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Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

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Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences

Fire Prevention Education For Boys And Girls Who Misuse Fire: A Quasi-Experimental Mixed Methods Analysis Of Effective Intervention Programming, Matthew B. Ferdock Apr 2022

Fire Prevention Education For Boys And Girls Who Misuse Fire: A Quasi-Experimental Mixed Methods Analysis Of Effective Intervention Programming, Matthew B. Ferdock

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

A child referred for an assessment following fire misuse (e.g., setting a fire intentionally) triggers an intervention strategist who constructs a program that almost universally includes fire safety education (FSE). While FSE media tailored by age and grade is available from the U.S. Federal Government, most youth fire misuse intervention educational programming differentiates children by age. However, program designers rarely consider gender, racial differences, and socioeconomic factors during education design and delivery. Limited research demonstrates efficacious FSE. However, since almost no FSE accounts for differences beyond age, no empirical evidence exists examining its efficacy by demographic or socioeconomic differences. Using …


Pastoral Counseling Marriage Ministry, Chris Schroeder Apr 2022

Pastoral Counseling Marriage Ministry, Chris Schroeder

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Marriage ministry is the topic for this thesis project. Several aspects of marriage ministry at First Baptist Church of Texarkana were evaluated. First, a young single adult group at the church participated in a curriculum for dating before marriage. After being taught the reasons for marriage and dating, the class filled out a survey to evaluate the class’ effectiveness. Next, the pre-marriage counseling at FBC Texarkana was evaluated for effectiveness. Third, crisis marriage counseling at FBC Texarkana was evaluated by the writer to determine if marriages were finding healing. Fourth, a marriage class was offered at FBC Texarkana for a …


The Effectiveness Of Attachment Injury Resolution Protocol (Airp) In Reducing Marital Distress And Improving Marital Satisfaction In The Areas Of Communication, Commitment, And Trust In High-Conflict Couples Affected By Infidelity, Sarah R. Cordonnier Apr 2022

The Effectiveness Of Attachment Injury Resolution Protocol (Airp) In Reducing Marital Distress And Improving Marital Satisfaction In The Areas Of Communication, Commitment, And Trust In High-Conflict Couples Affected By Infidelity, Sarah R. Cordonnier

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

A quasi-experimental pilot study of fourteen heterosexual couples, twenty-eight participants, was conducted to assess whether Attachment Injury Resolution Protocol (AIRP) was effective in reducing marital distress and improving marital satisfaction in the areas of communication, commitment, and trust post infidelity for high-conflict couples. This study was important due to the fact that roughly thirty percent of couples engaged in marital infidelity (Norona et al., 2018). Fourteen heterosexual couples volunteered and were chosen from the clinician’s private mental-health practice to participate in a quasi-experimental pilot study. Four self-report assessments were implemented, including the Kansas Marital Conflict Scale (KMCS), Interpersonal Communication Skills …


Burnout In Virginia's Community College Adjuncts With Relation To Gender, Age, And Number Of Jobs Held, Justin Barrett Stowe Apr 2022

Burnout In Virginia's Community College Adjuncts With Relation To Gender, Age, And Number Of Jobs Held, Justin Barrett Stowe

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Burnout is a psychological condition that affects individuals in high stress careers. Higher education faculty are prone to burnout, with studies showing women experienced burnout at different ages than their male counterparts. Few studies have been conducted to test if age and gender could predict a high level of burnout amongst adjunct faculty in community colleges. In addition, community college adjunct faculty are known to work more than one job to meet economic needs, and the research demonstrates such a condition creates anxiety, but little discussion is present on whether the variables of age, gender, and additional jobs held may …


Lived Experiences Of Mental Health Professionals Using Resilience To Resist Burnout, Kristen Shawn Cummins Apr 2022

Lived Experiences Of Mental Health Professionals Using Resilience To Resist Burnout, Kristen Shawn Cummins

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this qualitative transcendental phenomenological study was to describe the lived experiences of mental health professionals (MHPs) in California who have worked in private practice settings. The three research questions that framed this study were: what resilience-promoting mindsets do these mental health professionals rely upon, what resilience-promoting behaviors or practices do they demonstrate, and how do these mindsets and behaviors protect MHPs in private practice from experiencing burnout? The theory guiding this study was the metatheory of resilience and resiliency by Glenn E. Richardson (2002; 2016) as it provided a framework to assess how these professionals utilized resilience …


Compassion Fatigue: The Effects Of Secondary Traumatic Stress And Vicarious Traumatization Among Baltimore Police Department Community Chaplains, Angela Teresa Jones-Ramirez Apr 2022

Compassion Fatigue: The Effects Of Secondary Traumatic Stress And Vicarious Traumatization Among Baltimore Police Department Community Chaplains, Angela Teresa Jones-Ramirez

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Baltimore is plagued with a history of high crime, violence, and murder resulting in trauma. The purpose of the Doctor of Ministry action research project was to educate Baltimore Police Department (BPD) Community Chaplains concerning compassion fatigue while maintaining effective quality care. A two-day workshop was developed as an intervention to address the problem. Pretest and posttest surveys were administered using the Professional Quality of Life Scale, Version 5, and the Skovholt Professional Practitioner Resiliency and Self-Care Inventory. Data in the form of surveys, group notes, field notes, recorded testimonials, and stories were collected and analyzed. Results of the data …


Pastoral Leadership: The Importance Of Succession Planning Development And Transition In Our Local Churches, Michelle Renee Jenkins Apr 2022

Pastoral Leadership: The Importance Of Succession Planning Development And Transition In Our Local Churches, Michelle Renee Jenkins

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

A pastoral succession plan will address the issues of who will be responsible for leading the respective congregation if something happens to the current Pastor. Without clear direction, leaders leave their flocks in precarious positions. The problem is that churches may not have a concise succession plan to identify a qualified leader to take up the leadership mantle. The study will lay the foundation from a biblical perspective on the importance of identifying a leader’s successor and the advantages of providing a smooth transition for the assembly. The research will stress the importance of pastors not only identifying their successors …


To Stay Or Step Down: Assessing The Pastoral Qualifications Of Pastors With Prodigal Children, P. Kevin Garber Apr 2022

To Stay Or Step Down: Assessing The Pastoral Qualifications Of Pastors With Prodigal Children, P. Kevin Garber

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The pastor’s home life is a reflection of his ability to effectively lead Christ’s church. Two seminal New Testament passages (I Timothy 3:1-7, Titus 1:5-9) address, among other qualifications, the behavior and testimony of the pastor’s children. This vital aspect of a pastor’s leadership within the home must be given important emphasis and due consideration. With an examination of the nuances of these two seminal passages, exploration of published literature relevant to this topic, and an in-depth investigation of three pastoral case studies, the writer will offer a resource for pastors and parishioners who are facing the dilemma of whether …


Exploring The Relationship Between Faith And The Experience Of Burnout, Compassion Fatigue, And Compassion Satisfaction For Hospice Workers During A Global Pandemic: A Multidisciplinary Study, Sarah Jo Spiridigliozzi Apr 2022

Exploring The Relationship Between Faith And The Experience Of Burnout, Compassion Fatigue, And Compassion Satisfaction For Hospice Workers During A Global Pandemic: A Multidisciplinary Study, Sarah Jo Spiridigliozzi

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Individuals who work within hospice and palliative care experience unique stressors while providing care to patients and families at the end of life. The COVID-19 global pandemic provides additional stressors, personal and professional, which may affect these individuals. Research lacks data to understand how this pandemic affects individuals working in hospice care. Most current research focuses on individual disciplines, with the highest number of studies focusing on a nurse's experiences. Additionally, the recent research provides conflicting relationships on faith's influence on burnout, compassion fatigue, and compassion satisfaction. Biblical guidance on burnout and compassion highlights the importance of addressing this phenomenon …


Digital Privacy: A Quantitative Study Exploring The Influence Of Privacy Fatigue On Privacy Management Behavior In Generation Z College Students, Sara Allison Brake Apr 2022

Digital Privacy: A Quantitative Study Exploring The Influence Of Privacy Fatigue On Privacy Management Behavior In Generation Z College Students, Sara Allison Brake

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Generation Z has grown up in a digital environment where their physical world is often merged with their digital world. Research has found that students often blindly accept social media terms and agreements because they feel they have no choice. Therefore, many students are often lacking in knowledge regarding privacy protection behavior on social media platforms. Some scholars argue that this creates a privacy paradox, while others argue it elicits privacy fatigue. In addition, there is little centralized regulation for online privacy, and privacy agreements vary by social media platform. The purpose of this study was to explore the variables …


Leadership Influence: Adoption Professional, Birth Mother, And Adoptive Parents’ Knowledge Of Open Adoption, Vicki K. Colls Apr 2022

Leadership Influence: Adoption Professional, Birth Mother, And Adoptive Parents’ Knowledge Of Open Adoption, Vicki K. Colls

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Adoption needs a minimum of three sets of participants: the birth mother, the adoptive parents, and the adoptive professionals. Being the adoption expert, the adoption professional leads all parties through the process of adoption. However, as adoption research grows, it focuses on the adoptee, birth mother, and adoptive parents but rarely on the adoption professional. As the central figure in the adoption process, the assumption is the adoption professional would be the primary influencer affecting the culture of adoption practices. The purpose of this quantitative descriptive, correlational study was to evaluate if a relationship exists between the adoptive professional's leadership …


The Effects Of Physical Fitness Policies On Law Enforcement Officers' Physical Fitness Levels, Tina M. Hall Apr 2022

The Effects Of Physical Fitness Policies On Law Enforcement Officers' Physical Fitness Levels, Tina M. Hall

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Most law enforcement agencies have minimum physical standards for new hires; however, few agencies have physical fitness standards for members once they are hired. Many law enforcement officers experience a decrease in physical fitness levels as their years of law enforcement service increase. The decrease in physical fitness levels causes a reduction in the ability to perform job duties and increases health consequences. This study explored the relationship of physical fitness levels of sworn law enforcement members from agencies with and without enforced physical fitness standards. Anonymous surveys were completed by 1240 sworn law enforcement officers from eight state law …


Pastoral Care And The Alleviation Of Compassion Fatigue In Staff At St. Mary's Hospice, Ellen Chloe Gardner-Cook Apr 2022

Pastoral Care And The Alleviation Of Compassion Fatigue In Staff At St. Mary's Hospice, Ellen Chloe Gardner-Cook

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This action research project studied compassion fatigue in hospice staff and the ways that Christian prayer practices can mitigate compassion fatigue symptoms and contribute to resiliency. The sample population included forty employees and the sample size was N=6. The participants answered four anonymous, self-report assessments to measure six areas, compassion satisfaction, self-compassion, secondary traumatic stress, burnout, perceived stress, and spirituality at the first of eight weekly sessions. These assessments included the Professional Quality of Life Scale (ProQOL), the Perceived Stress Scale, the Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Inventory, and the Self-Compassion Scale. Six weeks of prayer interventions followed the initial assessments then …


Emotional Disconnection Between Parents And Adolescents: Communication Obstacles Among Immigrant Chinese American Christian Families, Agnes Yinshan Man Apr 2022

Emotional Disconnection Between Parents And Adolescents: Communication Obstacles Among Immigrant Chinese American Christian Families, Agnes Yinshan Man

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study was to understand and describe the lived experiences of communication that lead to emotional connection issues between Chinese immigrant parents and their American-born adolescent children, particularly in families attending Chinese American Christian churches in Massachusetts. The theory guiding this study was social constructivism, which posits that family members may interpret and experience the same interactions differently from one another. The research questions of the study include: (1) How do first-generation Chinese American Christian parents and second-generation Chinese American Christian adolescent children experience their interaction with each other? (2) How do American-born Chinese Christian …


Exploring Parental Perceptions Concerning Sexual Communication Between Sub-Saharan African Immigrant Parents And Their Children, Kwame Owura Frimpong Apr 2022

Exploring Parental Perceptions Concerning Sexual Communication Between Sub-Saharan African Immigrant Parents And Their Children, Kwame Owura Frimpong

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Abstract Sub-Saharan African families experience communication barriers due to factors such as sexual silence, cultural taboos, and shame, preventing them from having sexual health communication with their children. The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions of Sub-Saharan African immigrant parents concerning sexual shame and parents’ attitudes, knowledge, and comfort level in having a conversation with their pre-adolescent children concerning sexuality and sexual practices. While numerous researchers have demonstrated efficiency in audience-specific interventions, the literature reflects little attention to African immigrants, specifically Sub-Saharan immigrants. The research questions addressed perceptions of influences of a decision to discuss issues relating …


The Worship Battle: Reaching Generations Z And Alpha In American-Based Nigerian Pentecostal Churches, Charles O. Folami Apr 2022

The Worship Battle: Reaching Generations Z And Alpha In American-Based Nigerian Pentecostal Churches, Charles O. Folami

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Despite great strides by Nigerian Pentecostal pastors to bring worship values, concepts, practices, and behaviors to establish and lead churches in the United States, they have been unsuccessful in retaining or reaching the young adults, specifically Generations Z and Alpha. Nigerian Pentecostal pastors have produced many followers and churches, capturing Nigerian immigrants in their locality. Their congregations have heavily focused on adults with little or no succession plan. This study examines existing literature on African Pentecostal pastors' success in America and their operations in connecting with adult immigrants, which is unsuccessful in connecting and retaining Generations Z and Alpha. Guided …


The Importance Of Self-Awareness For The Prevention Of Burnout And Compassion Fatigue For Clergy, Reginald Charlestin Apr 2022

The Importance Of Self-Awareness For The Prevention Of Burnout And Compassion Fatigue For Clergy, Reginald Charlestin

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Self-care is both necessary and vital to the efficiency and longevity of ministry professionals, pastors, and people in general. When a person neglects their physical, emotional, and mental state, quality of life decreases. To study the importance of self-awareness and how to prevent burnouts and compassion fatigue among clergy, this thesis used the Macedonia Worship Center leadership staff as a study subject. The researcher studied various peer-reviewed articles that have evaluated the relationship between those who work in ministry and their levels of burnout and compassion fatigue alongside their perception of self-care to understand the importance of self-awareness related to …


Perceived Leadership Style By Child Protective Services Workers And The Impact On Burnout, Danyelle Lakeya Reese Apr 2022

Perceived Leadership Style By Child Protective Services Workers And The Impact On Burnout, Danyelle Lakeya Reese

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Few studies have analyzed worker burnout and organizational leadership styles for child protective service (CPS) workers. Many studies have focused on child welfare workers as a whole. Child welfare encompasses many different program areas. CPS is a subset of child welfare agencies. Child protective services workers have a high-stress job that exposes them, workers, to secondary trauma and burnout at a higher rate than other comparable positions. Child protective services is a program that is mandated to receive reports of child maltreatment, investigate the allegations, and provide services to the clients. Due to the job’s complexity, workers may rely on …


A Model For Ongoing Leadership Development In Evangelical Generation Z Ministry Leaders, Jillieta Diane Norwood Apr 2022

A Model For Ongoing Leadership Development In Evangelical Generation Z Ministry Leaders, Jillieta Diane Norwood

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this grounded theory study was to explore the leadership preparedness and biblical worldview of Generation Z (Gen Z) Christian ministry leaders to inform the formation of a theoretical model for ongoing leadership development. Participants (N=7) were paid senior ministry leaders of Assembly of God churches in the Midwest region who were involved in the hiring process and ongoing development of paid Gen Z ministry leaders. Additional participants included ministry leaders who fell within the defined years of the Generation Z cohort (1995-2010) and who had been employed by the church for a minimum of six months (N=10). …


Lived Experiences Of Parents And Professionals With Technology And Emotional Dysregulation In Children, Ages 3-5-Years-Old: A Phenomenological Study, Angela P. Rathkamp Apr 2022

Lived Experiences Of Parents And Professionals With Technology And Emotional Dysregulation In Children, Ages 3-5-Years-Old: A Phenomenological Study, Angela P. Rathkamp

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Digital devices have become more extensively used and have created a dramatic shift in how children, adolescents, and families use this technology. Excessive screen time has been associated with increased behavioral health problems, sleep disturbances, anxiety, depression, and decreased family functioning. The relationship between problematic technology use and emotional dysregulation in young children is just emerging, therefore leaving a gap in research literature. The purpose of this study was to explore the lived experiences of parents and professionals with technology and emotional dysregulation in children ages 3-5-years-old and to identify emotional characteristics specific to technology and emotional dysregulation. It further …


From Whence Cometh Her Strength, Janis E. Roberson Apr 2022

From Whence Cometh Her Strength, Janis E. Roberson

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

On May 29, 1851, Isabella Baumfree, a 54-year-old former slave, delivered the keynote address at the Women’s Convention in Akron, Ohio. Baumfree, better known as Sojourner Truth, could have focused her speech on the lashes grooved in her back, or her children she watched sold off into slavery. Yet her rallying cry came in the form of a simple question: “Ain’t I a woman?” Before gendered racial microaggressions had been defined, Sojourner Truth recognized that although she was a woman, she was not treated the same as non-Black women. There is no shortage of data on the deleterious effects of …


Recognizing Threatening And Aberrant Behavior: An Applied Study To Develop Online Training For The Support Staff At John Doe High School, James Daniel Christian Apr 2022

Recognizing Threatening And Aberrant Behavior: An Applied Study To Develop Online Training For The Support Staff At John Doe High School, James Daniel Christian

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this applied study was to solve the problem of adequately providing guidance to support staff in the recognition of threatening or aberrant behavior that may represent a threat to the community, self, or others at John Doe High School located in southeast Virginia and to design practices to train all students, faculty, and staff to address the problem. A multimethod design was used consisting of both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The first approach was semi-structured interviews with members of the school-based threat assessment team. The second approach was conducting a focus group with support staff. The third …


The Relationship Between The Amount Of Training Time And Perceived Training Effectiveness To Teacher Perceptions About The Positive Behavioral Interventions And Supports Framework, Victoria Leigh Harr Morley Apr 2022

The Relationship Between The Amount Of Training Time And Perceived Training Effectiveness To Teacher Perceptions About The Positive Behavioral Interventions And Supports Framework, Victoria Leigh Harr Morley

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

With a rise of behavioral concerns in the classroom, education systems have turned to positive behavior interventions and supports (PBIS) to reinforce positive behaviors. The purpose of this quantitative predictive correlational study was to examine the relationship between the fidelity of PBIS implementation, teacher perceived effectiveness of the programs, and time spent implementing the program. The theoretical framework for this study came from the applied behavior analysis theory. The researcher used a quantitative predictive correlational design to examine the relationship between the fidelity of implementation of PBIS programs, teacher perception of effectiveness of the PBIS framework, and time spent implementing …


Biblical Servant Leadership And The Senior Executive Service (Ses) Role In The Federal Government: Quantitative Correlational Study, Eugene Quinn Jr Apr 2022

Biblical Servant Leadership And The Senior Executive Service (Ses) Role In The Federal Government: Quantitative Correlational Study, Eugene Quinn Jr

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Considering the traits of biblical servant leadership, this leadership style may be ideal for the entrusted federal government positions of the Senior Executive Service (SES). The U.S. Office of Personnel Management (OPM), SES, was created by Congress to provide a government mobile cadre of managers for the federal government. These federal government employees are the backbone of the executive leadership in the federal government. The SES is mandated to respect and adhere to the fundamental principles of ethical service (behaves in an honest, fair, and ethical manner). The SES are federal government employees and are the link between a federal …


Evangelical Mental Health During A Pandemic: A Three-Way Interaction Analysis, Michael Sean Williams Apr 2022

Evangelical Mental Health During A Pandemic: A Three-Way Interaction Analysis, Michael Sean Williams

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

COVID-19 quickly became a global pandemic and a biological disaster. Mental health deteriorated due to fear, stress, isolation, and loneliness. Symptoms of anxiety, depression, stress, and disturbed sleep have been associated with COVID-19. There is limited research on mental health and well-being among evangelical Christians. A primary concern is that church congregants and leaders are tired and struggle with mental health issues. Thus, care for the congregation and community is limited. The rate of distress and depression among the religious is on the rise. The purpose of this quantitative research is to evaluate the interaction of perceived stress and emotional …


Channel Overload: Can Less Be More?, Benjamin David Yarbrough Apr 2022

Channel Overload: Can Less Be More?, Benjamin David Yarbrough

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This qualitative research study used a thematic approach and semi-structured interviews to explore the phenomenon of Channel Overload. The Cybernetic Tradition frames the study and Systems Theory guides the data analysis and the fundamental underpinnings of how communication functions. Systems Theory is used as the guiding theory as it provides a framework to evaluate how different systems work together, influencing each other and creating noise. This study shows the impact of Channel Overload on individuals and organizations. Further implications include concepts of organizational Channel Overload and suggest the need for internal strategic organizational communication policies to protect people and organizations …


A Biblical Model Of Emotional Intelligence, Brittany Littrell Apr 2022

A Biblical Model Of Emotional Intelligence, Brittany Littrell

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Within the last 25 years, the concept and application of emotional intelligence (EI) has experienced exponential growth within academic, organizational, and practitioner circles. While the benefits of EI development appear universal, EI application remains primarily absent from ministry settings and religious research. Prior to ministry implementation, the scriptural sustenance of key EI factors (EQ-I; self-perception, self-expression, interpersonal relationships, decision making, and stress management; MHS, 2011) was explored from the perspective of pastoral leaders to determine biblical alignment or discord. Implying a qualitative case study, interviews with eleven pastoral subjects revealed majority support for all five EI factors alongside the introduction …


Sabbath-Keeping And Mental Health: The Influence Of Weekly Sabbath-Keeping On Stress, Anxiety And Well-Being, Kathryn Mcnichol Apr 2022

Sabbath-Keeping And Mental Health: The Influence Of Weekly Sabbath-Keeping On Stress, Anxiety And Well-Being, Kathryn Mcnichol

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of the current study is to explore the effectiveness of a psychoeducational Sabbath intervention. Using a multiple baseline design, subsets of participants were assigned the psychoeducational intervention at varying times and completed a series of mental health questionnaires before, during, and after the intervention to assess its benefits. After receiving the psychoeducational intervention, participants began a weekly Sabbath-keeping practice. This study added to the limited existing literature on Sabbath-keeping and health, specifically mental health, by assessing the impact on anxiety, stress, and well-being. Results of this study indicated a potential connection between the practice of Sabbath-keeping and positive …


The Impact Of Law Enforcement Training On The Ability Of Officers To Recognize Human Trafficking Situations In West Tennessee, Marie Angelena Garrett Apr 2022

The Impact Of Law Enforcement Training On The Ability Of Officers To Recognize Human Trafficking Situations In West Tennessee, Marie Angelena Garrett

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

No one knows the true extent of human trafficking in America today, yet law enforcement officers may encounter victims during routine assignments. There exists a growing body of research associated with law enforcement officers and human trafficking. However, few researchers have explored the connection between human trafficking training and officers’ ability to recognize human trafficking situations. Grounded in schema theory, this quantitative study surveys law enforcement officers in West Tennessee. Survey questions assess officers’ awareness of human trafficking generalities, their ability to recognize possible locations of human trafficking, and training related to human trafficking. Questions then describe potential human trafficking …


Alaskan Rural Pastors' Lived Experiences With Mental Health Stigma, Josephine Kay Barry Apr 2022

Alaskan Rural Pastors' Lived Experiences With Mental Health Stigma, Josephine Kay Barry

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to describe the lived experiences of rural Alaskan pastors with mental health and mental health stigma both personally and professionally. While there were few studies available to assist with the framework of this research there were some that focused on pastors, depression, burnout and collaboration with counselors in rural areas. A Conceptual Mapping Task (CMT) was used to conduct the interview of five pastors within an isolated Alaskan community. Pastors were asked to describe in detail their lived encounters with mental health stigma and how it impacted them and their congregation. Interviews were …