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Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons™
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- Helicopter parenting (3)
- Parenting (3)
- Behavior variability (2)
- Broaden-and-build (2)
- Depression (2)
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- Intensive mothering ideology (2)
- Intensive parenting (2)
- Mothers (2)
- Positive psychology (2)
- Reward (2)
- Academic motivation (1)
- Animal Behavior (1)
- Animal behavior (1)
- Anticipatory problem solving (1)
- Attachment (1)
- Basic psychological needs (1)
- Canalization (1)
- Child outcomes (1)
- Cognition (1)
- Consequences (1)
- Developmental outcomes (1)
- Division of household labor (1)
- Emotion induction (1)
- Entitlement (1)
- Evolution (1)
- Family roles (1)
- Family social support (1)
- Fathering involvement (1)
- Faustian bargains (1)
- Fear of negative evaluation (1)
Articles 1 - 17 of 17
Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences
The Behavioral Origins Of Phylogenic Responses And Ontogenic Habits, W. David Stahlman, Kenneth J. Leising
The Behavioral Origins Of Phylogenic Responses And Ontogenic Habits, W. David Stahlman, Kenneth J. Leising
Psychological Science
An examination of innate behavior and its possible origins suggests parallels with the formation of habitual behavior. Inflexible but adaptive responses-innate reflexive behavior, Pavlovian conditioned responses, and operant habits-may have evolved from variable behavior in phylogeny and ontogeny. This form of "plasticity-first" scientific narrative was unpopular post-Darwin but has recently gained credibility in evolutionary biology. The present article seeks to identify originating events and contingencies contributing to such inflexible but adaptive behavior at both phylogenic and ontogenic levels of selection. In ontogeny, the development of inflexible performance (i.e., habit) from variable operant behavior is reminiscent of the genetic accommodation of …
Faustian Bargains: Short‐Term And Long‐Term Contingencies In Phylogeny, Ontogeny, And Sociogeny, W. David Stahlman, A. Charles Catania
Faustian Bargains: Short‐Term And Long‐Term Contingencies In Phylogeny, Ontogeny, And Sociogeny, W. David Stahlman, A. Charles Catania
Psychological Science
Rachlin's interpretations of self-control depend on the short-term versus the long-term consequences of behavior. Sometimes these effects support each other (typing an abstract produces a written product now and is later read by others). Sometimes they conflict (procrastination now is incompatible with finishing the abstract by deadline). We usually reserve the language of self-control for human cases where long-term consequences are chosen over short-term ones. Rachlin made this distinction salient in ontogeny, but it also applies to selection in phylogeny (Darwinian evolution) and sociogeny (behavior passed from one organism to another). Our account examines relations between short-term and long-term consequences …
A Non-Selective Serotonin Antagonist Promotes Rapid Habituation In The Terrestrial Hermit Crab, Kirandeep Sumra, W. David Stahlman
A Non-Selective Serotonin Antagonist Promotes Rapid Habituation In The Terrestrial Hermit Crab, Kirandeep Sumra, W. David Stahlman
Psychological Science
Research has indicated that serotonin (5-HT) modulates non-associative learning in a variety of invertebrate species. Recent work has demonstrated that the terrestrial hermit crab is a suitable animal model for non-associative learning phenomena, including habituation, sensitization, and dishabituation. We examined the potential role of a non-selective 5-HT antagonist, methysergide, in non-associative learning in the hermit crab. We administered methysergide prior to delivering repeated stimulus presentations of a looming visual predator. We found evidence for more rapid habituation relative to a control condition in which crabs did not receive the drug. These results indicate a role for 5-HT in the defensive …
The Effects Of Helicopter Parenting On Academic Motivation, Holly H. Schiffrin, Miriam Liss
The Effects Of Helicopter Parenting On Academic Motivation, Holly H. Schiffrin, Miriam Liss
Psychological Science
There is a growing concern that overinvolved, helicopter parenting may have negative consequences for college students’ well-being and academic achievement. The goal of this study was to examine the effects of helicopter parenting on constructs related to academic achievement and success such as motivation for learning, perfectionism, and entitlement. Survey data are presented from 192 college students and their mothers (N = 121). Children’s report of maternal helicopter parenting was related to extrinsic motivation to learn, perfectionistic discrepancy, and avoidance goals for learning, which have been associated with lower academic performance in prior research. Mother’s report of helicopter parenting …
Intensive Parenting: Does It Have The Desired Impact On Child Outcomes?, Holly H. Schiffrin, Hester Godfrey, Miriam Liss, Mindy J. Erchull
Intensive Parenting: Does It Have The Desired Impact On Child Outcomes?, Holly H. Schiffrin, Hester Godfrey, Miriam Liss, Mindy J. Erchull
Psychological Science
Although parental involvement is generally thought to be beneficial for children, it is unclear whether the intensive level of parenting that has become commonplace results in improved child outcomes. Intensive parenting may involve the desire to anticipate and solve children’s problems as well as to enroll them in numerous, structured activities that might enhance their physical, cognitive, and social abilities. We surveyed 241 parents to assess intensive parenting beliefs, anticipatory problem solving (APS), enrollment in structured activities, and developmental outcomes of their children ages 2–5. Using structural equation modeling, we found that intensive parenting beliefs predicted more APS, which predicted …
Mother, Father, Or Parent?: College Students' Intensive Parenting Attitudes Differ By Referent, Holly H. Schiffrin, Miriam Liss, Katherine Geary, Haley Miles-Mclean, Taryn Tashner, Charlotte Hagerman, Kathryn Rizzo
Mother, Father, Or Parent?: College Students' Intensive Parenting Attitudes Differ By Referent, Holly H. Schiffrin, Miriam Liss, Katherine Geary, Haley Miles-Mclean, Taryn Tashner, Charlotte Hagerman, Kathryn Rizzo
Psychological Science
Although intensive parenting is considered a dominant ideology of child-rearing, the tenets have only recently been operationalized. The Intensive Parenting Attitudes Questionnaire (IPAQ) was designed to assess the prescriptive norms of how people should parent and includes scales assessing the ideas that parenting is fulfilling, but challenging, and should be child-centered, involve intellectual stimulation, and is best done by women. The original IPAQ refers to parents, rather than mothers or fathers specifically, and was developed and validated on both women who were and were not mothers. The current investigation was designed to determine (a) whether women hold stronger intensive parenting …
Selections On The Empirical And Theoretical Investigations Of Behavioral Variability: An Introduction To The Special Issue, W. David Stahlman, Aaron P. Blaisdell
Selections On The Empirical And Theoretical Investigations Of Behavioral Variability: An Introduction To The Special Issue, W. David Stahlman, Aaron P. Blaisdell
Psychological Science
The study of behavioral variability continues to grow in importance and gather interest. A thorough understanding of the fundamental processes by which variation is generated and by which it is adaptive is potentially important to our understandings of a whole host of phenomena, including all types of learning, from basic skills to language and thought (Bateson & Martin, 2013) as well as the antifragility of complex systems (Taleb, 2012). This issue represents a brief look into an important scientific enterprise, extraordinarily vast in scope and implications (Brembs, 2010). Even if we accept a fundamental unpredictability to animal behavior, this does …
Modulation Of Variation By Response-Reward Spatial Proximity, Kenneth J. Leising, Chad M. Ruprecht, W. David Stahlman
Modulation Of Variation By Response-Reward Spatial Proximity, Kenneth J. Leising, Chad M. Ruprecht, W. David Stahlman
Psychological Science
There has been a recent surge in the experimental investigation of the control of behavioral variability. Currently, it is understood that variability in behavior is predictably modulated by reinforcement parameters (e.g., a probability of reward delivery and reward magnitude). In two experiments, we investigated how spatial proximity between response and reward locations impacts the production of behavioral variability in both response rate and lever press duration. Rats were trained to lever press on two levers in a standard operant chamber that only differed from one another in their proximity to a food niche (i.e., Near vs. Far); a second experimental …
Positive Psychology And Attachment: Positive Affect As A Mediator Of Developmental Outcomes, Holly H. Schiffrin
Positive Psychology And Attachment: Positive Affect As A Mediator Of Developmental Outcomes, Holly H. Schiffrin
Psychological Science
Fredrickson’s (1998) broaden-and-build model and Bowlby’s (1969) attachment theory provide alternate explanations for positive cognitive, social, physical, and psychological outcomes, positive affect and secure attachments, respectively. This study examined whether affect mediates the relationship between attachment and positive outcomes. The sample consisted of 99 undergraduate students from a small, public liberal arts college in the mid-Atlantic region. For people high in attachment anxiety, but not those high in attachment avoidance, affect partially mediated social and psychological outcomes and fully mediated health outcomes. People who scored high in attachment anxiety reported less positive affect and more negative affect, which results in …
Helping Or Hovering? The Effects Of Helicopter Parenting On College Students’ Well-Being, Holly H. Schiffrin, Miriam Liss, Haley Miles-Mclean, Katherine A. Geary, Mindy J. Erchull, Taryn Tashner
Helping Or Hovering? The Effects Of Helicopter Parenting On College Students’ Well-Being, Holly H. Schiffrin, Miriam Liss, Haley Miles-Mclean, Katherine A. Geary, Mindy J. Erchull, Taryn Tashner
Psychological Science
Parental involvement is related to many positive child outcomes, but if not developmentally appropriate, it can be associated with higher levels of child anxiety and depression. Few studies have examined the effects of over-controlling parenting, or “helicopter parenting,” in college students. Some studies have found that college students of over-controlling parents report feeling less satisfied with family life and have lower levels of psychological well-being. This study examined self-determination theory as the potential underlying mechanism explaining this relationship. College students (N = 297) completed measures of helicopter parenting, autonomy supportive parenting, depression, anxiety, satisfaction with life, and basic psychological …
Maternal Guilt And Shame: The Role Of Self-Discrepancy And Fear Of Negative Evaluation, Miriam Liss, Holly H. Schiffrin, Kathryn Rizzo
Maternal Guilt And Shame: The Role Of Self-Discrepancy And Fear Of Negative Evaluation, Miriam Liss, Holly H. Schiffrin, Kathryn Rizzo
Psychological Science
Guilt and shame are emotions commonly associated with motherhood. Self-discrepancy theory proposes that guilt and shame result from perceived discrepancies between one’s actual and ideal selves. Fear of negative evaluation by others may enhance the effects of self-discrepancy especially for shame, which involves fear of others’ reproach. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between self discrepancy, guilt, shame, and fear of negative evaluation in a cross-sectional, self report study of mothers. Mothers of children five and under (N = 181) completed an on-line survey measuring guilt, shame, fear of negative evaluation, and maternal self-discrepancies. Guilt …
Insight Into The Parenthood Paradox: Mental Health Outcomes Of Intensive Mothering, Holly H. Schiffrin, Kathryn Rizzo, Miriam Liss
Insight Into The Parenthood Paradox: Mental Health Outcomes Of Intensive Mothering, Holly H. Schiffrin, Kathryn Rizzo, Miriam Liss
Psychological Science
Though people often report wanting to have children because they think it will make them happier, much research suggests that parenting is associated with decreased well-being. Other studies have found that parenting is related to increased life satisfaction. The goal of this study was to provide insight into this paradox by investigating the relationship between a specific way of parenting, intensive parenting, and maternal mental health. An online survey was completed by 181 mothers with children ages 5 and under. Intensive mothering beliefs correlated with several negative mental health outcomes. Controlling for perceived family social support, the belief that women …
Development And Validation Of A Quantitative Measure Of Intensive Parenting Attitudes, Miriam Liss, Holly H. Schiffrin, Virginia H. Mackintosh, Haley Miles-Mclean, Mindy J. Erchull
Development And Validation Of A Quantitative Measure Of Intensive Parenting Attitudes, Miriam Liss, Holly H. Schiffrin, Virginia H. Mackintosh, Haley Miles-Mclean, Mindy J. Erchull
Psychological Science
Intensive mothering (IM) attitudes have been considered the dominant discourse of motherhood, but have only been assessed qualitatively The goal of this study was to develop a quantitative scale to assess these ideologies, their construct validity, and their relationship to relevant constructs (i.e., work status and division of household labor). An on-line questionnaire was given to 595 mothers asking 56 questions assessing different aspects of IM attitudes as well as several validation measures. An Exploratory Factor Analysis on 315 randomly selected mothers yielded a 5 factor solution. A Confirmatory Factor Analysis on the remaining 280 mothers demonstrated good fit. The …
Reward Probability And The Variability Of Foraging Behavior In Rats, W. David Stahlman, Aaron P. Blaisdell
Reward Probability And The Variability Of Foraging Behavior In Rats, W. David Stahlman, Aaron P. Blaisdell
Psychological Science
The connection between reduced reinforcement probability and increased behavioral variability hasbeen well established in recent years (Gharib, Gade, & Roberts, 2004; Stahlman, Roberts, & Blaisdell, 2010). Researchers have hypothesized that this relationship is an adaptive one - it is beneficial for animals to increase behavioral variability in response to low likelihood of success,because this increase in variability potentially allows them to discover new behavioral options that are more highly rewarded. We conducted a study to investigate the relationship between behavioral variability and reward probability in an ecologically valid experimental task. We trained rats to search for hidden food in the …
The Associations Among Computer Mediated Communication, Relationships, And Well-Being, Holly H. Schiffrin, Anna Edelman, Melissa Falkenstern, Cassandra Stewart
The Associations Among Computer Mediated Communication, Relationships, And Well-Being, Holly H. Schiffrin, Anna Edelman, Melissa Falkenstern, Cassandra Stewart
Psychological Science
Social support provided by interpersonal relationships is one of the most robust correlates of well-being. Self-disclosure serves as a basic building block of these relationships. With the rapid growth of the internet in recent years, the question remains how self-disclosure, and subsequently relationships and well-being, differ when people communicate over the internet rather than in person. The purpose of this article is to describe current internet usage patterns as well as explore the association of internet usage and well-being. Additionally, it directly compares the perceived benefits of face-to-face communication and computer mediated communication. A questionnaire was administered to 99 undergraduates …
Mood Over Matter: Can Happiness Be Your Undoing?, Melissa Falkenstern, Holly H. Schiffrin, S. Katherine Nelson, Lyndsey Ford, Christina Keyser
Mood Over Matter: Can Happiness Be Your Undoing?, Melissa Falkenstern, Holly H. Schiffrin, S. Katherine Nelson, Lyndsey Ford, Christina Keyser
Psychological Science
Research in the field of positive psychology has revealed many advantages of positive emotions. According to the undoing hypothesis (Fredrickson & Levenson, 1998), positive affect can undo the physiological effects of negative emotion. The present study examined whether positive emotions could undo the cognitive effects of negative emotion. A letter identification task was used to measure changes in cognitive processing of 86 college students who were induced into a positive, negative, or neutral affective state by viewing various film clips. The results of this study provided preliminary support for the hypothesis that positive emotions undo the cognitive effects of negative …
Stressed And Happy? Investigating The Research Between Happiness And Perceived Stress, Holly H. Schiffrin, D. Rezendes, S. Katherine Nelson
Stressed And Happy? Investigating The Research Between Happiness And Perceived Stress, Holly H. Schiffrin, D. Rezendes, S. Katherine Nelson
Psychological Science
Developing interventions to increase happiness is a major focus of the emerging field of positive psychology. Common beliefs about the need to reduce stress to obtain happiness suggest that stress management activities should be included in these interventions. However, the research on the relationship between positive and negative affect is equivocal. Theoretically, they are conceptualized as independent dimensions, but research has often found an inverse relationship between happiness and stress. In addition,the research generally attempts to assess stress objectively rather than in terms of the cognitive appraisal process. The current study examines the relationship between perceived stress and happiness among …