Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons™
Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Institution
-
- Northwestern Pritzker School of Law (6433)
- Selected Works (1178)
- Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (513)
- University of Pennsylvania Carey Law School (463)
- City University of New York (CUNY) (358)
-
- Washington University in St. Louis (280)
- SelectedWorks (267)
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln (257)
- University of Nebraska at Omaha (201)
- University of North Florida (189)
- University of Central Florida (164)
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas (162)
- University of New Haven (161)
- Walden University (138)
- Maurer School of Law: Indiana University (135)
- San Jose State University (130)
- University of South Florida (129)
- University of Wollongong (125)
- University at Buffalo School of Law (123)
- Portland State University (116)
- Montclair State University (112)
- Bridgewater State University (111)
- Georgia Southern University (111)
- University of San Diego (106)
- University of Texas at Arlington (100)
- California State University, San Bernardino (94)
- Bowling Green State University (93)
- Western Kentucky University (91)
- University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (89)
- Illinois State University (86)
- Keyword
-
- Criminal Justice (397)
- Criminal justice (184)
- American Society of Criminology. Division on Women and Crime -- History -- 20th century -- Records and correspondence; American Society of Criminology. Division on Women and Crime -- History -- 20th century – Archives (174)
- Constitutional History (149)
- Crime (139)
-
- Police (139)
- Race (125)
- Law enforcement (121)
- Criminology (119)
- Recidivism (115)
- Law (110)
- Incarceration (109)
- Criminal law (102)
- Policing (98)
- Jurisprudence (95)
- Prison (83)
- Terrorism (80)
- Privacy (78)
- Violence (77)
- Punishment (72)
- Gender (71)
- Sentencing (71)
- Corrections (70)
- Education (70)
- Fourth Amendment (70)
- Forensic science (69)
- Digital forensics (68)
- Police crime (66)
- Western Kentucky University (66)
- Justice (65)
- Publication Year
- Publication
-
- Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (6386)
- All Faculty Scholarship (469)
- Journal of Digital Forensics, Security and Law (295)
- Scholarship@WashULaw (270)
- Annual ADFSL Conference on Digital Forensics, Security and Law (187)
-
- Division on Women and Crime Documents and Correspondence (184)
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations (169)
- Nebraska College of Law: Faculty Publications (151)
- Peter J. Aschenbrenner (151)
- Reports (148)
- Student Theses (142)
- Criminal Justice Faculty Publications (135)
- Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies (132)
- Theses and Dissertations (126)
- Animal Studies Journal (122)
- Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects (118)
- Criminal Justice Faculty Publications and Presentations (113)
- USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations (110)
- Themis: Research Journal of Justice Studies and Forensic Science (108)
- Philip M Stinson (105)
- San Diego Law Review (102)
- UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones (102)
- Articles by Maurer Faculty (101)
- Criminology & Criminal Justice Theses (98)
- Faculty Scholarship (96)
- Honors Theses (91)
- Brian F. Kingshott (89)
- Publications and Research (79)
- Department of Justice Studies Faculty Scholarship and Creative Works (77)
- Jeffrey Ian Ross Ph.D. (71)
- Publication Type
Articles 1 - 30 of 15870
Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences
Investigating Exoneration Patterns Among Juveniles, Kristin Mahan
Investigating Exoneration Patterns Among Juveniles, Kristin Mahan
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Exoneration from crime has been studied among adults, but exoneration of juveniles (i.e., persons under age 18) has not been analyzed as a separate entity, despite distinct legal systems and developmental considerations. Wrongful conviction, while not always indicative of innocence, devastates lives of convicted individuals and their families, while increasing public mistrust and sometimes failing to convict truly guilty individuals. This devastation, as well as vulnerability to wrongful conviction, is significantly increased for youth who miss out on crucial developmental years, milestones, and opportunities.
In the current study, I examined differing and intersecting contributors (i.e., individual characteristics, crime characteristics, legal …
A Century Of Scholarship: University Of Arkansas School Of Law Faculty Scholarship 1924–2023, Steven R. Probst
A Century Of Scholarship: University Of Arkansas School Of Law Faculty Scholarship 1924–2023, Steven R. Probst
Arkansas Scholarly Editions
Steven R. Probst’s bibliography A Century of Scholarship: University of Arkansas School of Law Faculty Scholarship 1924–2023 marks an important anniversary: the 2024 centennial of the U of A School of Law. To honor this occasion, Probst has assembled, through extensive archival research, the list of publications that U of A law faculty have authored over the course of the school’s hundred-year history. A Century of Scholarship is a testament to the invaluable scholarly contributions of these extraordinary thinkers who have shaped our legal landscape.
Studying Police Crime, Philip M. Stinson
Studying Police Crime, Philip M. Stinson
Criminal Justice Faculty Publications
Invited presentation given at the 2024 NIJ National Research Conference on September 17, 2024 in Pittsburgh, PA. Part of the "Justice Starts with Accountability: NIJ Research on Eradicating Police Crime and Misconduct" panel. Sponsored by the National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice.
Understanding The Use Of Artificial Intelligence In Cybercrime, Sinyong Choi, Thomas Dearden, Katalin Parti
Understanding The Use Of Artificial Intelligence In Cybercrime, Sinyong Choi, Thomas Dearden, Katalin Parti
International Journal of Cybersecurity Intelligence & Cybercrime
Artificial intelligence is one of the newest innovations that offenders also exploit to satisfy their criminal desires. Although understanding cybercrimes associated with this relatively new technology is essential in developing proper preventive measures, little has been done to examine this area. Therefore, this paper provides an overview of the articles featured in the special issue of the International Journal of Cybersecurity Intelligence and Cybercrime, ranging from deepfake in the metaverse to social engineering attacks. This issue includes articles that were presented by the winners of the student paper competition at the 2024 International White Hat Conference.
Cyber Victimization In The Healthcare Industry: Analyzing Offender Motivations And Target Characteristics Through Routine Activities Theory (Rat) And Cyber-Routine Activities Theory (Cyber-Rat), Yashna Praveen, Mijin Kim, Kyung-Shick Choi
Cyber Victimization In The Healthcare Industry: Analyzing Offender Motivations And Target Characteristics Through Routine Activities Theory (Rat) And Cyber-Routine Activities Theory (Cyber-Rat), Yashna Praveen, Mijin Kim, Kyung-Shick Choi
International Journal of Cybersecurity Intelligence & Cybercrime
The integration of computer technology in healthcare has revolutionized patient care but has also introduced significant cyber risks. Despite the healthcare sector being a primary target for cyber-attacks, research on the dynamics of these threats and practical solutions remains limited. Understanding the complexities of cyberattacks in this sector is critical, as the impact extends beyond financial losses to directly affect patient care and the protection of sensitive information. This paper applies Routine Activities Theory (RAT) and Cyber Routine Activities Theory (C-RAT) to analyze high-tech cyber victimization case studies in healthcare. The analysis explores the motivations behind these attacks and identifies …
Investigating The Intersection Of Ai And Cybercrime: Risks, Trends, And Countermeasures, Sanaika Shetty, Kyung-Shick Choi, Insun Park
Investigating The Intersection Of Ai And Cybercrime: Risks, Trends, And Countermeasures, Sanaika Shetty, Kyung-Shick Choi, Insun Park
International Journal of Cybersecurity Intelligence & Cybercrime
No abstract provided.
Integrated Model Of Cybercrime Dynamics: A Comprehensive Framework For Understanding Offending And Victimization In The Digital Realm, Troy Smith Phd
Integrated Model Of Cybercrime Dynamics: A Comprehensive Framework For Understanding Offending And Victimization In The Digital Realm, Troy Smith Phd
International Journal of Cybersecurity Intelligence & Cybercrime
This article introduces the Integrated Model of Cybercrime Dynamics (IMCD), a novel theoretical framework for examining the complex interplay between individual characteristics, online behavior, environmental factors, and outcomes related to cybercrime offending and victimization. The model incorporates key concepts from existing theories, empirical evidence, and interdisciplinary perspectives to provide a comprehensive framework. In contrast to traditional criminological theories, the proposed model integrates concepts from multiple disciplines to offer a holistic framework that captures the complexity of cybercrime and specifically caters for the uniqueness of cyberspace. The article will provide a detailed overview of the conceptual model, its theoretical underpinnings drawing …
How Ai Cracks The Case: Unveiling The Future Of Crime Investigation, Rachel Jordan
How Ai Cracks The Case: Unveiling The Future Of Crime Investigation, Rachel Jordan
AI Assignment Library
The goal is to deepen comprehension of criminal investigative techniques.
Explaining Crime In A Us City, Ashley Fansher
Explaining Crime In A Us City, Ashley Fansher
AI Assignment Library
The attached is a three-part, semester-long project. Each part is submitted by the student and given feedback before the next part is due. Students are randomly assigned a high crime rate city, higher than the national average. Their task is to choose an appropriate criminological theory to explain the high crime rate. AI use is decreased as the assignments progress.
An Extremely Important Document: Khea's Struggle For A Contract, 1974-1978, John L.S. Daley Dr
An Extremely Important Document: Khea's Struggle For A Contract, 1974-1978, John L.S. Daley Dr
KNEA 50th Anniversary
In 1973, the Kansas State College, Pittsburg administration fired thirteen faculty members without cause. In order to improve administration-faculty relations, remaining faculty organized, petitioned for recognition, and drafted PSU/KNEA's first contract with PSU/KBOR, which went into effect five years later. The narrative covering this period draws on Axe Library's KNEA Collection and interviews of former faculty.
Prosecutorial Data Transparency And Data Justice, Caitlin Glass, Kat M. Albrecht, Perry Moriearty
Prosecutorial Data Transparency And Data Justice, Caitlin Glass, Kat M. Albrecht, Perry Moriearty
Northwestern University Law Review
The U.S. criminal legal system is notoriously racialized. Though Black and Latinx people make up less than 30% of U.S. residents, they constitute more than 50% of the nearly two million people currently in U.S. prisons and jails. For decades, research has indicated that one group of decision-makers has had an outsized influence on these numbers: prosecutors. From whom to charge to what sentences to recommend, no actor plays a greater role in determining who goes to prison in this country. Highly subjective and lacking in formal guidance and accountability, prosecutorial decisions are especially vulnerable to racial bias. They are …
Lawyerless Litigants, Filing Fees, Transaction Costs, And The Federal Courts: Learning From Scales, Judith Resnik, Henry Wu, Jenn Dikler, David T. Wong, Romina Lilollari, Claire Stobb, Elizabeth Beling, Avital Fried, Anna Selbrede, Jack Sollows, Mikael Tessema, Julia Udell
Lawyerless Litigants, Filing Fees, Transaction Costs, And The Federal Courts: Learning From Scales, Judith Resnik, Henry Wu, Jenn Dikler, David T. Wong, Romina Lilollari, Claire Stobb, Elizabeth Beling, Avital Fried, Anna Selbrede, Jack Sollows, Mikael Tessema, Julia Udell
Northwestern University Law Review
Two Latin phrases describing litigants—pro se (for oneself) and in forma pauperis (IFP, as a poor person)—prompt this inquiry into the relationship between self-representation and requests for filing fee waivers. We sketch the governing legal principles for people seeking relief in the federal courts, the sources of income of the federal judiciary, the differing regimes to which Congress has subjected incarcerated and nonincarcerated people filing civil lawsuits, and analyses enabled by SCALES, a newly available database that coded 2016 and 2017 federal court docket sheets. This Essay’s account of what can be learned and of the data gaps demonstrates the …
Scla 521 Ai In Society, Bert Chapman
Scla 521 Ai In Society, Bert Chapman
Libraries Faculty and Staff Presentations
Provides access to information resources on societal impacts of artificial intelligence from multiple libraries databases covering multiple disciplines including government information resources.
Indiana Law Supporting Newly Established Indiana Innocence Project, James Owsley Boyd
Indiana Law Supporting Newly Established Indiana Innocence Project, James Owsley Boyd
Keep Up With the Latest News from the Law School (blog)
Law students from the Indiana University Maurer School of Law will have the opportunity to help exonerate wrongfully convicted Hoosiers through the newly established Indiana Innocence Project, which officially launched Saturday (Aug. 17).
Established in association with the national Innocence Project—which has helped free more than 240 wrongfully convicted prisoners since 1992—the Indiana Innocence Project (INIP) has been made possible through the support of the Herbert Simon Family Foundation, along with the Law School and IU’s Department of Criminal Justice.
The Indiana Innocence Project will screen and investigate cases with meritorious innocence claims, secure DNA testing when biological evidence …
Past And Present Of The Cvs: Empirical Research And Evidence-Based Policy, Kevin T. Wolff
Past And Present Of The Cvs: Empirical Research And Evidence-Based Policy, Kevin T. Wolff
Publications and Research
In this keynote address, I emphasized the critical role of accurate crime measurement in developing evidence-based policies. I discussed the "dark figure of crime," highlighting how many crimes go unreported, and stressed the importance of victimization surveys in uncovering these hidden crimes to provide a more complete picture of criminal activity.
I also explored how technological advancements, particularly AI, are transforming how we collect and analyze crime data. While AI offers significant benefits in predictive policing and resource allocation, I cautioned about the risks of bias and privacy issues that must be managed carefully.
Regional collaboration, standardization, and inclusivity are …
Burundi: Building Democracy On An "Ethnically" Divided Society, Elias Sentamba
Burundi: Building Democracy On An "Ethnically" Divided Society, Elias Sentamba
Journal of African Conflicts and Peace Studies
Pre-colonial Burundi was a homogeneous society: Burundians shared the same language, culture, religion, history, etc. and lived harmoniously on the same hills. This population was made up of a multitude of clans and Hutu, Tutsi, Ganwa and Twa social components of very secondary social importance. Even the monarchy reflected the various segments of such a nation.
It was this harmony that Belgian colonisation definitively ruined, with the policy of divide et impera. By claiming that the Ganwa and the Tutsi were the superior races and the Hutu and Twa the inferior ones, a whole process of political and administrative manipulation …
A Cross-Disciplinary Undergraduate Research Project: Bonding Through Books With Incarcerated Mothers And Grandmothers, April Terry, Sarah Miller
A Cross-Disciplinary Undergraduate Research Project: Bonding Through Books With Incarcerated Mothers And Grandmothers, April Terry, Sarah Miller
Criminal Justice Faculty Publications
This study addresses two areas of need in the literature. First, we recognize the impact of experiential-learning on student outcomes and fewer opportunities within the social sciences. Second, as academics in criminal justice and education, we are aware of educational needs of incarcerated persons. The current study blended together experiential-learning alongside a reading program within one state’s women’s correctional facility, targeting (grand)mothers. Two faculty and 40 students, spanning two academic departments, completed a research-based experiential-learning project with one community partner. This undergraduate project sought to benefit students, incarcerated (grand)mothers, and the (grand)children of incarcerated (grand)mothers through a read-aloud program. Through …
Teaching Shakespeare In Prison, Renford Reese, Rachel Tracie
Teaching Shakespeare In Prison, Renford Reese, Rachel Tracie
Journal of Prison Education Research
The Prison Education Project (PEP) offers life skills and academic courses in 30 correctional facilities in California. Founded in 2011, PEP uses university student and faculty volunteers to teach a range of 32 introductory courses during three seven-week semesters: Fall, Spring, Summer. One of PEP’s most popular courses is the “Introduction to Shakespeare” course. This article examines the impact of teaching an “Introduction to Shakespeare” course in prison. This course introduces in-custody students to the literary interpretation of Shakespeare in the context of their own lived experience. Students in this course deconstruct the use of language and analyze the social, …
Willingness To Report Sexual Victimization Through Formal And Informal Routes And The Correlation To Victim’S Race, Sexual Orientation, And Gender Identity, Tara Diltz
Master's Theses
The purpose of this study is to understand the impact, if any, that holding marginalized identities has on the willingness to report sexual victimization to law enforcement, Title IX offices, and informal support routes. This study examines the various factors that may influence one’s willingness to report sexual victimization through both formal and informal routes. Formal routes include law enforcement and Title IX, while informal routes involve the self-disclosure of victimization to families, friends, or romantic partners. This research specifically explores how racial and ethnic identities, sexual orientation, and gender identity can influence an individual's perceived willingness to report sexual …
Patterns Of The Use And Perception Of Cannabis Among College Students In Tennessee, Jayla Ruffus-Milner
Patterns Of The Use And Perception Of Cannabis Among College Students In Tennessee, Jayla Ruffus-Milner
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Cannabis has been historically difficult to research due to its federal scheduling. However, as legalization of cannabis medically, recreationally, or both in states across the country has increased, so has the need to address the research gaps that persist. The purpose of this study was to explore the patterns of cannabis use and perceptions of college students in Tennessee, which encompass a demographic of mainly young adults who are typically associated with high usage patterns. The study uses quantitative data collected from an online survey sent to a university in East Tennessee to evaluate associations between students’ age, gender, race/ethnicity, …
Enhancing Ethical Competency: A Review Of Ethical Instruction For Law Enforcement, Alexis Turner
Enhancing Ethical Competency: A Review Of Ethical Instruction For Law Enforcement, Alexis Turner
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
As public confidence in policing has dropped, demand for ethical behavior from law enforcement officers has grown, and correspondingly, a better understanding of ethics training and ethical acquisition processes has become paramount. Though much literature exists on related topics, understanding of the ethics training for law enforcement officers as it currently exists, has remained murky. This research aimed to gain a better understanding of ethics training for law enforcement in the United States, and as such, to fill the aforementioned gap in the literature. Four research questions were explored in this study including the understanding of current pre-service and in-service …
An Exploratory Study Of Flora Poaching In Central Appalachia, Mckinley Bowers
An Exploratory Study Of Flora Poaching In Central Appalachia, Mckinley Bowers
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to explore perceptions of flora poaching among conservation officers, park rangers and botanists within Central Appalachia. Though some work has sought to understand poaching in other forms, such as animal poaching, little is known regarding the poaching of plants. This is especially true within the Appalachian Region. Several research questions were explored in this study, including the types of flora being poached, the characteristics of poachers, poaching tactics utilized, and deterrence measures that are currently in place. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 20 individuals working in the field. Findings contribute to the …
The Race-Gender-Equity-Leadership Matrix: Intersectionality And Its Application In Higher Education Literature, Natasha N. Johnson, Thaddeus L. Johnson
The Race-Gender-Equity-Leadership Matrix: Intersectionality And Its Application In Higher Education Literature, Natasha N. Johnson, Thaddeus L. Johnson
CJC Publications
Intersectionality is a proven theoretical framework, offering a lens to explore how multiple identities and interlocking systems of power influence equity for historically underserved groups. This paper, with its unique focus on Black/African American women as a unilateral demographic, applies the multi-level intersectionality model to elucidate how race and gender converge to impact the educational and leadership experiences of Black/African Diasporan women. By illustrating the model’s utility in research, policy, and practice, it not only sheds light on how systems of privilege shape opportunities and (in)equities for underrepresented groups, particularly within the context of higher education and leadership, but also …
Review Of The Meanings Of Discipleship: Being Disciples Then And Now, Cory T. Branham
Review Of The Meanings Of Discipleship: Being Disciples Then And Now, Cory T. Branham
Eleutheria: John W. Rawlings School of Divinity Academic Journal
Discipleship is not, and has never been, one specific thing, at one specific time, or place. Rather, it has a rich, but also often unflattering, history. That history is fool of ups, downs, rights, wrongs, twists, and turns. Discipleship in the Church can be viewed in two parts; The early Church through the Nineteenth Century being Part I (8). The explosion of Discipleship teachings and tactics that began in the Twentieth Century, and continues to the present, being Part II (9). Discipleship informs some believers to engage socially and politically yet encourages many believers to stay away from those circles.
The Mda Forensic Dental Team Needs More Volunteers, Patrick Houlihan Dds
The Mda Forensic Dental Team Needs More Volunteers, Patrick Houlihan Dds
The Journal of the Michigan Dental Association
The Michigan Dental Association Forensic Dental Identification Team (MDA-FDIT) urgently needs more volunteers. In this article, learn of their impressive record of service to the public and the profession, which has been widely recognized for the important role it plays in the identification of both individual victims and those of mass disasters. Formed in the early 1980s, MDA-FDIT plays a crucial role in identifying disaster victims using dental records. The team has been instrumental in identifying victims from incidents like the 1987 Northwest Flight 255 crash and has assisted in various mass-casualty situations, including 9/11 and Hurricane Katrina. MDA-FDIT works …
To What Extent Did Karl Marx's Political Thought Influence The Occupy Wall Street Movement In The 21st Century?, Madalyn A. Schroeder
To What Extent Did Karl Marx's Political Thought Influence The Occupy Wall Street Movement In The 21st Century?, Madalyn A. Schroeder
The Confluence
The research will investigate the intriguing influences of Karl Marx’s political thought and the Occupy Wall Street movement that came to be in the 21st Century. The study looks to measure the depth and significance of Marx’s influence on a modern sociopolitical movement driven by economic inequality and social justice concerns. By taking a multidisciplinary approach that combines political theory, social activism analysis, and historical context, this investigation shows the extent to which Marx’s ideas informed the ideological foundation and strategies of the Occupy Wall Street movement. By looking through primary sources, protest literature, and the discourse of the movement, …
Authority With Procedural Justice: The Establishment And Enforcement Of Expectations Of Public Trust, Paris Desiree Eikanger Stoops
Authority With Procedural Justice: The Establishment And Enforcement Of Expectations Of Public Trust, Paris Desiree Eikanger Stoops
University Honors Theses
This thesis supposes all police officers should exercise authority with procedural justice, where implementation of nationwide procedural justice standards should explicitly prioritize establishing and enforcing expectations of public trust--justitia erga omnes. A qualitative temporal literary argument morally, ethically, socially, and democratically supported by a broad spectrum of criminal justice research, analyzed alongside traumatically racialized experiences, at the intersectionality of five administrations worth of sequent presidential crime policies and earth-shattering junctures in the lives of everyday Americans. Five brief companion analyses follow, exploring overlapping moral and ethical perspectives of dignity, respect, and fairness within contemporary policing in America.
Youth Offending In Denver: The Increasing Trend And Essential Elements To Successful Intervention, Olivia Crimaldi
Youth Offending In Denver: The Increasing Trend And Essential Elements To Successful Intervention, Olivia Crimaldi
Undergraduate Theses, Capstones, and Recitals
Recent years have witnessed an alarming increase in youth offending across Denver, necessitating a thorough analysis of factors influencing the surge, as well as areas of improvement for current intervention methods. Juvenile delinquency is largely affected by complications associated with the transition to adulthood, such as the development of personal identity or a decrease in parental supervision. A full understanding of at-risk individuals must consider risk, promotive and protective factors, as well as the interaction between these three components. Past successful prevention and intervention methods have included relationship-building implementation, therapeutic strategies, and consistent measures of quality and accountability. Despite many …
Making Sentencing Meaningful: How Victims Find Justice In The Sentencing Process, Melissa Handford
Making Sentencing Meaningful: How Victims Find Justice In The Sentencing Process, Melissa Handford
Bridges: An Undergraduate Journal of Contemporary Connections
This article examines the role of victims in the criminal justice system, and how victims find justice through the sentencing process. It examines the role that providing a victim impact statement, receiving information about typical sentencing practices, and restorative or traditional sentencing play in how victims perceive justice in sentencing. Quantitative analyses were conducted analyzing the aforementioned variables and their relationship to participant perceptions of sentence effectiveness, anger, sentence harshness, and happiness, as well as their propensity to obedience. Qualitative analyses were conducted to better understand the reasoning behind victim perceptions and preferences in relation to restorative and traditional sentencing …
Examining The Aggregate Economic Impacts Of Criminal Record Expungement In Marion County, Indiana, Zane Callison
Examining The Aggregate Economic Impacts Of Criminal Record Expungement In Marion County, Indiana, Zane Callison
Lux et Fides: A Journal for Undergraduate Christian Scholars
This article investigates the individual economic effects of criminal record expungement identified in a previous article as they appear in the aggregate, particularly rates of unemployment and wages. As interest around the effects of overincarceration increases, criminal record expungement offers a possible solution to the economic woes faced by justice-involved individuals. To that end, this article examines unemployment rates and per capita personal income in Marion County, Indiana, where implementation of the state of Indiana’s criminal record expungement statute has been exceptionally effective. After an analysis, we find that criminal record expungement bears only a light or unclear causal relationship …