive structures and therefore the major determinants of what he …

Religion, Kinship, And Labor In Luapala: Prosperity And Economic Stagnation Of Lake And River Fishing Communities, Karla Olga Poewe

Anthropology ETDs

In this dissertation I trace the interrelation­ships among economic activities, kin ties, and religious activities of a people who have some limited access to modern technology and uneven potential for economic de­velopment. I therefore analyze the material, ideological, and institutional means which these people employ in order to raise their standard of living. While I take environmental factors into account, I describe Luapulan conditions primarily in terms of internal dynamics based on cumulative, reciprocal, or conflicting action between kin and religious groups, and between alternative (matrilineal versus Protestant) ideologies about the distribution of the products of labor.

I found that …

Unto Those That Have: Debt In A Northeast Brazilian Peasant Community, Richard P. Hurzeler

Anthropology ETDs

What people owe one another can affect their relationships. This notion is extended into the credit relations between social classes, and the nature of their credit transactions. Thus, in the society of peasants and elites under consideration, the question being answered is, "What are the lines of credit, and what are the social implications of these arrangements?" The locale of this investigation was the municipio of São Caetano in the state of Pernambuco in Northeast Brazil. This is located within the semi-arid Agreste region, a transitional zone between the abundantly-watered coast and the parched backlands of Northeast Brazil. The study …

Bokkos Fulani Pastoralism: Human And Herd Regulation In A Complex Ecological Setting, Joseph V. Hickey

Anthropology ETDs

This is a study of a Pastoral Fulani group residing in the vicinity of Bokkos, a market village forty-seven miles south of Jos in the Federal Republic of Nigeria. The Bokkos Fulani adaptation is relatively unique among Fulani pastoralists, because they do not live at the margins of a farming community, but inhabit and pasture cattle on the land of Ron agriculturalists.

Fulani settled the uninhabited Bokkos Plains in the early 19001s after British pacification. At the same time Ron farmers began to vacate defensive clusters along the Bokkos river, and they too settled the Plains. The result of this …

Functional Analysis Of The Julian Technology Fisherman Lake, Northwest Territories, Gloria Joyce Fedirchuk

Anthropology ETDs

In archaeology, the concept of technology has, heretofore, been utilized primarily as a descriptive vehicle for comparing prehistoric flaking techniques. This dissertation demonstrates that prehistoric technology can be adequately and accurately identified and defined by quantitative techniques; further, that the particular technology, the Julian Technology, from the Fisherman Lake archaeological locality, can be explained in terms of functional specificity. Analyses of six archaeological sites and their contents incorporated statistical analysis of metric attributes taken on flaking detritus. Initially, the attributes which were significantly different between Julian and non-Julian materials were identified. Subsequently, a hypothetical relationship between these attributes and the …

Noun-Verb Relationships In Arikara Syntax, Francesca C. Merlan

Anthropology ETDs

A partial syntactic description of Arikara is presented, with primary emphasis on the relationships of nouns to verbs in the language. Major types of surface intransitive and transitive constructions are described. A transformational description of person agreement in the verb is presented. Major types of pos­sessive constructions are examined. Finally, the process of noun incorporation, characteristic of the Caddoan language family generally, is examined, and evidence is presented for the direct role played by nominal features in Arikara syntax.

The discussion of problems in syntax is preceded by a brief outline of Arikara phonology, which, although neither ex­haustive nor definitive, …

Political Leadership And Factionalism In A Dominican Municipio, John L. Geffroy

Anthropology ETDs

ln the course of a community study of a Dominican municipality focusing on political leadership, it become apparent that a structural-functional account of political organization should be supplemented by an approach through which we might deal with the instability characterizing the formal political system.

Network analysis techniques were applied to on examination of political transactions between leaders; this was supplemented by a structure1-functiona I analysis of political institutions and formal organizations directly or indirectly involved in political competition .

A series of events having political meaning were described and analyzed, both from the network-transactional perspective (representing the “personal order”), and …

Spatial Correlates Of Sociocultural Organization, A Pattern Distribution Analysis Of A Set Of Artifacts, Peter R. Schultz

Anthropology ETDs

Artifacts, as operative components of cultural systems, monitor the structure of cultural systems. Artifacts exhibit differences and similarities in terms of the structure of the cultural system in which they functioned. Conversely, the structure of cultural systems may be monitored in terms of differences and similarities exhibited by artifacts.

Differences and similarities exhibited by a set of 1074 copper artifacts from Wisconsin are investigated in terms of organizational variability or associations that permit the recognition of an entity with definable structural properties, and distributional variability or patterning manifest when recognized units are plotted spatially.

Multivariate statistical techniques are used to …

Ghost Dances, Disillusionment And Opiate Addiction: An Ethnohistory Of Smith And Mason Valley Paiutes., Michael Hittman

Anthropology ETDs

Studies of American Indian acculturation have completely ignored the phenomenon op opiate addiction. Between 1896 and 1934, Northern Paiutes living in Smith and Mason Valleys (Nevada)—the Tovusidokado—were addicted to yen shee and then morphine. Opiate addiction began four years after the end of the 1890 Ghost Dance, a religious movement originated by Jack Wilson in Mason Valley in 1888. Twenty years earlier, Smith and Mason Valley Paiutes participated in the 1870 Ghost Dance, a religious movement originated by Wodziwob in 1869 in nearby Walker Lake Valley. The dissertation is a study of Smith and Mason Valley Paiute acculturation which focuses …

Coast Tsimshian Phonology, John Asher Dunn

Anthropology ETDs

The phonological component of a grammar comprises several sub­components. Chapter one discusses the theoretico-formal postulates about these sub-components, about the phonological component as a whole and about its place in a grammar. Chapter two gives some historical and ethnographic background for the Coast Tsimshian group. Discussion here involves the development of recent dialects as the result of major population movements in the nineteenth century, the subsequent destruction of the boundaries of these dialects by the efflorescence of idiosyncratic linguistic behavior, the extinction of the Coast Tsimshian as a speech community and the imminent extinction of the language itself. Also included …

A Study Of The Relationship Between Biological And Cultural Diversity In North American Indians, Robert H. Byles

Anthropology ETDs

This study is concerned with the diversity among American Indian groups, particularly the Nadene speakers, as reflected biologically and culturally. Specifically the relationships between the blood group frequencies, anthropometric measurements, linguistic affiliation, and cultural adaptation are investigated. Various statistical estimates of biological distance between groups are presented and evaluated, and these are used to generate distance values between the Indian populations. These values are then compared with glottochronological estimates of time depth. The final analysis is a comparison of mean distances between groups which ore similar or dissimilar with respect to microenvironment, linguistic affiliation·, relative degree of sedentism, and primary …

The Paleoindian Occupation Of The Central Rio Grande Valley, New Mexico, William James Judge

Anthropology ETDs

Basic to this study is the concept that an archeological survey should be carried beyond its traditionally descriptive role to an analytic level maximizing the interpretive potential inherent in the survey data. To implement this concept an analytic survey model is introduced, based on the interpretive framework provided by modern systems theory. The model involves the consideration of environmental and cultural data as essential components of articulating subsystems, and the intensive analysis of each of these basic components. Successful application of the survey model results in the definition and explanation of problems relevant to cultural process, and ultimately the formulation …

The Prehistory Of The Arctic Slope Of Alaska: Pleistocene Cultural Relationship Between Eurasia And North America, Robert Lee Humphrey Jr.

Anthropology ETDs

The dissertation presents new archaeological evidence from the Arctic Slope of Alaska which bears on previously unsolved problems of the origin and development of the early Paleo-Indian cultures of the New World. It proposes the hypothesis that these first American cultures originated in the Upper Paleolithic of eastern Europe and spread into the interior of this continent through Siberia and northern Alaska. The hypothesis is based on archaeological reconnaissance and excavation conducted during two field seasons in the Utukok River basin, northwest Alaska. The earliest widespread and distinctive New World culture reliably dated thus far is that of the Clovis …

Migration Into San Juan Indian Pueblo, 1726-1968, Shirley Hill Witt

Anthropology ETDs

Ethnographic literature and popular opinion conjoin in the belief that American Pueblo Indians reside in endogamous communities. Since one pueblo community is part of our population under study, it behooves us to assess its genic relation to the wider population of the Chama Valley-San Juan Jurisdiction area. If it is endogamous, then, of course, it is a genetic isolate and, as such, contributes nothing on the biological level to the outside population. If, on the other hand, the pueblo is exogamous, we need to know how and what is transferred both to the outside population and from the outside population …

Hierarchy And Equality In Three Latin American Peasant Communities, Luis Fernando Cruz-Sandoval

Anthropology ETDs

This paper deals with three peasant communities; the Tzotzil Indians of Zinacantan, in Chiapas, Mexico; the Quechua Indians of Hualcan, in Ancash, Peru; and the Mixtec Indians of Santo Domingo barrio, in Oaxaca, Mexico. The problem investigated is the relationship of hierarchical or egalitarian structures in religion to the familial, economic, and political organizations in all three communities. In Zinacantan and Hualcan, it was found, the type of religious organization and family relationships corresponded to each other in their hierarchical character: (1) full participation in the religious hierarchy open only to men, who are ranked by status, accords with (2) …

Chippewa Townsmen: A Study In Small-Scale Urban Adaptation, J. Anthony Paredes

Anthropology ETDs

This is a study of Chippewa Indians living in a small northern Minnesota city which is in close proximity to the reservations from which the majority of the adult Indians have originated. The research deals with two relate problems; (1) Identification of determinants for Chippewa relocation to this community; and (2) Specification of the dimensions of adaptation and their inter-relationships in the urban population studied. The total socio-cultural environmental is analytically conceived as consisting of four major elements: the American economic system, American mass culture and society, the city, and “Indian culture,” which is further subdivided into traditional culture, reservation …

Sandia Pueblo: Persistence And Change In A New Mexican Indian Community, Suzanne Lee Simons

Anthropology ETDs

The dissertation has a twofold purpose: to redress the lacuna in the social anthropological literature with respect to the Tiwa-speaking pueblo of Sandia, New Mexico, and to account for the persistence of this traditionally oriented community despite dependence upon a complex industrial society which is potentially conducive to sociocultural disorganization. To accomplish this dual aim, field work was conducted at Sandia for two and one-half years, during which observations were made of contemporary pueblo social relations and lengthy interviews were conducted with selected residents. The conceptual framework utilized stresses a structural-functional mode of analysis. With respect to the problem of …

Late Archaic Cultures Of The Middle Rio Grande Valley, New Mexico: A Study Of The Process Of Culture Change, Theodore Russell Reinhart

Anthropology ETDs

The course of cultural development is examined in the late archaic cultures of the middle Rio Grande valley. New Mexico. Th1s course ls viewed as a process of culture change responding to the impetus from cultural and extra-cultural factors. Change in cultural patterns accessible through the archaeological record, including both economic and social patterns, is delineated; and an attempt is made to explicate this change 1n terms of cultural adaptation. Ecological change 1s recognized as a major factor influencing culture change at the archaic level of development. but other factors are considered.

Results of an intensive archaeological survey and subsequent …

Ritual Kinship In An Urban Setting: Martineztown, New Mexico, Maria Girard Vincent

Anthropology ETDs

The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the nature of the godparenthood institution among Spanish-Americans living in Martineztown, an urban area of Albuquerque, New Mexico. Two considerations prompted the selection of this research problem: (1) There is a dearth of historical and contemporary data on ritual kinship in New Mexico, and (2) relatively little is known about the form and function of the godparenthood institution in an urban area. The major objectives of this study are to discover whether or not ritual relationships are of functional utility among the Spanish-Americans residing in this community and to determine …

The Hallucinogens Of Meso-American: An Ethnohistorical Survey, Rosemary B. Mudd

Anthropology ETDs

This study describes and analyzes the patterns of usage associated with the hallucinogenic plants of Meso-America prior to the conquest and during the colonial period. Although distinctive features of the utilization of specific hallucinogens are noted, primary emphasis is placed on the use of the plants in general. Both continuities and changes from the pre-conquest and colonial periods to the present are indicated by the study. Separate descriptions of each hallucinogen or group of hallucinogens based principally on data in colonial sources are presented as essential to the analysis. The specific plants discussed include the hallucinogenic mushrooms, peyote, the Daturas, …

Jemez Phonology, Constance C. Martin

Anthropology ETDs

The Jemez language is spoken at Jemez Pueblo, located in Sandoval County, approximately 40 miles northwest of Albuquerque, New Mexico. It is affiliated with the Tanoan stock and is the only extant form of the Towa branch. A closely related language was formerly spoken at Pecos Pueblo, prior to its abandonment in 1838. There are about 1100 people living at Jemez Pueblo at the present time. Most of the younger people are bilingual, with English as a second language. Older speakers are trilingual, speaking Spanish as well. There are also some aged inhabitants who speak only Jemez.

This analysis of …

Late Pleistocene Upper Paleolithic Relationships Between The New World And Eastern Siberia, William D. Womsley

Anthropology ETDs

The purpose of this paper is threefold. First, to present a general description of Asian and North American Pleistocene glaciation, the Bering Strait land bridge hypothesis, and postulated Ancient-Man migration routes. Second, to make descriptions and comparisons of Upper Paleolithic tool assemblages for the purpose of determining what relationships may exist between Eastern Siberia, Alaska, and the temporate zones of North America. Third, to use data as the basis of an historical reconstruction of the peopling of North America as well as for the description of the cultural dynamics involved.