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Articles 1141 - 1170 of 19459
Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences
Gry W Praktyce Zarządzania, Michał Mijal
Gry W Praktyce Zarządzania, Michał Mijal
Monografie/Monographs
Monografia podejmuje tematykę rosnącego zastosowania gier w zarządzaniu organizacjami. Autor szczegółowo klasyfikuje różne rodzaje gier, wskazując na ich zastosowanie w obszarach, takich jak rekrutacja, szkolenia, negocjacje i integracja zespołów, co sprawia, że praca jest praktyczna i dostarcza konkretnych przykładów, które mogą być użyte w codziennej praktyce menedżerskiej.
Games in Management Practice
The monograph addresses the growing use of games in organisational management. The author provides a detailed classification of different types of games, pointing to their application in areas such as recruitment, training, negotiations and team building, which makes the work practical and provides specific examples that can be used …
Uwarunkowania Zarządzania Siecią Bankomatów W Polsce – Analiza Rentowności, Arkadiusz Manikowski, Rafał Zbyrowski
Uwarunkowania Zarządzania Siecią Bankomatów W Polsce – Analiza Rentowności, Arkadiusz Manikowski, Rafał Zbyrowski
Monografie/Monographs
Monografia poświęcona jest kompleksowej analizie funkcjonowania, kosztów i rentowności sieci bankomatów w Polsce, z uwzględnieniem uwarunkowań technologicznych, społecznych, przestrzennych i ekonomicznych. Autorzy prezentują w niej swoje wnikliwe badania obecnego stanu rynku oraz argumenty na rzecz modyfikacji niektórych jego parametrów.
Conditions for Managing an ATM Network in Poland – Profitability Analysis
This monograph presents a comprehensive analysis of the functioning, costs, and profitability of ATM networks in Poland, considering technological, social, spatial, and economic conditions. The authors present their insightful research on the current state of the market and arguments for modifying some of its parameters.
Finanse Cyfrowe: Tesserakt, Jakub Górka
Finanse Cyfrowe: Tesserakt, Jakub Górka
Monografie/Monographs
Monografia przybliża sposób, w jaki technologie cyfrowe (m.in. sztuczna inteligencja, big data, blockchain, chmura obliczeniowa) oddziałują na usługi finansowe oraz wspierają rozwój innowacyjnych modeli biznesowych podmiotów świadczących usługi finansowe, oddziałują na struktury rynkowe czy transformują rynki finansowe oraz jakie generują konsekwencje społeczno-ekonomiczne.
Digital Finance: Tesseract
The monograph presents how digital technologies (i.e. artificial intelligence, big data, blockchain, cloud computing) affect financial services and support the development of innovative business models of financial service providers, influence market structures, transform financial markets, and generate socio-economic consequences.
2025 Cardozo Law Library Annual Report, Dr. Lillian & Dr. Rebecca Chutick Law Library
2025 Cardozo Law Library Annual Report, Dr. Lillian & Dr. Rebecca Chutick Law Library
Library Annual Reports
This annual report presents an overview of the Dr. Lillian & Dr. Rebecca Chutick Law Library’s activities and accomplishments during the 2024–2025 fiscal year. It includes highlights on research instruction, faculty and student services, collections management, classroom technology, scholarly communications, and strategic priorities for 2025–2026.
From Concept To Community: Building And Sustaining Communication Research Labs, America L. Edwards, Matthew J. A. Craig, Hannah E. Jones, Chad Edwards, Autumn P. Edwards
From Concept To Community: Building And Sustaining Communication Research Labs, America L. Edwards, Matthew J. A. Craig, Hannah E. Jones, Chad Edwards, Autumn P. Edwards
Journal of the Association for Communication Administration
This essay explores the conceptual, practical, and relational foundations of building and sustaining communication research labs. Drawing on early models of research teams, we argue that contemporary labs function as living systems that integrate research, teaching, mentorship, and community engagement. The essay outlines practical considerations for creating and maintaining labs, including recruitment, infrastructure, leadership succession, and digital presence, while emphasizing the importance of flexibility and autonomy. Rather than viewing labs as static organizational units, we position them as relational ecosystems that evolve through connection, shared purpose, and adaptability across time and institutions. Ultimately, this work encourages scholars to view lab-building …
Making The Invisible Visible: Cultivating Contexts For Equitable Workloads, Andrea Carlile
Making The Invisible Visible: Cultivating Contexts For Equitable Workloads, Andrea Carlile
Journal of the Association for Communication Administration
Women make up the majority of degree earners and most of those teaching at higher education institutions. Yet, women are not advancing to the highest ranks. How female faculty receive credit for their work may account for the discrepancy in women advancing to the highest ranks. This single-institution case study explored institutional practices and policies as they related to workload satisfaction and rewards for female faculty. Following the framework from the Faculty Workload and Rewards Project, FWRP, the case used the constructs of equity-minded faculty workloads to shape the analysis. Three themes emerged in the analysis: context matters, transparency practices, …
The Importance Of Leader-Member Exchange And Psychological Contracts In Highly Qualified Researchers, Robin L. Ingerick Dba
The Importance Of Leader-Member Exchange And Psychological Contracts In Highly Qualified Researchers, Robin L. Ingerick Dba
Theses & Dissertations
This study examined the significance of the relationship between leader-member exchange (LMX) and psychological contracts in United States-based research organizations. When the organization-manager-employee relationship deteriorates, psychological contract breaches can occur, negatively affecting employee outcomes and the organization's financial success and stability. Existing knowledge highlights several factors that influence relationships, including reciprocated treatment, work behaviors and reactions, trust, professional respect, affect, mutual interaction, work autonomy, communication, job satisfaction, and fulfillment. The study sought to determine to what extent is there a predictive relationship between LMX and psychological contracts (employee obligations, employer obligations, fulfillment, and contract transitions) of highly qualified United States-based …
Terre Haute Residential Design, Kimberly Smith
Terre Haute Residential Design, Kimberly Smith
2025 Fall Reports (Terre Haute)
After meeting with Maitri Desai and Caleb Williams, the project scope was finalized and included a one- or one-and-a-half story home with two to three-bedrooms; the design of the house was to reflect typical architecture styles within the neighborhood surrounding the 19th and Beech streets. The design was to reflect a modest home within the price range of $125,000 and 1400 square feet. Students conducted a site visit to the proposed area to assess the development site; during this visit additional information was gathered by the students such as site analysis and walkability of the neighborhood. Further research was conducted …
Interpretive Education Stations: Keeping Terre Haute Informed, Sara E. Watson
Interpretive Education Stations: Keeping Terre Haute Informed, Sara E. Watson
2025 Fall Reports (Terre Haute)
Public communication of scientific findings is an important, but often neglected, part of creating solutions to environmental issues facing our communities. To address this gap, students from the ENVI 110: Introduction to Environmental Sciences class worked in small groups to design education stations to be placed around the city of Terre Haute to inform the public about topics in environmental sciences with relevance to local residents. Themes identified by ENVI 110 students for development into interpretive installations include, but are not limited to, food waste, identification of native and invasive plant and animal species, wastewater treatment, conventional and organic farming …
Identifying Climate-Appropriate Tree Species, Christy Pearison
Identifying Climate-Appropriate Tree Species, Christy Pearison
2025 Fall Reports (Terre Haute)
The Tree Species Sustainability Symposium project was developed through a partnership between BUS 100-004 students at Indiana State University and the City of Terre Haute as part of the Sustainable Cities Program. The city’s goal for this project was to strengthen public awareness of climate-appropriate tree species, promote biodiversity, and encourage community participation in preserving Terre Haute’s award-winning urban tree canopy. Students collaborated with city and university sustainability leaders to research native tree species best suited for Terre Haute’s environment, focusing on Sycamore, Red Maple, and Eastern Redbud trees. These species were selected for their ecological benefits, resilience to climate …
Building Community Resilience For Disasters In The Wabash Valley, Nathan Myers
Building Community Resilience For Disasters In The Wabash Valley, Nathan Myers
2025 Fall Reports (Terre Haute)
As part of the 2025 Indiana State University Sustainable Cities Initiative, we worked on two interconnected research projects: conducting a community needs assessment (as requested by Catholic Charities) and developing a climate-related disaster plan for the City of Terre Haute, Indiana. To complete this work, a student research team examined current statistical information for the Wabash Valley region (including Vigo, Clay, Parke, Vermillion, and Sullivan counties), as well as conducting and analyzing interviews, focus groups, and survey data to determine strengths, challenges, opportunities, and threats related to community resilience in the area. This same information, in conjunction with information from …
Reimagining Terre Haute's Parks: Smart Parks For A Connected Community, Natasha Rascon
Reimagining Terre Haute's Parks: Smart Parks For A Connected Community, Natasha Rascon
2025 Fall Reports (Terre Haute)
Through collaborations with the City of Terre Haute, the following community issue was identified: Resiliency Education (RE-1) Smart parks - Sign designs, Web page design, a community survey to determine park attendance, ideas for ways to track park attendance, recommendations for improvements in high-risk parks, Finding and/or helping with grant applications. To address the identified community issue, students enrolled in Comm495 Senior Capstone partnered with the City of Terre Haute to provide possible solutions. The students in this class conducted research to identify areas of opportunity relevant to the city of Terre Haute to produce their suggestions. The students formed …
The Leaf Composition & Sustainability Initiative, Christy Pearison
The Leaf Composition & Sustainability Initiative, Christy Pearison
2025 Fall Reports (Terre Haute)
The LEAF Composition & Sustainability Initiative was developed by students in BUS 100-005 in collaboration with the City of Terre Haute and Indiana State University’s Office of Sustainability. The primary goal of this project was to raise awareness of leaf and organic waste management, encourage composting, and strengthen community engagement around sustainable practices. Students explored the environmental impact of leaf waste and food waste, discovering that while the United States produces approximately 66 million tons of food waste annually, only a small percentage is composted. Locally, Terre Haute sends thousands of tons of yard waste to landfills each month—material that …
Israeli Hasbara And The Nba’S Palestine Exception: The Impossibility Of Capitalist “Social Justice”, Chen Chen, Anthony J. Weems, Roc Rochon, Daniel Sailofsky
Israeli Hasbara And The Nba’S Palestine Exception: The Impossibility Of Capitalist “Social Justice”, Chen Chen, Anthony J. Weems, Roc Rochon, Daniel Sailofsky
Sport Management Collection
Sport is a notable site for the Israeli state in its hasbara (public diplomacy, or “explaining”) effort that seeks to normalize the conditions of ethnic cleansing, illegal settlement, and apartheid practices in historic and occupied Palestine. Against the backdrop of the genocide in Gaza and the lack of international sport sanctions against Israeli teams, this paper maps several hasbara activities/attempts featuring the National Basketball Association (NBA) in the last decade. This is a worthwhile case, not least because of the NBA’s self-branding as a socially “progressive” league composed of a primarily Black/African American athletic workforce. Two major observations are made: …
In The Pursuit Of Parent Caregiver Well-Being: A Phenomenological Study, Glenda E. Hux, Natalie King, Sarah A. Schoen
In The Pursuit Of Parent Caregiver Well-Being: A Phenomenological Study, Glenda E. Hux, Natalie King, Sarah A. Schoen
Communication Disorders and Occupational Therapy Faculty Publications and Presentations
Unmet needs in parent of children with chronic and complex conditions often result in adverse outcomes to their mental health and well-being. This descriptive phenomenological study explores their lived experiences and daily participation patterns. Thirteen participants in a global cohort shared their experiences via a secure digital platform. Five themes emerged illustrating the parents' pursuit of well-being and the barriers encountered: Embodying the Caregiver Life, Navigating Intricate Realities, Emotional and Existential Landscape, Navigating Healthcare Systems, and Connected Yet Alone. This study underlies parents' occupational participation challenges and the crucial need to address them using parent-centered approaches to promote family well-being.
Sociocultural Influences On Disordered Eating In Arab, Middle Eastern, And North African American Women: A Population Gap Research Study Examining The Roles Of Acculturative Stress And Family, Peer, And Media Pressures, Maria Kalantzis, Peiyi Wang, Katherine Meschino, Amanda Raffoul, Reza N. Sahlan, Abby Braden
Sociocultural Influences On Disordered Eating In Arab, Middle Eastern, And North African American Women: A Population Gap Research Study Examining The Roles Of Acculturative Stress And Family, Peer, And Media Pressures, Maria Kalantzis, Peiyi Wang, Katherine Meschino, Amanda Raffoul, Reza N. Sahlan, Abby Braden
Psychological Science Faculty Publications
Arab, Middle Eastern, and North African (A-MENA) Americans are historically excluded from body image and eating disorder research; more specifically, no study to date examined sociocultural risk factors for disordered eating in this population. The current study is a secondary analysis (Kalantzis et al., Eating Behaviors, 53, 101868, 2024) from a mixed-methods study, which found, through qualitative feedback on the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire, bicultural identity and family appearance pressures may be relevant when examining general eating, shape, and weight concerns in this population. From a non-clinical sample of A-MENA American women (N = 244), pressures from …
The Reciprocal Relationship Between Physical Activity And Prosocial Behavior Among Rural Left-Behind Children: A Cross-Lagged Mediation Analysis Of Psychological Resilience, Dawu Huang, Xin Xiong, Peiyi Wang, Juan Xu
The Reciprocal Relationship Between Physical Activity And Prosocial Behavior Among Rural Left-Behind Children: A Cross-Lagged Mediation Analysis Of Psychological Resilience, Dawu Huang, Xin Xiong, Peiyi Wang, Juan Xu
Psychological Science Faculty Publications
Introduction: Although physical activity benefits youth development, little is known about how it is related to prosocial behavior over time, especially among structurally disadvantaged groups such as rural left-behind children in China. This longitudinal study examined the bidirectional relationship between physical activity and prosocial behavior and the mediating role of psychological resilience.
Methods: A total of 612 children (Grades 5–6; approximately 10–12 years old; 50.5% male) from three schools in Ji’an City, Jiangxi Province, completed measures of physical activity, psychological resilience, and prosocial behavior at three time points over 6 months.
Results: Crosslagged mediation structural equation modeling revealed reciprocal pathways: …
Under What Condition Does Additive Unconscious Priming Only Occur?, Shen Tu, Jieyu Lv, Jerwen Jou, Lin Tian, Chengzhen Liu, Lei Song, Simin Wan
Under What Condition Does Additive Unconscious Priming Only Occur?, Shen Tu, Jieyu Lv, Jerwen Jou, Lin Tian, Chengzhen Liu, Lei Song, Simin Wan
Psychological Science Faculty Publications
In the research on unconscious information processing using the masking priming method, there are still controversies regarding whether participants truly unconsciously processed the presented stimuli. The reasons for the controversies mainly stem from the intensity of the masking and the consistency of criterion adopted among different researchers. Two recent studies found that two sources of unconscious stimuli could produce an additive priming effect on the response to the target. This conclusion provides some insights into addressing the aforementioned issues. Based on the results of the additive priming effect, the present study explored the possibility of enhancing the unconscious priming effect …
A Qualitative Examination Of Peer Navigation For Smoking Cessation In People With Hiv, Garrett S. Stang, Bianca Camacho, Megan Pinkston, Karen Tashima, Christopher W. Kahler, Patricia A. Cioe
A Qualitative Examination Of Peer Navigation For Smoking Cessation In People With Hiv, Garrett S. Stang, Bianca Camacho, Megan Pinkston, Karen Tashima, Christopher W. Kahler, Patricia A. Cioe
Psychological Science Faculty Publications
Introduction: People with HIV (PWH) are disproportionately affected by cigarette use, with a 40-60% prevalence rate. They achieve relatively low cessation rates following traditional interventions and often confront compounded challenges related to social factors. HIV care services have integrated Peer Navigators (PNs) into clinical care for many years, but not in the context of smoking cessation. The purpose of this study was to describe the experiences of PWH on a novel smoking cessation intervention that integrated PNs as part of a pilot randomized controlled trial.
Methods: This qualitative examination was conducted among PWH who smoke cigarettes and who participated in …
Taming The Wicked Problem: Transparency, Civic Apathy, And The Challenge Of Rebuilding Trust In Local Government, Austin N. Kaiser
Taming The Wicked Problem: Transparency, Civic Apathy, And The Challenge Of Rebuilding Trust In Local Government, Austin N. Kaiser
School of Public Service Theses & Dissertations
Since the 1960s, the United States has experienced a persistent decline in public trust in government. The Founders believed that government could only function with the consent of the governed, making this erosion of trust a significant concern for democratic legitimacy. In response, many scholars and practitioners have championed transparency as a pillar of sound governance and a potential remedy for rebuilding trust. However, the solution may not be as simple as improving openness. Public officials increasingly recognize that transparency alone may have limited or even unintended consequences, especially when public participation is low or administrative resources are strained.
This …
Exploring The Impact Of Identity-Based Bullying On Suicidal Thoughts And Behaviors Among 6th-12th Grade Youth In Virginia, Camille N. Johnson
Exploring The Impact Of Identity-Based Bullying On Suicidal Thoughts And Behaviors Among 6th-12th Grade Youth In Virginia, Camille N. Johnson
Psychology Theses & Dissertations
Suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs) are a growing public health concern among youth. Bullying victimization is a robust risk factor for STBs and identity-based bullying (IBB) or bullying that occurs due to a person’s actual or perceived social-identity/identities that is ingrained in discrimination, prejudice, or bias, has been found to be more strongly associated with STBs compared to bullying that was unrelated to identity. The current study used data from the Virginia School Survey of Climate and Working Conditions (N=399,493) to examine associations between general bullying, adult-perpetrated bullying, and IBB with depression and STBs among 6th-12th grade youth. This study …
Examining Social And Intrapersonal Factors Among Youth Crisis Line Volunteers, Sunday Hull
Examining Social And Intrapersonal Factors Among Youth Crisis Line Volunteers, Sunday Hull
Psychology Theses & Dissertations
Crisis lines provide a free crisis response service that is highly accessible to individuals who are at elevated risk of suicide and may not be otherwise connected with care. In order to best tailor crisis line interventions to youth populations, a number of youth-to-youth crisis lines invite youth callers to connect with trained youth volunteers. While prior research has examined adult crisis lines workers’ experience and well-being and identified key factors that predict positive and negative volunteering outcomes, far less is known about similar determinants of experience and well-being among adolescent volunteers on youth-to-youth crisis lines. The purpose of this …
Identifying Alcohol Intervention-Relevant Constructs For Greek Life: Examining Across Greek Membership And Gender Among College Students, Emily Susan Renzoni
Identifying Alcohol Intervention-Relevant Constructs For Greek Life: Examining Across Greek Membership And Gender Among College Students, Emily Susan Renzoni
Psychology Theses & Dissertations
Among college populations, students who are members of social Greek life organizations (i.e., social fraternities and sororities) drink more and experience higher rates of negative alcohol-related consequences than their non-affiliated peers. Although there has been success of alcohol interventions in general college populations, research has shown that college drinking interventions that are delivered to students in Greek life are not efficacious in reducing alcohol consumption or related consequences. It is meaningful to investigate if the content commonly addressed in these interventions, although well-documented as being linked to drinking in the general college population, has the same associations for students who …
Observed Parenting, Parent-Child Aggression, And Intimate Partner Violence As Predictive Of Family Dysfunction, Paige Munshell
Observed Parenting, Parent-Child Aggression, And Intimate Partner Violence As Predictive Of Family Dysfunction, Paige Munshell
Psychology Theses & Dissertations
Family systems theories contextualize violence as occurring across multiple levels of the family, yet much of the existing literature focuses on a single family member’s outcome (i.e., the child) and neglects to include data collected from fathers. This study examined the associations between indicators of functioning at the dyadic-level in the family system—observed parenting, Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) perpetration, and Parent-Child Aggression (PCA) risk—and later overall family dysfunction. Participants were 180 mothers and 144 of their male partners evaluated when their child was 18 months old and re-evaluated at 4 years old. Measures of observed parenting, IPV perpetration, and PCA …
Schema, Stigma, And The “We-Them” Divide: Perspectives On Ageism From Everyday Life To Healthcare, Temple D. West
Schema, Stigma, And The “We-Them” Divide: Perspectives On Ageism From Everyday Life To Healthcare, Temple D. West
English Theses & Dissertations
Ageism remains a pervasive and often underexamined form of discrimination, affecting older adults across both everyday and clinical contexts. This paper explores how cognitive schemas—mental frameworks that shape perception and experience—and stigma interact to reinforce a “we–them” divide between and older patients and healthcare providers, as well as between older and younger individuals in broader society. Through focus groups and listening to the voices of older patients, this study examines how assumptions of age-based decline are embedded in society and inform schemas of ageism. It considers how those schemas shape the spoiled identity of older people as a stigmatized group, …
Development Of A Handy Tool For The Selection Of Urban Stormwater Best Management Practices, Aaron T. Kenny
Development Of A Handy Tool For The Selection Of Urban Stormwater Best Management Practices, Aaron T. Kenny
Civil & Environmental Engineering Theses & Dissertations
The City of Norfolk, Virginia faces substantial stormwater management challenges due to shallow groundwater, tidal influence, dense urban development, and limited right-of-way. These constraints limit the applicability of many Best Management Practices (BMPs) and require the early identification of feasible practices before detailed hydrologic modeling. This thesis introduces a decision-support tool that quickly and systematically identifies and prioritizes BMPs that are both feasible and well-suited to Norfolk’s Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System (MS4) program, streamlining early-stage selection and saving time and resources.
The tool implements a two-stage methodology. First, feasibility gates are applied using catalog attributes derived from the Virginia …
When Nonbinary Becomes Binary: Exploring Transnormativity Experiences Of Gender Diverse Individuals, Yusuf Barburoğlu
When Nonbinary Becomes Binary: Exploring Transnormativity Experiences Of Gender Diverse Individuals, Yusuf Barburoğlu
Counseling & Human Services Theses & Dissertations
Transnormativity is a within-group framework that positions trans and nonbinary (TNB) individuals in a hierarchy of legitimacy based on adherence to binary gender norms (Johnson, 2016). Nonbinary individuals, who comprise 38% of U.S. transgender adults, face unique challenges, including systemic invalidation, misgendering, and erasure both within and outside LGBTQIA+ communities (James et al., 2024; Matsuno et al., 2024). These experiences intersect with internalized stigma and rejection expectations, contributing to mental health disparities (Budge et al., 2014; Lefevor et al., 2019). This study explores how nonbinary individuals navigate, resist, and embody transnormative pressures, using Sarah Ahmed’s Queer Phenomenology and Interpretative Phenomenological …
Reflections In The Mirror: An Examination Of Racially Congruent Mentoring Of Black Teacher Candidates In A Teacher Education Program, Mary Louise Gregory
Reflections In The Mirror: An Examination Of Racially Congruent Mentoring Of Black Teacher Candidates In A Teacher Education Program, Mary Louise Gregory
Teaching & Learning Theses & Dissertations
The high demand for Black educators in K-12 schools across the United States has caused several teacher training programs to rethink how they prepare Black teacher candidates for the teaching workforce (Andrews et al., 2019; Blazar, 2024; Milner & Howard, 2004). Improving teacher candidate training, especially for Black teacher candidates can boost K-12 Black teacher representation. Literature on Black teacher candidate’s experiences while being mentored identifies several challenges that include issues with implicit bias, microaggressions, stereotyping and other occurrences of racial discrimination (Daly et al., 2024; Hampton et al., 2008; Kardos & Johnson-Moore, 2010; Rodriguez et al., 2020). The process …
The Paradox Of Discipline: Equity, Standardization, And Black Student Outcomes In Public Schools, Latricia T. Davenport
The Paradox Of Discipline: Equity, Standardization, And Black Student Outcomes In Public Schools, Latricia T. Davenport
Educational Leadership & Workforce Development Theses & Dissertations
Despite efforts to address profound discipline disparities impacting Black students, the implementation of alternative disciplinary approaches like Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) and Restorative Justice (RJ) has failed to eliminate significant disproportionality in school discipline. This study investigates how teachers navigate the challenges of disciplining Black students within a paradoxical school environment that juxtaposes equitable, human-centered methods with a historically rooted managerial paradigm emphasizing uniformity and zero tolerance. Drawing upon systemic racism and the concept of 'apprenticeship of observation,' this study explores how teachers' implicit biases about Black students are formed by long-held institutional norms and personal experiences. It …
Who Gets To Lead? Policy, Systemic Barriers, And Leadership Norms In Education, Kathryn A. Cirilli
Who Gets To Lead? Policy, Systemic Barriers, And Leadership Norms In Education, Kathryn A. Cirilli
Educational Leadership & Workforce Development Theses & Dissertations
This phenomenological qualitative study investigated the underrepresentation of women and racially marginalized individuals in the superintendent position, the highest leadership position within K-12 public education. The superintendent position has been overwhelmingly represented by males, even though women were the majority of the teaching workforce. Grounded by institutional theory and viewed through a phenomenological lens, I examined how organizational norms, hiring practices, and access to mentorship contributed to and upheld systemic barriers to the superintendent position. Through exploring the interpreted lived experiences of current female superintendents across public school districts that reflected the national patterns, this research addressed the disparities in …