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2025

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Articles 4111 - 4140 of 19506

Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences

Aglietta And Wage Squeeze Theories, Anwar Shaikh Phd Sep 2025

Aglietta And Wage Squeeze Theories, Anwar Shaikh Phd

Archives of Anwar Shaikh

This collection includes:

  • Shaikh, A., PhD. (1982, November 29). Notes on David Gordon, Samuel Bowles, and Thomas Weisskopf's work on the long roller coaster [Handwritten notes].

  • Shaikh, A., PhD. (1982, December 10). Notes on profit rate, technical change, real wages, and unproductive activities [Handwritten notes].

  • Shaikh, A., PhD. (1988, April 30). Profit squeeze theories: Notes on Aglietta and BGW [Handwritten notes].

  • Kazanas, K. (1988, March 10). Summary of BGW's social model for aggregate productivity in “Hearts and minds” [Manuscript].

  • Shaikh, A., PhD. (1982, October 30). A note on the productivity slowdown [Handwritten notes].

  • Shaikh, A., PhD. (1982, November 8). Productivity, …


Newspaper Clippings On The Current Crisis, Anwar Shaikh Phd Sep 2025

Newspaper Clippings On The Current Crisis, Anwar Shaikh Phd

Archives of Anwar Shaikh

This collection includes:

  • Schurmann, F. (1990, November 21). Long-term cycle theory suggests looming depression. Newspaper clipping. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.

  • Lever, H. (1982, September 24). International banking's house of cards. The New York Times. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.

  • The New York Times. (1982, March 31). Business failures spreading. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.

  • Petzinger, T. Jr. (1982, May 24). Bankruptcy wave: Business failures hit post-depression high; tide expected to swell. The Wall Street Journal. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.

  • The New York Times. (1983, July …


Ral (Eco 205), Anwar Shaikh Phd Sep 2025

Ral (Eco 205), Anwar Shaikh Phd

Archives of Anwar Shaikh

This collection includes:
  • Shaikh, A. (2001, February 5). Ex ante and ex post stock-flow accounts [Unpublished class paper, Economics 205new].

  • Agénor, P.-R., & Montiel, P. J. (1996). Development macroeconomics. Princeton University Press. [Includes excerpt with figure on real wages and unemployment in developing countries].

  • International Labour Organization. (2001, January 24). ILO's World employment report 2001: Despite improved employment outlook, digital divide looms large [Press release].

  • Mongiovi, G. (2002, January 18). Letter providing contact information for Gregory P. Nowell [Manuscript letter].

  • Mongiovi, G. (n.d.). Compliments slip [Ephemera].

  • Blanchard, O. (1997). Macroeconomics. Prentice Hall. [Includes excerpts from chapters 15, 17, …


Labor Market And Unemployment, Anwar Shaikh Phd Sep 2025

Labor Market And Unemployment, Anwar Shaikh Phd

Archives of Anwar Shaikh

This collection includes:

  • Pigeon, M.-A., & Wray, L. R. (1999). Down and out in the United States: An inside look at the out of the labor force population (Public Policy Brief No. 54). The Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College.

  • Galbraith, J. K. (2004, July–August). Fed ache [Review of the book A term at the Fed: An insider's view, by L. H. Meyer]. The Washington Monthly, 36(7–8), 45–47.

  • Review of Political Economy. (2001, October). Table of contents, 13(4). Routledge.

  • Shaikh, A. (n.d.). Official unemployment index (LR) and broader measure (MLU6N) [Graph]. Unpublished manuscript material.

  • Shaikh, …


Journal Articles On Unemployment, Real Wages, Labor Markets, Anwar Shaikh Phd Sep 2025

Journal Articles On Unemployment, Real Wages, Labor Markets, Anwar Shaikh Phd

Archives of Anwar Shaikh

This collection includes:

  • Lichtenberg, F. R. (1992, February 16). In a downturn, cut profits before jobs. The New York Times, p. F14.

  • Abraham, K. G., & Haltiwanger, J. C. (1995, September). Real wages and the business cycle. Journal of Economic Literature, 33(3), 1215–1264. American Economic Association.

  • McCloskey, D. N. (1995, September). Modern epistemology against analytic philosophy: A reply to Mäki. Journal of Economic Literature, 33(3), 1319–1323. American Economic Association.

  • Rebitzer, J. B. (1993, September). Radical political economy and the economics of labor markets. Journal of Economic Literature, 31(3), 1394–1434. American Economic Association.

  • Bean, C. R. (1994, …


Marx's Theory Of Wages, Anwar Shaikh Phd Sep 2025

Marx's Theory Of Wages, Anwar Shaikh Phd

Archives of Anwar Shaikh

This collection includes:

  • Shaikh, A. (1996, July 1–2). Wage bargaining and wage curves [Unpublished manuscript].

  • Shaikh, A. (1983). The reserve army of labor. In T. Bottomore (Ed.), A dictionary of Marxist thought (pp. 411–413). Harvard University Press.

  • Chartrand, S. (2000, November 20). Researchers figure out how to tell male and female turkeys apart. The New York Times, p. F2.

  • [Anonymous]. (2004, November 22). Facts: Factory farming [Unpublished document].

  • Capdevila, G. (1996, November 26). Global unemployment rises to one billion says ILO report. InterPress Service.

  • U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2003, February 4). Table A-8. Range of alternative measures …


Ral 1.14, Anwar Shaikh Phd Sep 2025

Ral 1.14, Anwar Shaikh Phd

Archives of Anwar Shaikh

This collection includes:

• Shaikh, A. (1989, April 20). Marx on technical change [Handwritten manuscript notes].

• Shaikh, A. (n.d.). Wages and capital equations [Handwritten manuscript notes].

• Shaikh, A. (2001, August 28). RAL dynamics 1: The normal rate of unemployment and class struggle [Manuscript].

• Shaikh, A. (2001, April 28). RAL issues [Handwritten manuscript notes].

• Shaikh, A. (1990, December 17). Notes on Goodwin's model of growth with a reserve army of labor [Manuscript]. (Original work published November 1, 1988; Revised December 17, 1990)

• Shaikh, A. (n.d.). Graphs for the Goodwin model: Falling and rising R [Graphical manuscript …


Ral, Goodwin Model, Anwar Shaikh Phd Sep 2025

Ral, Goodwin Model, Anwar Shaikh Phd

Archives of Anwar Shaikh

This collection includes:

• Shaikh, A. (n.d.). The Goodwin model, Cobb-Douglas production function, and Solow [Handwritten manuscript notes].

• Author unknown. (n.d.). Wages, unemployment, price setting, and the natural rate of unemployment [Pages from macroeconomics textbook].

• Author unknown. (n.d.). The Phillips curve, Okun's law, aggregate demand, and disinflation [Pages from macroeconomics textbook].

• Author unknown. (n.d.). Productivity, the natural rate of unemployment, and technological progress [Pages from macroeconomics textbook].

• Shaikh, A. (2001, September 5). RAL dynamics: Technical change, population growth, and Harrod-neutral technical change [Handwritten manuscript notes].

• Shaikh, A. (n.d.). Analysis of the Goodwin-Shah-Desai 1981 model [Handwritten …


Unemployment, Anwar Shaikh Phd Sep 2025

Unemployment, Anwar Shaikh Phd

Archives of Anwar Shaikh

This collection includes:

• Shaikh, A. (1993, September 21). Theories of unemployment [Handwritten manuscript notes for Economics 210S].

• Shaikh, A. (1993, September 28). Employment: Overviews [Handwritten manuscript notes].

• Shaikh, A. (1996, October 21). The question of the money supply: The basic neoclassical model and bank credit [Manuscript].

• Shaikh, A. (1999, September 22). The Keynesian story of unemployment, the neoclassical micro story, and policy impotence [Handwritten manuscript notes for Economics 210S].

• Shaikh, A. (1996, October 21). Structure of the basic neoclassical model: The labor market block and Walras's law [Manuscript].

• Shaikh, A. (n.d.). Keynes' law and …


Various Articles On Accumulation, Crises And Money, Anwar Shaikh Phd Sep 2025

Various Articles On Accumulation, Crises And Money, Anwar Shaikh Phd

Archives of Anwar Shaikh

This collection includes:

  • Clifton, J. A. (1983). Administered prices in the context of capitalist development: Gardiner Means, General Motors' pricing system, Donaldson Brown, Marx, and Sraffa [Manuscript].

  • Bauer, O. (1986). Accumulation of capital (J. E. King, Trans.). History of Political Economy, 18(1), 93–123. Duke University Press. (Original work published 1913)

  • Orzech, Z. B., & Groll, S. (1983). Otto Bauer's scheme of expanded reproduction: An early Harrodian growth model. History of Political Economy, 15(4), 619–637. Duke University Press.

  • Tsuru, S. (1984, October). A survey of economic research in Japan, 1960–1983. Journal of Economic Literature, 22(3), 1101–1153. American Economic …


Articles By Samuelson, Gordon And On Robinson, Anwar Shaikh Phd Sep 2025

Articles By Samuelson, Gordon And On Robinson, Anwar Shaikh Phd

Archives of Anwar Shaikh

This collection includes:

  • Millmow, A. (2002, March 16). The disillusion of Joan Robinson with economics [Manuscript].

  • Samuelson, P. A. (n.d.). Isolating sources of sterility in Marx’s theoretical paradigms [Annotated manuscript].

  • Bliss, C. (1986). Mr Keynes and the anti-neoclassics. In Revolution and evolution in economics (pp. 247–265). Basil Blackwell.

  • Arestis, P., Palma, G., & Sawyer, M. (Eds.). (1997). Capital controversy, post Keynesian economics and the history of economic thought: Essays in honour of Geoff Harcourt. Routledge.

  • Boushey, H., & Pressman, S. (1997, April). The economic contributions of David M. Gordon. Review of Political Economy, 9(2), 161–192. Routledge.


Hybrid Conferences As The Standard Offering Of Archival Organizations, Portia Vescio, Regina Bouley Sweeten, Kathleen Dull, Dylan Mcdonald, Jonathan Pringle Sep 2025

Hybrid Conferences As The Standard Offering Of Archival Organizations, Portia Vescio, Regina Bouley Sweeten, Kathleen Dull, Dylan Mcdonald, Jonathan Pringle

Journal of Western Archives

This case study documents the effort to plan and execute a fully hybrid annual meeting for the Society of Southwest Archivists in 2023. By making the conference accessible to both in-person and virtual attendees, the society moved toward greater inclusivity and equity by offering a professional development opportunity that was affordable and within the ability of a volunteer organization. The case study provides a blueprint for any archival organization to follow in creating hybrid meetings.


Federal Funding In The Mountain West, 2021-2024, Isabelle G. Graham, Olivia K. Cheche, Caitlin J. Saladino, William E. Brown Jr. Sep 2025

Federal Funding In The Mountain West, 2021-2024, Isabelle G. Graham, Olivia K. Cheche, Caitlin J. Saladino, William E. Brown Jr.

Elections & Governance

This fact sheet presents data on the number of federal funding awards granted to the five Mountain West states of Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah between 2021 and 2024. These awards include investments authorized under major federal legislation such as the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), CHIPS and Science Act, and Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL), among other programs tracked by Invest.gov. The One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA) will see funding for these programs sunsetted (terminated as the above legislation expires).


The Current - Volume 36 Issue 2, Nova Southeastern University Sep 2025

The Current - Volume 36 Issue 2, Nova Southeastern University

Student Newspapers

No abstract provided.


Financial Shocks, Emergency Savings, And Hardship Among Low-Wage Workers, Haotian Zheng, Stephen Roll, Mathieu Despard Sep 2025

Financial Shocks, Emergency Savings, And Hardship Among Low-Wage Workers, Haotian Zheng, Stephen Roll, Mathieu Despard

Center for Social Development Research

For many households, particu­larly those with limited income or financial resources, medical emergencies, car repairs, sudden job losses, and unexpected expenses can quickly precipitate financial hardships. Emergency savings provide a buffer that allows households to manage disrup­tions and avoid reliance on options that incur high-interest debt. Addressing the lack of emergency savings is not just a matter of individual responsibility; it also poses a broader policy challenge with implications for public welfare. Drawing upon data from the nationally representative Workforce Economic Inclusion and Mobility survey, this brief reports on low-wage households’ experiences with shocks, savings, and hardships. It also discusses …


The Resilience In Black Families Scale: A Validation Study, Destiny Kelly Sep 2025

The Resilience In Black Families Scale: A Validation Study, Destiny Kelly

All ETDs from UAB

The Resilience in Black Families Scale (RBFS) was developed to be a culturally relevant measure designed to assess the family resilience processes utilized within Black families. The purpose of this study was to validate the RBFS, which consists of a three-factor structure modeled after Walsh’s family resilience framework and is further enhanced with culturally relevant protective factors. Using a sample of 200 participants, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to test the theoretical hierarchical factor structure of the Resilience in Black Families model, consisting of 13 first order factors (making meaning of adversity, positive outlook, religiosity and spirituality, ethnic-racial socialization, …


Modeling Musculoskeletal Combat Casualty Care: Nato Trauma System Performance In Large Scale Combat Operations, Mark P. Cote, Kaitlyn E. Holly, Roman J. Schoenfeld, Matthew R. Bryan, Malina O. Hatton, Mitchel B. Harris, Tracey P. Koehlmoos, Andrew J. Schoenfeld Sep 2025

Modeling Musculoskeletal Combat Casualty Care: Nato Trauma System Performance In Large Scale Combat Operations, Mark P. Cote, Kaitlyn E. Holly, Roman J. Schoenfeld, Matthew R. Bryan, Malina O. Hatton, Mitchel B. Harris, Tracey P. Koehlmoos, Andrew J. Schoenfeld

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Faculty Papers

BACKGROUND: It is unclear whether the current North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) trauma system will be effective in the setting of Large-Scale Combat Operations (LSCO). We sought to model the efficacy of the NATO trauma system in the setting of LSCO. We also intended to model novel scenarios that could better adapt the current system to LSCO.

METHODS: We developed a discrete-event simulation model for patients with combat musculoskeletal injuries treated within the standard NATO system. The primary outcome of the model was survival. The model's health states were characterized as stable, hypovolemia, sepsis, shock, or death. The model simulated …


How Medical Mistrust Serves As A Barrier To Mental Health Treatment In The African American Community, Nicholas Young Sep 2025

How Medical Mistrust Serves As A Barrier To Mental Health Treatment In The African American Community, Nicholas Young

Journal of Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences

Throughout history, research has depicted the notion that African Americans do not make use of mental health treatment, even when their mental health status may deem it clinically necessary. One of the most prevalent deterrents to African Americans seeking treatment is the mistrust of the medical system. In the African American community, medical mistrust has a longstanding history that stems from the discrimination, racism, lack of representation in the field, and medical mistreatment that African Americans received as test subjects by the medical community over time. Various instances, throughout history, of African Americans being unjustly treated— for the sake of …


Sex Differences In Symptom Presentation Among Children And Adolescents Referred For An Autism Spectrum Disorder Evaluation, Jeremy John Cottle Sep 2025

Sex Differences In Symptom Presentation Among Children And Adolescents Referred For An Autism Spectrum Disorder Evaluation, Jeremy John Cottle

All ETDs from UAB

The current study aimed to examine item-level sex differences in the diagnostic evaluation of ASD traits for children and adolescents referred for an ASD evaluation. By including all those referred for an ASD evaluation, the study aimed to include females who may be mis- or under-diagnosed by current ASD diagnostic procedures. Participants included 458 children and adolescents who were referred for an ASD evaluation at a tertiary care clinic. In this sample, 118 participants (25.8%) were female, 282 (61.6%) were diagnosed with ASD, and the average age was 6.67 years (SD = 3.65). MIMIC models were used to examine differential …


Presentación De La Ponencia: Jugar, Observarse Y Transformarse, Cristo Leon Ph.D., Agustina Cinanni, Marcos O. Cabobianco, Romano Ponce-Diaz Ph.D. Sep 2025

Presentación De La Ponencia: Jugar, Observarse Y Transformarse, Cristo Leon Ph.D., Agustina Cinanni, Marcos O. Cabobianco, Romano Ponce-Diaz Ph.D.

STEM for Success Resources

Presentación de la ponencia en el 9.º Coloquio de Estudios de Juegos de Rol.

Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, y en el Centro Cultural Paco Urondo.

Del 10 al 12 de septiembre de 2025.


Presentacion De Ponencia: Diseño Y Validación De Plantillas Digitales, Marcos O. Cabobianco, Cristo Leon Ph.D., Agustina Cinanni Sep 2025

Presentacion De Ponencia: Diseño Y Validación De Plantillas Digitales, Marcos O. Cabobianco, Cristo Leon Ph.D., Agustina Cinanni

STEM for Success Resources

Presentacion de ponencia: Diseño y Validación de Plantillas Digitales


A Short Trip: A Mixed Methods Investigation Of The Perceived Effects Of Vaporized Dmt Vs Vaporized 5-Meo-Dmt, Cynthia Estrella Ortiz Sep 2025

A Short Trip: A Mixed Methods Investigation Of The Perceived Effects Of Vaporized Dmt Vs Vaporized 5-Meo-Dmt, Cynthia Estrella Ortiz

All ETDs from UAB

The rise in psychedelic use has been accompanied by increased interest in alternative routes of administration, including vaporization. However, little is known about the characteristics and outcomes associated with vaporized forms of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT). This mixed-methods study examined the subjective experiences and mental health correlates of individuals who reported using vaporized DMT, vaporized 5-MeO-DMT, or psilocybin mushrooms in the past six months. A total of 209 adults completed an online survey assessing demographic variables, substance use, and psychological functioning, including measures of global health (PROMIS), subjective happiness, magical ideation, spiritual connection, psychosis-like experiences (CAPE-42), and hypomanic symptoms. …


Promoting Mental Health And Social-Emotional Development In Underserved Families, Brianna Paquette Sep 2025

Promoting Mental Health And Social-Emotional Development In Underserved Families, Brianna Paquette

All ETDs from UAB

The overarching goal of this dissertation was to investigate interventions that aimed to support mental health and child development in underserved families. Individuals from low-income households often experience mental health difficulties, such as higher rates of caregiver depression. Additionally, children from disadvantaged backgrounds are more likely to face difficulties with social and emotional development. This dissertation is comprised of three papers exploring interventions to facilitate child development and well-being in low-income families. The first paper is a systematic review and meta-analysis on home visiting interventions aimed at supporting the social-emotional development of children from birth to five years of age. …


Measuring Emotional Well-Being Across Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Alecia Mercier Sep 2025

Measuring Emotional Well-Being Across Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Alecia Mercier

All ETDs from UAB

Emotional well-being has emerged as a crucial determinant of both physical and mental health, with implications for public health initiatives aimed at improving quality of life and reducing mortality. However, a clear and consistent understanding of emotional well-being, its components, and optimal measurement strategies remains lacking, especially for individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders. This dissertation investigated how emotional well-being is conceptualized and measured in individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders. Paper one was a scoping review that identified 20 emotional well-being measures developed or adapted for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Findings demonstrated that many existing measures do not include emotional well-being …


Differential Susceptibility: How Parenting Behaviors Predict Adolescent Antisocial Behavior In The Context Of Candidate Plasticity Genes, Amanda Moore Sep 2025

Differential Susceptibility: How Parenting Behaviors Predict Adolescent Antisocial Behavior In The Context Of Candidate Plasticity Genes, Amanda Moore

All ETDs from UAB

Adolescent antisocial behavior (ASB) has been consistently linked to parenting behaviors, yet individual variability in response to parenting remains poorly understood. Grounded in the differential susceptibility theory, this study examined how candidate plasticity genes interact with poor parenting to predict ASB in adolescents. A sample of 272 youth from the Birmingham Youth Violence Study provided genetic data and participated in two waves of behavioral and parenting assessments. Parenting behaviors were measured using a composite index of harsh, inconsistent, and low-nurturance parenting. ASB was assessed through self- and parent-reported measures of delinquency, aggression, and conduct problems. The study tested whether individual …


Psychedelics And Psychosis: An Interdisciplinary Re-Examination, Haley Maria Dourron Sep 2025

Psychedelics And Psychosis: An Interdisciplinary Re-Examination, Haley Maria Dourron

All ETDs from UAB

Psychedelics have long been described as potential drug models of psychosis. There is also concern that psychedelics might worsen psychotic symptoms in individuals with a history of psychotic disorders. This dissertation examines the overlap between psychedelic-induced states and non-affective psychotic disorders (NAPD) from both subjective and neurological perspectives, as well as the perceived impact of psychedelic use in people with a history of NAPD. Nineteen people with a history of NAPD who had used psychedelics were interviewed about their experiences. Participants generally described psychedelic and psychotic experiences as distinct, though both affected similar experiential domains, such as sensory alterations. Altered …


Racial/Ethnic Heterogeneity In Women’S Aging Experiences Over Time: A Latent Transition Analysis, Joshua Christian Julian Lewis Sep 2025

Racial/Ethnic Heterogeneity In Women’S Aging Experiences Over Time: A Latent Transition Analysis, Joshua Christian Julian Lewis

All ETDs from UAB

U.S. population aging and unprecedented racial/ethnic diversity will affect the types of social and healthcare services older adults need. These projections have renewed attention to healthy aging, which refers to the physiological/functional, psychological, and social capacity to maintain well-being. Extant research finds that most are aging unwell and through binary and biomedical operationalizations—which do not account for patterns of chronic conditions, disability, intersecting race / ethnic and gender inequality, socioculturally developed resources, and social relations—reifies the exceptions, typically men and non-Hispanic Whites, as the “aging well” benchmark. Integrating theoretical considerations of the life course, cumulative inequality, stress process, and limitations …


Parenting And Parental Well-Being As Risk And Resilience Factors For Mental Well-Being In Adolescents With And Without Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Wanqin Yu Sep 2025

Parenting And Parental Well-Being As Risk And Resilience Factors For Mental Well-Being In Adolescents With And Without Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Wanqin Yu

All ETDs from UAB

Parenting practices and caregiver well-being are widely recognized as key determinants of adolescent mental health. However, few studies have examined how these factors operate in the context of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), particularly through a risk and resilience framework. This study investigated how positive and negative parenting practices, caregiver well-being, and parenting stress relate to adolescents’ emotional well-being and internalizing problems. It also explored whether these variables differed between adolescents with and without NDDs. Participants included 105 adolescents aged 11–14 years (61.9% female; 52.4% diagnosed with an NDD) and their caregivers, drawn from a larger study on adolescent socio-emotional competencies. Caregivers …


A Brief List Of 10 Important Guidelines For Prospective Sbg Authors, Josephine A. Ruggiero Sep 2025

A Brief List Of 10 Important Guidelines For Prospective Sbg Authors, Josephine A. Ruggiero

Sociology Between the Gaps: Forgotten and Neglected Topics

No abstract provided.


The Longitudinal Associations Between The Longitudinal Associations Between Parent Involvement And Academic Achievement In Elementary School Involvement And Academic Achievement In Elementary School, Makayla Elizabeth Warnecke Sep 2025

The Longitudinal Associations Between The Longitudinal Associations Between Parent Involvement And Academic Achievement In Elementary School Involvement And Academic Achievement In Elementary School, Makayla Elizabeth Warnecke

All ETDs from UAB

Parent involvement has been positively linked to children’s academic outcomes (e.g., Chavkin, 1993; Eccles & Harold, 1993; Epstein, 1989, 1994; Hess & Holloway, 1984; Hobbs et al, 1984; U.S Department of Education, 1994). These outcomes include higher achievement test scores (Keith et al., 1986), better grades (NCES, 1985), and increased rates of secondary school completion (Chavkin & Williams, 1993; Delgado-Gaitan, 1988, 1992; Epstein, 1986, 1995; Angiano, 2004). However, gaps remain in the current state of research when investigating longterm implications. In a recent meta-analysis, researchers stated the lack of analyses using a longitudinal cross-lagged design as a future direction (Barger …