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2025

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Articles 6001 - 6030 of 19519

Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences

Analysis Of The Impact And Adaptation Of Tidal Floods From Coastal Landscape Area Communities In Poasia District, Kendari City, Indonesia, La Ode Hadini, La Aba, Noor Husna Khairisa, Nikita Jasmine Almira Jul 2025

Analysis Of The Impact And Adaptation Of Tidal Floods From Coastal Landscape Area Communities In Poasia District, Kendari City, Indonesia, La Ode Hadini, La Aba, Noor Husna Khairisa, Nikita Jasmine Almira

Jurnal Pendidikan Geografi: Kajian, Teori, dan Praktek dalam Bidang Pendidikan dan Ilmu Geografi

Poasia District is located in the coastal area of the southern part of Kendari City, which is highly susceptible to tidal flooding. However, the extent of the community's exposure to these events and their subsequent adaptation measures remain to be fully delineated. This study examines the impacts of tidal flooding and the adaptation patterns of the Poasia Coastal Community to the tidal flood disaster. This research employed a descriptive qualitative method, which was carried out through document review, interviews involving 34 respondents, and field observations. The results of this study indicate that tidal flooding exerts a negative impact on the …


Toxicological And Environmental Assessment Of Trace And Heavy Metals In Harnoi Coal Deposits, Abbottabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, Muhammad Sajid, Shaukat Khan, Muhammad Kashif, Khan Amir Khan, Muhammad Junaid Jul 2025

Toxicological And Environmental Assessment Of Trace And Heavy Metals In Harnoi Coal Deposits, Abbottabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, Muhammad Sajid, Shaukat Khan, Muhammad Kashif, Khan Amir Khan, Muhammad Junaid

Jurnal Pendidikan Geografi: Kajian, Teori, dan Praktek dalam Bidang Pendidikan dan Ilmu Geografi

Mining and burning of coal release various toxic substances that can contaminate both surface and groundwater, thereby posing significant risks to human health, especially for households located near mines, coal deposits, or coal-fired power stations. This research examines the environmental effects of coal mining in the Harnoi Region of Abbottabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Four mining sites were randomly selected within the study area, and eight coal samples were collected and analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry to determine the concentrations of trace and heavy metals. The findings indicate that Harnoi coal contains elevated concentrations of arsenic, zinc, lead, cadmium, nickel, cobalt, …


How The H-2b Visa Lottery Helped Businesses During Covid, Parag Mahajan Jul 2025

How The H-2b Visa Lottery Helped Businesses During Covid, Parag Mahajan

Employment Research Newsletter

No abstract provided.


Logged Out Or Logged In? Stress, Burnout, And Job Satisfaction Between Remote And In-Person Workers, Ryan H. Nguyen Jul 2025

Logged Out Or Logged In? Stress, Burnout, And Job Satisfaction Between Remote And In-Person Workers, Ryan H. Nguyen

McNair Scholars Research

There is an increasing concern about job-related stress, burnout, and satisfaction. This study explores stress, burnout, and job satisfaction patterns among remote and in-person workers. The sample for this study comprised 88 adults recruited through social media who voluntarily completed a 40-item Google Forms survey. The survey included 10 demographic items and incorporated items from three inventories: Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI), and Aggregate Job Satisfaction Scale (AJSS). The data were analyzed quantitatively using Pearson correlation and independent samples t-tests to assess the relationship among burnout, work-related stress, and job satisfaction, and to determine the influence of …


Indirect Genetic Effects Among Neighbors Promote Cooperation And Accelerate Adaptation In A Small-Scale Human Society, Jordan S. Martin, Bret Beheim, Michael Gurven, Hillard Kaplan, Jonathan Stieglitz, Benjamin C. Trumble, Paul Hooper, Daniel K. Cummings, Daniel Eid Rodriguez, Adrian V. Jaeggi Jul 2025

Indirect Genetic Effects Among Neighbors Promote Cooperation And Accelerate Adaptation In A Small-Scale Human Society, Jordan S. Martin, Bret Beheim, Michael Gurven, Hillard Kaplan, Jonathan Stieglitz, Benjamin C. Trumble, Paul Hooper, Daniel K. Cummings, Daniel Eid Rodriguez, Adrian V. Jaeggi

ESI Publications

Explaining the rapid evolution of human cooperation and its role in our species’ biodemographic success remains a major evolutionary puzzle. To address this challenge, we tested a social drive hypothesis, which predicts that social plasticity and social selection in human groups cause indirect genetic effects that accelerate the adaptation of fitness, promoting population growth via feedback between the environmental causes and evolutionary consequences of cooperation. Using Bayesian multilevel models to analyze fertility data from a small-scale society, we demonstrate that density- and frequency-dependent indirect genetic effects on fitness promote the evolution of cooperation among neighboring women, increasing the rate of …


Lindenwood Digest, July 30, 2025, Lindenwood University Jul 2025

Lindenwood Digest, July 30, 2025, Lindenwood University

Lindenwood Digest

The Lindenwood Digest has been a digital employee newsletter since 2009.


Letter From The Editor V2, Jj Pionke Jul 2025

Letter From The Editor V2, Jj Pionke

Disability in LIS (DisLIS)

2025 updates from the editor of DisLIS.


Book Review: Winters Of Discontent, Simon Barrick Jul 2025

Book Review: Winters Of Discontent, Simon Barrick

Global Sport Business Journal

Editor Russell Field, through Winters of Discontent: The Winter Olympics and a Half Century of Protest and Resistance, offers the first focused academic inquiry into the myriad ways that individuals, organizations, and communities have resisted these sport mega-events. More specifically, each chapter contributor “chronicles the ways in which the issues raised by anti-Olympic advocates have increasingly become part of a mainstream discourse” (Field, 2025, p. 5). Various core themes run through the book including concern over public spending amid rising neoliberalism, the contested relationship between Indigenous self-determination and settler colonial domination, balancing local community priorities against the backdrop of Games-related …


Review Of Teaching Primary Source Research Skills To 21st-Century Learners, Alexandra Y. Bush Jul 2025

Review Of Teaching Primary Source Research Skills To 21st-Century Learners, Alexandra Y. Bush

Journal of Contemporary Archival Studies

In Teaching Primary Source Research Skills to 21st-Century Learners, Julie Thomas offers guidance and encouragement to instructors of primary source research skills. Largely without sacrificing detail or quality of analysis, Thomas provides information on existing resources, required literacies and competencies, pedagogical theory, and advice on programmatic sustainability that are accessible to readers at a wide range of professional levels. Drawing on benchmarks and taxonomies across disciplines, this book outlines the components and considerations needed to sustain a primary source research skills teaching program. The text offers an accessible and extensible method of deepening one’s understanding of the field while …


Review Of Comic Books, Special Collections, And The Academic Library, Nicholas Wantsala Jul 2025

Review Of Comic Books, Special Collections, And The Academic Library, Nicholas Wantsala

Journal of Contemporary Archival Studies

Comic Books, Special Collections, and the Academic Library is a pioneering scholarly work by Brian Flota and Katie Morris that documents the integration of comic books into archival special collections and academic libraries. This book, inspired by the donation of Flota's father's extensive comic collection to James Madison University, traces the growth of comic books as scholarly resources and library holdings. Featuring contributions from 35 scholars across 20 chapters, it explores key questions such as the value of collecting comics and their role in library instruction. The essays, enhanced with suggestions for further reading and informative footnotes, offer a comprehensive …


Challenging The Universality Of Poplack’S Syntactic Constraints: Insights From Arabic-English Code-Switching Among Saudi Arabian Women, Sharifa Bahri Jul 2025

Challenging The Universality Of Poplack’S Syntactic Constraints: Insights From Arabic-English Code-Switching Among Saudi Arabian Women, Sharifa Bahri

Linguistics ETDs

This study investigates the applicability of Poplack's (1980) syntactic constraints, the free morpheme constraint and the equivalence constraint, to Arabic-English code-switching among Saudi Arabian women. Based on 886 intra-sentential code-switching utterances drawn from naturalistic podcast speech, the analysis reveals substantial violations of both constraints: 306 utterances (34.5%) violated the free morpheme constraint, and 601 utterances (67.8%) violated the equivalence constraint, occurring across a wide range of syntactic categories. While violations of the free morpheme constraint were exclusively unidirectional, involving Arabic bound morphemes attached to English free morphemes, equivalence constraint violations were bidirectional, though predominantly shaped by Arabic grammar. Crucially, many …


Emotional Metaphors In Mandarin And English: Fear And Surprise, Jing Yang Jul 2025

Emotional Metaphors In Mandarin And English: Fear And Surprise, Jing Yang

Linguistics ETDs

This paper explores the relationship between emotion and experience from a cognitive perspective to fulfill two purposes. First, it seeks to identify the commonalities and differences in emotional metaphors across vastly different languages and the reasons behind these variations. Second, it aims to contribute to typological research in emotion studies beyond established areas such as color, time, and space using innovative approaches. Specifically, this study focuses on fear and surprise to categorize their source domains using lexical and corpus-based methods. Examples were collected from constructions and the corpus, and patterns of FEAR and SURPRISE metaphors in Mandarin were compared with …


Citizen Science Helps Monitor Urban Biodiversity: An Interactive, Data-Driven, And Open-Source Perspective, Katie Slack Jul 2025

Citizen Science Helps Monitor Urban Biodiversity: An Interactive, Data-Driven, And Open-Source Perspective, Katie Slack

Geography ETDs

Story maps, a powerful tool for communicating environmental narratives, are often commercial and lack many interactive functions. We integrate a data-driven and interactive geovisualization within an open-source story map created from high-attribute citizen science datasets. This story map creates a backend programming infrastructure for accessible, open-source science communication tools. Our story map intuitively communicates the findings from our web map application (app) portion of the story map to the public and helps reveal findings from the iNaturalist datasets. Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States is a demonstrative case study, but our tools can be flexibly adapted to other cities. Geovisualizations revealed …


Economic Stress And Child Outcomes: The Family Stress Model Among Asian American Families During Covid-19, Annie Fanta, Sei Eun Kim, Cindy J. Huang, William Tsai, Cindy Y. Huang Jul 2025

Economic Stress And Child Outcomes: The Family Stress Model Among Asian American Families During Covid-19, Annie Fanta, Sei Eun Kim, Cindy J. Huang, William Tsai, Cindy Y. Huang

Department of Family Science and Human Development Scholarship and Creative Works

Limited research has examined the impact of financial stress on families since the onset of COVID-19, specifically among Asian American (AA) parents. Informed by the Family Stress Model, this study examined the short-term longitudinal links between economic stress, parental psychological distress (i.e., anxiety and depression symptoms), positive parenting behaviors, and child outcomes three months later (i.e., child internalizing and externalizing problems). Results indicated that Time 1 (T1) parental economic stress was directly and positively associated with positive parenting behaviors at T1 and child internalizing problems at Time 2 (T2). Parental psychological distress at T1 was directly and negatively associated with …


Indian Cosmology And Archaeoastronomy Of The Khmer Stone Temples In Sakon Nakhon-Thailand, Duangden Boonpok Jul 2025

Indian Cosmology And Archaeoastronomy Of The Khmer Stone Temples In Sakon Nakhon-Thailand, Duangden Boonpok

International Review of Humanities Studies

This article is multidisciplinary study of cosmology, archaeology and astronomy of the Khmer stone temples in Sakon Nakhon. The study investigates of the temple’s architectural structure and environmental geography which related to the astronomical knowledge. The result of study found that the plan and structure of temples is influenced by the concept of Indian cosmology which has Mount Meru as the central axis. Buildings is signified as mountain or heaven with high and multi-layered base. The main building is symbolically important as the origin of power for the whole temple. The objects and positions are the transforming of cosmology concept …


Representation Of Women’S Role In Sumbanese Ikat Weaving (Tenun Ikat), Tasya Widya Krisnadi Jul 2025

Representation Of Women’S Role In Sumbanese Ikat Weaving (Tenun Ikat), Tasya Widya Krisnadi

International Review of Humanities Studies

The craft of weaving is not merely an economic or artistic activity, but also plays a central role in the identity and social life of the Sumba community, particularly in the Kodi District of Southwest Sumba Regency. Women in Sumba play a crucial role in the practice of tenun ikat. They are not only the custodians of the skills and technical knowledge of weaving, but also the bearers of cultural values embedded in the process. This research aims to reveal the role of Sumbanese women as preservers of tradition amidst the currents of modernization. This study employs qualitative methods with …


The Representation Of Indonesian National Identity In Syuhada Mosque, Kotabaru, Yogyakarta, Muthia Zahri Mardhiyah, Ali Akbar Jul 2025

The Representation Of Indonesian National Identity In Syuhada Mosque, Kotabaru, Yogyakarta, Muthia Zahri Mardhiyah, Ali Akbar

International Review of Humanities Studies

This article examines the concept of national identity as embodied by the Syuhada Mosque, located in Kotabaru, Yogyakarta. Completed in 1952, the mosque was established as a monument to the independence of the Republic of Indonesia. This research addresses whether Syuhada Mosque genuinely represents national identity. The study aims to describe the architectural form of Syuhada Mosque and elucidate the representations of national identity embedded within its structure. The research methodology aligns with the framework proposed by Sharer and Ashmore, encompassing formulation, implementation, data collection, data processing, analysis, interpretation, and publication. Based on its historical background, the foundational ideas and …


Health Impacts, Air Pollution And Electric Vehicles In California, Pufan Qi Jul 2025

Health Impacts, Air Pollution And Electric Vehicles In California, Pufan Qi

Economics ETDs

This research examines the impact of electric vehicles (EVs) on air quality in California over the period from 2010 to 2021, as well as the implications of air pollution for respiratory health, organized into five chapters. The initial chapter provides background information and outlines the objectives, findings, and contributions. The second chapter examines the relationship between air quality and electric vehicles by utilizing fixed effect panel regression models. The third chapter employs panel regressions with Poisson control models to assess the correlation between changes in air quality resulting from electric vehicles and the prevalence of respiratory diseases. The fourth chapter …


Essays On The Economics Of Education Policy, Stephen Owusu Jul 2025

Essays On The Economics Of Education Policy, Stephen Owusu

Economics ETDs

The first chapter of this dissertation evaluates the impact of Ghana’s Capitation Grant Scheme, a government education policy that provides direct funding to public schools to eliminate primary school fees, on both the short- and long-term numeracy and literacy skills of children intended to be treated. The findings suggest that free primary education may exacerbate language competition in linguistically discordant societies. In the second chapter, we find that, even without complementary infrastructural expansion, an additional year of official secondary schooling positively affects secondary and post-secondary educational outcomes. The third chapter investigates the relationship between secondary education length reform and reproductive …


Web-Based Data Collection Application Development At Pt Hidup Selalu Sejahtera Using Fuzzy Algorithm, Yulius Eka Agung Seputra Jul 2025

Web-Based Data Collection Application Development At Pt Hidup Selalu Sejahtera Using Fuzzy Algorithm, Yulius Eka Agung Seputra

Jurnal Administrasi Bisnis Terapan

This study focuses on designing and developing a web-based data collection application at PT Hidup Selalu Sejahtera utilizing fuzzy algorithms. The research method involves analyzing sales data to identify consumer behavior patterns and enhance marketing strategies. The application is developed using the Software Development Life Cycle to ensure efficiency and effectiveness. Findings show that the application improves decision-making accuracy based on sales data and offers deeper insights into consumer preferences. Furthermore, it enhances data management, leading to increased productivity within the organization. However, the study acknowledges limitations related to the volume of data analyzed, which may impact the generalizability of …


Nitrogen Fixation In Pampinifervens, A New Species-Rich Genus Of Aquificaceae That Inhabits A Wide Ph Range In Terrestrial Hot Springs., Marike Palmer, Nancy O. Nou, Lara A. Turello, Carolyn E. Power, John C. Ong, Jonathan K. Covington, Dengxun Lai, Xavier Mayali, Anna-Louise Reysenbach, Yan-Ling Qi, Jeremy A. Dodsworth, Yitai Liu, Multiple Additional Authors Jul 2025

Nitrogen Fixation In Pampinifervens, A New Species-Rich Genus Of Aquificaceae That Inhabits A Wide Ph Range In Terrestrial Hot Springs., Marike Palmer, Nancy O. Nou, Lara A. Turello, Carolyn E. Power, John C. Ong, Jonathan K. Covington, Dengxun Lai, Xavier Mayali, Anna-Louise Reysenbach, Yan-Ling Qi, Jeremy A. Dodsworth, Yitai Liu, Multiple Additional Authors

Center for Life in Extreme Environments Publications

Members of the Aquificota play important roles in hydrogen, sulfur, and carbon cycles in geothermal systems as ubiquitous and abundant chemolithoautotrophs; however, their roles in the nitrogen cycle are poorly defined. Here, we show that Aquificaceae isolate T-2 from Tengchong, China, fixes nitrogen based on growth with dinitrogen as the sole nitrogen source and incorporation of N atoms when grown with N. We further show evidence that suggests its nitrogen fixation (nif) genes are transcribed in situ in a nearby spring. We propose the name Pampinifervens diazotrophicum gen. et sp. nov., with strain T-2 (= JCM 35475 = DSM 116324) …


• Social Media Use Among Undergraduate Women: Associations With Body Image, Disordered Eating, And Well-Being, Kirsten P. Peterson Jul 2025

• Social Media Use Among Undergraduate Women: Associations With Body Image, Disordered Eating, And Well-Being, Kirsten P. Peterson

Psychology ETDs

Though prior research has identified a range of negative impacts associated with social networking site/app (SNS) use, these effects vary and are often attributed to specific aspects of SNSs rather than time spent on them. The current study examined relations between SNS use and various psychological outcomes (i.e., body appreciation, body dissatisfaction, eating pathology, depression, and self-esteem) and how these may differ by platform, proportion of image-based content, image subjects, and passive (relative to active) use. Worse outcomes were anticipated for individuals who primarily used appearance-focused platforms and those with greater exposure to image-based content, self or celebrity images, and …


Cultural Risk And Protective Factors Associated With Sexual Assault Among Hispanic And Non-Hispanic White Women, Daisy Ramos Jul 2025

Cultural Risk And Protective Factors Associated With Sexual Assault Among Hispanic And Non-Hispanic White Women, Daisy Ramos

Psychology ETDs

There is a paucity of research on sexual assault among Hispanic college women. Existing studies indicate that Hispanic college women report similar mental health sequelae as non-Hispanic White women following a sexual assault; thus, factors that protect or increase their risk is an area worthy of further investigation. Latino cultural values, such as familism, may serve as a protective factor for sexual assault among Hispanic college women, while acculturation with mainstream culture may function as a risk factor. This study examined whether ethnicity moderated the effects of cultural protective and risk factors on sexual assault experiences among Hispanic and non-Hispanic …


Arts & Literature: In Gaza, Christmas Was A Time To Mourn: Christians Reflected On Bloodshed And Loss, Yousef M. Aljamal Jul 2025

Arts & Literature: In Gaza, Christmas Was A Time To Mourn: Christians Reflected On Bloodshed And Loss, Yousef M. Aljamal

Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal

This feature article presents a poignant reflection on the deeply altered reality for Palestinian Christians in Gaza during Christmas amidst the ongoing Israeli bombardment and genocide. Traditionally a time of joy and community, Christmas was marked this year by grief, displacement, and loss for the dwindling Christian population, now estimated at only 600 people due to years of siege and war. The article recounts the destruction of historic churches, the deaths of 26 Christians including children, and the collective mourning of families like that of Ramez Al-Suri, who lost all three of his children in an airstrike. Through personal testimonies, …


Arts & Literature: The Destruction Of Smyrna In 1922: A Conversation With Petros Pourliakas, Author Of Salty Silk, Petros Pourliakas Jul 2025

Arts & Literature: The Destruction Of Smyrna In 1922: A Conversation With Petros Pourliakas, Author Of Salty Silk, Petros Pourliakas

Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal

In 1922, the once-cosmopolitan city of Smyrna—modern-day Izmir—was engulfed in flames, marking the end of a centuries-long Hellenic presence in Asia Minor. The catastrophe, which followed the Greco-Turkish War and occurred amidst the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, resulted in the deaths of tens of thousands and the displacement of hundreds of thousands more. In his 2022 book Salty Silk, Greek author Petros Pourliakas recounts the tragedy, focusing on the humanitarian heroism that emerged in the midst of horror. I spoke with Pourliakas about his research, the moral complexities of recounting a national trauma, and the legacy of a …


The Evolution Of Schooling: From Industrial Obedience To Techno-Autonomy, Seb Taylor, Ron Roberts Ii Jul 2025

The Evolution Of Schooling: From Industrial Obedience To Techno-Autonomy, Seb Taylor, Ron Roberts Ii

Digital Laboratory: Publisher of Internet Journal

This paper examines the enduring architecture of the American education system as a mechanism designed for compliance, not creativity. Rooted in 19th-century industrial logic, the structure of schooling, its physical design, time constraints, and assessment methods, has remained largely static despite seismic cultural and technological shifts. Through historical analysis and contemporary critique, this work interrogates the persistence of standardized methods, institutional prestige, and top-down instruction as barriers to meaningful learning and value creation. Drawing from interdisciplinary research and live case studies, including Alpha School’s AI-powered, mastery-based model, the paper advances the concept of techno-education: a student-centered paradigm informed by feedback …


Addressing Head Injuries In High School Football: An Assessment Of Best Practices And Challenges In The Area Of Concussions As Held By New Mexico Activities Association High School Varsity Football Head Coaches And Athletic Directors, Alonzo Maestas Jul 2025

Addressing Head Injuries In High School Football: An Assessment Of Best Practices And Challenges In The Area Of Concussions As Held By New Mexico Activities Association High School Varsity Football Head Coaches And Athletic Directors, Alonzo Maestas

Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences ETDs

Youth sports participation in the United States offers children and adolescents opportunities for physical activity, skill development, social interaction, and personal achievement. However, with sports comes the risk of injury, including concussions. Concussions can have serious long-term consequences such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). In response to the risks of concussions, New Mexico enacted a concussion law, NM Stat 22-13-31. In addition to this law, the New Mexico Activities Association (NMAA) and National Federation of High School Associations (NFHS) have also given guidance on how to manage concussions.

However, there is a gap in the literature concerning concussion education, best …


Deaf Black Youth's Narratives About Identity And Education, Dominic A. Harrison Jul 2025

Deaf Black Youth's Narratives About Identity And Education, Dominic A. Harrison

Language, Literacy, and Sociocultural Studies ETDs

This study is significant in exploring the different ways in which Deaf Black youth construct their identities through the use of narrative inquiry. Educators of Deaf youth should acknowledge how the identity journeys of Deaf Black youth are often affected by the school and home communities. This research employed narrative inquiry to understand how Deaf Black youth construct their identities as Black Deaf individuals. Using Critical Race Theory (CRT) as a theoretical framework with the guidance of Intersectionality and Dis/ability Critical Race Theory (DisCrit) lenses, the study specifically examined four Deaf Black youth’s narratives to highlight how they construct and …


Making The Macc: Communities Of Practice And Cultural Citizenship In Austin, Texas, Cassie Lynn Smith Jul 2025

Making The Macc: Communities Of Practice And Cultural Citizenship In Austin, Texas, Cassie Lynn Smith

Anthropology ETDs

Meaningful community engagement is a challenge for local governments without a thorough understanding of constituents’ histories and their relationship with City government. This dissertation investigates the City of Austin’s (COA) Emma S. Barrientos Mexican American Cultural Center (MACC) in Austin, Texas, to understand how this culture and arts institution engages with and is influenced by its patrons. This study analyzes the role of the MACC’s community of practice (Lave and Wenger 1991)—an evolving group of educators, activists, artists, and COA staff—in shaping public policy and educational programming as well as creating places of belonging for marginalized people in the city. …


Inequality And Covid Risk At School: Racial Disparities In Indoor Density, Vaccination Rates, And Consequences For Absenteeism, Michael C. Quinn, Michah W. Rothbart, Amy Ellen Schwartz, Brian Elbel Jul 2025

Inequality And Covid Risk At School: Racial Disparities In Indoor Density, Vaccination Rates, And Consequences For Absenteeism, Michael C. Quinn, Michah W. Rothbart, Amy Ellen Schwartz, Brian Elbel

Center for Policy Research

During the COVID pandemic, schools were widely believed to be a venue that facilitated disease transmission. While some worried Black and Hispanic students would disproportionately face greater risk of COVID exposure at school (school COVID risk) – given well-documented racially disparate school environments and resources – little empirical evidence exists documenting or refuting potential disparities in school COVID risk. This paper begins to fill this gap by examining racial disparities in the school environments that contribute to COVID risk at school—specifically, vaccination rates and classroom space per pupil (indoor density) - in New York City elementary schools. We then document …