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Industrial and Organizational Psychology

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Psychology

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An Interaction Between Anthropomorphism And Personality On Trust In Automated Systems, Abraham Haskins Jan 2021

An Interaction Between Anthropomorphism And Personality On Trust In Automated Systems, Abraham Haskins

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Automated assistance is increasingly being implemented in domains ranging from healthcare to transportation. The reason for the tendency for certain users to trust or mistrust automated assistance has been studied to mixed effect. I examined the effect of anthropomorphism as an independent factor on user trust. In addition, I examined the potential for anthropomorphism to act as a moderator between the personality traits of a user and the trust a user demonstrates in the automated aid. Though the participants in the anthropomorphic condition did view the assistant as more human-like, the level of anthropomorphism had no effect on user behavior. …

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Role Overload: Examining The Definition And Measurement Of A Common Work Stressor, Sean Becker Jan 2021

Role Overload: Examining The Definition And Measurement Of A Common Work Stressor, Sean Becker

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Researchers previously gave considerable attention to role overload as a predictor of employee health, job attitudes, and behavior. However, the validity and conceptualization of role overload measures have been questioned and show inconsistent results. In response to the issues with role overload measures, the researcher developed a new measure of total role overload, consisting of two work related dimensions, qualitative and quantitative. These dimensions were crossed with “data people and things” to provide diagnostic ability and one non-work-related dimension of family role overload to contextualize the individual’s life. The researcher conducted three studies to examine the psychometric qualities of the …

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Understanding Human Decision Making With Automation Using Systems Factorial Technology, Cara M. Kneeland Jan 2021

Understanding Human Decision Making With Automation Using Systems Factorial Technology, Cara M. Kneeland

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While many researchers have investigated the performance consequences of automated recommender systems, little research that has explored how these systems impact the decision making process. The purpose of this dissertation is to examine how people process information from an automated recommender system and raw information from the en- vironment using Systems Factorial Technology (SFT). Participants completed a speeded length judgment task with a reliable but imperfect aid. Experiment 1 focused on whether people process all the available information or are selective in their information search under certain circumstances (e.g., with performance incentives and with more experience with automation failures in …

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Developing A Nomological Network To Incorporate Learned Helplessness Into Industrial-Organizational Psychology, Nicholas Kovacs Jan 2021

Developing A Nomological Network To Incorporate Learned Helplessness Into Industrial-Organizational Psychology, Nicholas Kovacs

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Employees are facing personal traumas, higher stress, and work pressures that are likely to result in both short- and long-term impacts. To mitigate these negative impacts, organizations should focus on applying research related to employees’ responses to trauma and stress. Learned helplessness, which is well-established within clinical psychology and less established within the industrial-organizational literature, occurs as a direct response to perceived control over trauma and could thus relate to the ability to overcome trauma. In relation to control-related constructs, industrial-organizational researchers have focused on resilience, hardiness, and work locus of control (LOC). However, each of these constructs account for …

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Role Overload: Examining The Definition And Measurement Of A Common Work Stressor, Sean Becker Jan 2021

Role Overload: Examining The Definition And Measurement Of A Common Work Stressor, Sean Becker

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Researchers previously gave considerable attention to role overload as a predictor of employee health, job attitudes, and behavior. However, the validity and conceptualization of role overload measures have been questioned and show inconsistent results. In response to the issues with role overload measures, the researcher developed a new measure of total role overload, consisting of two work related dimensions, qualitative and quantitative. These dimensions were crossed with “data people and things” to provide diagnostic ability and one non-work-related dimension of family role overload to contextualize the individual’s life. The researcher conducted three studies to examine the psychometric qualities of the …

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Coachmotivation: Developing Transformational Leadership By Increasing Effective Communication Skills In The Workplace, Megan L. Schuller Dec 2020

Coachmotivation: Developing Transformational Leadership By Increasing Effective Communication Skills In The Workplace, Megan L. Schuller

Industrial-Organizational Psychology Dissertations

Communication is an intrinsic part of the human experience and has been widely studied empirically and practically within organizations. It is the bedrock for many workplace behaviors and outcomes such as employee trust, engagement, job satisfaction, and transformational leadership. Nonetheless, effective communication continues to be a challenge for organizations across a variety of sectors. The current study examined whether a communications training, CoachMotivation (CM), increased perceived effective communication. CM is derived from clinical psychology skills for behavior change, namely, the Motivational Interviewing concepts of open-ended questions, affirmations, reflections, and summary statements. This study also considered the Big Five personality traits …

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Does Extrinsic Motivation Affect Creativity Within Diverse Teams?, Gitanjali K. Viswanathan May 2020

Does Extrinsic Motivation Affect Creativity Within Diverse Teams?, Gitanjali K. Viswanathan

Honors Theses

This study analyzes the relationship between extrinsic motivation and creativity in teams. The moderation effect of functionality, openness to experience, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and diversity within a team is also considered. A survey was constructed and distributed to students within Sections 1 and 6 of the course Principles of Management at The University of Mississippi. Survey data were collected from 77 respondents and used for hierarchical regression and moderation analysis. The results of this study do not support extrinsic motivation as a significant predictor of creativity. Functionality, agreeableness, and conscientiousness each demonstrate a separate, significant interaction effect with extrinsic motivation. However, …

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Extraversion And Emotional Expressiveness: Moderators Of The Relationship Between Curmudgeon Personality And The Quality Of Social Relationships, Md Rashedul Islam Jan 2020

Extraversion And Emotional Expressiveness: Moderators Of The Relationship Between Curmudgeon Personality And The Quality Of Social Relationships, Md Rashedul Islam

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Curmudgeon personality, the extent to which a person dislikes most things, has recently received increased attention from researchers. Existing research has focused on either the relationships between curmudgeon personality and Big Five personality factors (e.g., extraversion, agreeableness) or curmudgeon personality and various workplace outcomes (e.g., job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intention). The current research examined whether curmudgeon personality and other personality traits (i.e., extraversion and emotional expressiveness) interact with each other to influence the quality of individuals’ social relationships at work. Analyses using an MTurk dataset (N = 529) showed some evidence of these interaction effects though some directions …

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Attitude Strength And Situational Strength As Moderators Of The Job Satisfaction – Job Performance Relationship, Joseph William Dagosta Jan 2020

Attitude Strength And Situational Strength As Moderators Of The Job Satisfaction – Job Performance Relationship, Joseph William Dagosta

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Workers who are satisfied with their jobs are better performers, but prior research has found a plethora of moderating variables between job satisfaction and job performance (Ostroff, 1992, Schleicher, Watt, & Greguras, 2004; Spector, 1997). Prior research has suggested that job attitude strength can strengthen the relationship between job satisfaction and job performance and that the relationships between personality variables and extra-role job performance are stronger in weak rather than strong workplace situations (Meyer et al., 2014; Shleicher et al., 2015). In the current study, I investigated the interaction between job satisfaction, job attitude strength, and situational strength on job …

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Induction And Transferral Of Flow In The Game Tetris, Kevin John O'Neill Jan 2020

Induction And Transferral Of Flow In The Game Tetris, Kevin John O'Neill

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We looked at the facilitation and transfer of a flow state in a cognitive context. Subjects played a manipulated version of the game Tetris, and we gathered data on their gameplay performance on pre- and post-tasks, as well as a set of questionnaires which measure flow and perceived task effort. The altered version of Tetris includes an artificial intelligence agent that continually assesses the participant’s skill and adapts the challenge level of the game to match the participant’s skill. An adaptive condition characterized by challenge-skill balance was hypothesized to induce flow, reduce perception of effort, and improve performance. We found …

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What Are You Looking At? Using Eye-Tracking To Provide Insight Into Careless Responding, Cheyna Katherine Brower Jan 2020

What Are You Looking At? Using Eye-Tracking To Provide Insight Into Careless Responding, Cheyna Katherine Brower

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Careless responding (CR), also called insufficient effort responding (IER), occurs when survey participants respond to items without regard to item content. The presence of careless responding threatens the validity of inferences made from self-report data (Huang et al., 2012; Huang et al., 2015), thus careless responding must be identified and removed to trust inferences made based on self-report survey data. Using a sample of 59 undergraduate students, this study uses eye-tracking data to assess the validity of existing careless responding indices and to provide insight into the nature of careless responding. Although influenced by measurement error in the eye-tracking indices, …

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Comparing Dichotomous And Polytomous Items Using Item Response Trees, Daniel Jenkins Jan 2020

Comparing Dichotomous And Polytomous Items Using Item Response Trees, Daniel Jenkins

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Research on the optimal number of response options on graphic rating scales has yielded mixed results such as that more scale points are better; there is an optimal range; or that it does not matter. The present study compared the psychometric properties of dichotomous and polytomous personality items using several methods of scoring including summed scores, item response theory (IRT), and item response trees. It was found that regression models based on dichotomous items explained similar amounts of variance in careless responding as models based on polytomous items. In addition, scores from dichotomous models were more closely related to the …

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Discriminating Targets Among Distractors In A Virtual Shopping Environment With Different Rack Orientations: Testing A Model Of Visibility, Tyler Sinclair Whitlock Jan 2020

Discriminating Targets Among Distractors In A Virtual Shopping Environment With Different Rack Orientations: Testing A Model Of Visibility, Tyler Sinclair Whitlock

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Objective: This study measured observers’ abilities to identify letter targets distributed among number distractors in a virtual shopping environment. Head-turning behavior was also continuously recorded throughout each trial. The data were then used to test whether a model’s prediction for the duration of visibility needed for target detection in a virtual shopping environment (Parikh & Mowrey, 2014) generalize to the more realistic shopping task of identifying a target on a shelf. Currently, the model predicts the visibility of the locations of targets in traditional racks oriented 90° to the aisle (perpendicular) as well as racks oriented at 30°, 45, 135°, …

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Trust Discounting In The Multi-Arm Trust Game, Michael Collins Jan 2020

Trust Discounting In The Multi-Arm Trust Game, Michael Collins

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Social interactions are complex and constantly changing decision making environments. Prior research (Mayer, Davis, & Schoorman, 1995) has found that people use their trust in others as a criterion for decision making during social interactions. Trust is not only relevant for human-human interaction, but has also been found to be important for human-machine interaction as well, which is becoming a growing feature in many work domains (De Visser et al., 2016). Prior research on trust has attempted to identify the behavioral characteristics an individual (trustor) uses to assess the trustworthiness of another (trustee) to determine the trustor's level of trust. …

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Examining The Role Of Trust In Peer-Assisted Learning, Peter Crowe Jan 2020

Examining The Role Of Trust In Peer-Assisted Learning, Peter Crowe

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Team and peer-assisted learning methodologies are becoming increasingly prevalent in both academia and industry. Learning with others is used with the assumption that individuals learn better in groups. The studies in this paper examine aspects of Peer-Assisted Learning in order to understand whether the claims of improved individual learning are substantiated, and if so, how that improved learning occurs. The cognitive mechanism examined in the studies below is the development of trust between peers on a learning task. Participants were selected from Wright State University and were predominantly undergraduate Psychology 101 students. Results indicated that Peer-Assisted Learning conditions did not …

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Assessing Implicit Leadership And Followership Theories, Daniel Bashore Jan 2020

Assessing Implicit Leadership And Followership Theories, Daniel Bashore

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Implicit Leadership and Followership Theories (ILTs and IFTs, respectively) are individuals’ schemas composed of attributes that characterize leaders and followers. ILTs and IFTs are commonly measured through direct measures, however, researchers have questioned the validity of popular direct measures. With better and more parallel measures, we can examine the extent to which individuals think about leaders and followers as similar or dissimilar. Also, although substantial research has examined predictors of explicit leadership and leaders’ behavior, little research has attempted to examine antecedents of implicit leadership or followership. Using a sample of working adults (N = 243), the current study created …

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Gauging Human Performance With An Automated Aid In Low Prevalence Conditions, Cara M. Zinn Jan 2019

Gauging Human Performance With An Automated Aid In Low Prevalence Conditions, Cara M. Zinn

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When receiving assistance from an automated aid, human operators do not necessarily perform better than without the automated aid. The current work explored the impact of integrating the automated aid with the task information in low prevalence conditions. Specifically, this work compares displays where the automated aid was integrated with task information in general or with more meaningful task information. Subjects performed a speeded judgment task with the assistance of an automated aid, varying in display type, difficulty, and prevalence. Results indicated that there was no effect of display type or prevalence on human temporal performance, and that the effect …

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The Development Of A Lexicon For The Communication Of Action In Cooperative Work, Claire Supriya Shah Jan 2019

The Development Of A Lexicon For The Communication Of Action In Cooperative Work, Claire Supriya Shah

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This research expands upon the research conducted by Clark and Wilkes-Gibbs (1986) on how individuals collaborate and reach common ground in the domain of objects into the domain of action. Pairs of participants (N = 22) were asked to complete a set of six maneuvers with a remote-control car. Dialogue was transcribed and analyzed for total word count, verb phrase count, number of turns taken, number of errors committed, and selected other linguistic characteristics. Total word count, verb phrase count, number of turns taken, and number of errors committed all significantly decreased over time, either linearly or logarithmically. This research …

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Using Eeg To Examine The Top Down Effects On Visual Object Processing, Joseph D. Borders Jan 2019

Using Eeg To Examine The Top Down Effects On Visual Object Processing, Joseph D. Borders

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Object recognition entails a complex interplay between top-down and bottom-up signals. Yet, limited research has investigated the mechanisms through which top-down processes, such as task context and behavioral goals impact the neural basis of visual object processing. Using electroencephalography (EEG), we studied the temporal dynamics of task and object processing to identify how early the impact of task can be observed. We recorded ERPs from participants as they viewed object images from four categories spanning animacy (Inanimate: roller-skate, motorbike; Animate: cow, butterfly) and size (Large: motorbike, cow; Small: roller-skate, butterfly) dimensions under four task conditions comprising conceptual (naturalness, size) and …

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Neurobehavioral Effects Of Multi-Tasking, Elizabeth Lynn Fox Jan 2019

Neurobehavioral Effects Of Multi-Tasking, Elizabeth Lynn Fox

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The progression of technology and adaptive automation has shown tremendous promise in reducing both physical and mental task demands, while allowing the maintenance or improvement of overall performance. Consequently, a user is able to maintain task performance with relatively more ease and reallocate spare time and energy to additional tasks. Quantifying the resources that one has left is an ongoing, relatively open, research objective for human factors psychologists. Here, we created a standardized, individual-level metric to serve as an estimate of multi-tasking efficiency. We go beyond just rank-order, or categorical labels of suffering from, benefiting from, or adequately maintaining performance …

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Learned Helplessness In Industrial-Organizational Psychology: Relationships With Locus Of Control, Self-Efficacy, And Feedback-Seeking Behavior, Nicholas Kovacs Jan 2019

Learned Helplessness In Industrial-Organizational Psychology: Relationships With Locus Of Control, Self-Efficacy, And Feedback-Seeking Behavior, Nicholas Kovacs

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Researchers have suggested that self-efficacy and feedback-seeking behavior (FSB) are effective in enhancing performance. To improve performance in the workplace, research should focus on how psychologists can enhance these constructs in employees. Though locus of control (LOC) relates to self-efficacy and increased FSB, research has revealed issues in LOC (e.g., failure to predict performance, range restriction, failure to predict behaviors). The current study examined the effects of perceived “lack of control”, learned helplessness, over LOC on both self-efficacy and FSB in two different samples: a student sample (N = 321) and a work sample (N = 794). Learned helplessness accounted …

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Antecedents Of Voice: The Moderating Role Of Proactive Personality, Alice Pyclik Jan 2019

Antecedents Of Voice: The Moderating Role Of Proactive Personality, Alice Pyclik

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When employees are dissatisfied, they can choose a destructive solution such as quitting, or they can use voice to effect organizational change. A sample of 277 full-time employees in the United States responded to an online survey of voice, ethical leadership, core self-evaluation, proactive personality, affective commitment, and several control variables. Results from simple, multiple, and hierarchical regression analyses indicated that ethical leadership, core self-evaluation, and proactive personality have positive relationships with voice. In addition, ethical leadership facilitates voice through the path of affective commitment. Proactive personality compensates for low levels of affective commitment. Thus, managers can increase voice among …

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Who Is Better And Who Is Best? What Differentiates Stars From The Rest, Montana R. Woolley Jan 2019

Who Is Better And Who Is Best? What Differentiates Stars From The Rest, Montana R. Woolley

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Star employees have significant influences on the successes or failures of organizations. Current research on stars has not addressed who a star is or how stars are different from other good employees. In this study I tested the efficacy of a proposed definition of star employees and verified the accuracy of other previously established characteristics and behaviors associated with stars. In addition, I qualitatively explored managers’ perceptions of star employees. The study consisted of two separate samples: managers identified on MTurk (n = 40) and high-level executives from various industries (n = 46). Participants provided a series of open responses …

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Spatialized Auditory And Vibrotactile Cueing For Dynamic Three-Dimensional Visual Search, Rachel J. Cunio Jan 2019

Spatialized Auditory And Vibrotactile Cueing For Dynamic Three-Dimensional Visual Search, Rachel J. Cunio

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The traditional method of maintaining spatial awareness through visual displays can cause visual system overload and lead to performance decrements. This study examined the benefits of spatialized auditory, tactile, and audio-tactile cues for maintaining awareness as a method of enhancing visual search performance. I examined visual search performance in an immersive, dynamic, three-dimensional (360-degree), virtual reality environment with no cues, spatialized auditory cues, degraded spatialized auditory cues, spatialized tactile cues, spatialized audio-tactile cues, and degraded spatialized auditory with tactile cues. Results indicated a significant reduction in visual search time from the no-cue condition when any cues were presented. The tactile …

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Identifying Diversity Of Thought On Social Media, Beth Bullemer Jan 2019

Identifying Diversity Of Thought On Social Media, Beth Bullemer

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This dissertation considers what it means to think differently, using naturalistic verbal evidence. This problem is inspired by a gap within the Wisdom of the Crowd (WoC) literature, but relevant to the study of language processes, mental models, and the vast emerging resource of social media data. I propose a methodological framework to characterize diversity of thought through the quantification of social media data. Four stages of research considered: a) the properties of a sample domain, b) how to identify and select diagnostic content using classification methods, c) how to quantify qualitative content in order to categorize and compare individuals, …

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Stop What You’Re Doing, Right Now! Effects Of Interactive Messages On Careless Responding, Anthony Gibson Jan 2019

Stop What You’Re Doing, Right Now! Effects Of Interactive Messages On Careless Responding, Anthony Gibson

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Careless responding (CR) can negatively affect the quality of self-report data and thus the resulting conclusions researchers draw from the data. The purpose of the current study was to investigate whether interactive warnings, which alert careless respondents in real time, reduce CR more than traditional, non-interactive warnings. I used a 4 x 4 mixed factorial design to examine these relationships. The between group factor was the type of warning used, which consisted of four levels (i.e., a control, no warning group, a traditional, non-interactive warning, an interactive threatening warning message, and an interactive encouraging message), and the within person factor …

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A Situational Judgment Test Of Self-Control And Its Relationship To Academic Performance: Development Of A New Measure, Michael Brady Jan 2019

A Situational Judgment Test Of Self-Control And Its Relationship To Academic Performance: Development Of A New Measure, Michael Brady

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Personality has been extensively researched but the literature has not lived up to its potential for application. Personality variables such as self-control can identify qualified applicants, while minimizing adverse impact. I designed two SJT measure of self-control. The first SJT was hypothesized to predict college grade point average. The second SJT was hypothesized to predict counterproductive work behavior. I administered the first SJT to 676 undergraduates. I administered the second SJT to 608 employed people. Most hypotheses were fully supported. Both SJTs had incremental validity over and above self-report personality measures. The results demonstrate the potential of SJTs to measure …

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Creating A Well-Situated Human-Autonomy Team: The Effects Of Team Structure, Elizabeth Marie Frost Jan 2019

Creating A Well-Situated Human-Autonomy Team: The Effects Of Team Structure, Elizabeth Marie Frost

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Intelligent agent technologies are increasing the potential capacity for systems to behave more autonomously and are enabling more advanced human-autonomy teaming. For instance, future applications of human-autonomy teaming for the command and control of unmanned vehicles are now under consideration. This would involve a shift from a supervisory control approach to a teaming structure. These two approaches, instantiated as the task division and relationship between a human operator and a teammate, were empirically examined. The team’s composition, either human-human or human-autonomy, was also considered. A control station that supports single operator management of multiple simulated unmanned vehicles performing a base …

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Self-Efficacy - Performance Discrepancies: Examining How Over- And Underestimations Of Ability Progress Over Time, Kent Cooper Etherton Jan 2018

Self-Efficacy - Performance Discrepancies: Examining How Over- And Underestimations Of Ability Progress Over Time, Kent Cooper Etherton

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The current study examined how over- and underestimations of ability progress with increasing experience completing a task. Prior research has demonstrated inconsistent effects when investigating the relationship between self-efficacy and performance at the within-person level of analysis, often theorizing distinct effects of over- versus underestimating one's ability level. Thus, the current study investigated the discrepancy between self-efficacy, one's belief in their capability to accomplish some task, and actual performance levels. The current study replicated findings that self-efficacy converges on performance over time and extended prior research by demonstrating the rate of convergence might be affected by the size of initial …

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Measurement Of The Propensity To Trust Automation, Sarah Ann Jessup Jan 2018

Measurement Of The Propensity To Trust Automation, Sarah Ann Jessup

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Few studies have examined how propensity to trust in automation influences trust behaviors, those which indicate users are relying on automation. Of the published studies, there are inconsistencies in how propensity to trust automation is conceptualized and thus measured. Research on attitudes and intentions has discerned that reliability and validity of measures can be increased by using more direct and specific language, which reduces ambiguity and increases the ability to predict behavior. This study examined how traditional measures of propensity to trust automation could be adapted to predict whether automation is deemed as trustworthy (perceived trustworthiness) and whether people behave …

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