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Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons™
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- Crime (17)
- Police (12)
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- Juvenile delinquency (8)
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- Recidivism (7)
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- Crime prevention (6)
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- Violence (6)
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- Discrimination in criminal justice administration (5)
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- Sex offenders (4)
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- Capital punishment (3)
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- Families (3)
Articles 31 - 60 of 103
Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences
Immigration And Victimization : Applications Of Criminological Concepts To The Lesser-Known Side Of The Immigration And Crime Nexus, Allen W.C.P. Wong
Immigration And Victimization : Applications Of Criminological Concepts To The Lesser-Known Side Of The Immigration And Crime Nexus, Allen W.C.P. Wong
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
In recent decades, scholarly interest on immigration and crime has been on the rise. This increase in interest has even recently produced an academic consensus on the structural-level relationship between immigration and crime: on average, changes in immigration levels do not disproportionately increase crime rates. However, what is less explored in the literature is the individual-level relationship between immigration and criminal victimization, and specifically, the role played by criminological variables among generations of immigrant ethnic groups and their victimization experiences.
Prisons And Power : Carceral Coloniality In Hybrid Post-Neoliberal Venezuela, Cory Fischer-Hoffman
Prisons And Power : Carceral Coloniality In Hybrid Post-Neoliberal Venezuela, Cory Fischer-Hoffman
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
This dissertation examines contemporary Venezuela’s dual prison system--in which half of the prison population is incarcerated in internally controlled prisons run by armed inmates, and the other half are locked up in the Bolivarian Government’s restricted “New Regime” prisons. The Venezuelan state formation is conceptualized as ‘hybrid post-neoliberal,’ demonstrating how rationalities of a liberal rentier state and neoliberalism, combined with anti-neoliberal logics all act together in competing yet co-existing ways in the post-neoliberal era, which was initiated by the 1999 Bolivarian Revolution. The central question examines the “work” of the prison in the (re)production of power relations and how policies, …
Impact Of Community Treatment And Neighborhood Disadvantage On Recidivism In Mental Health Courts, Woojae Han
Impact Of Community Treatment And Neighborhood Disadvantage On Recidivism In Mental Health Courts, Woojae Han
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
The purpose of the study is to investigate the impact of community treatment and neighborhood disadvantage on recidivism among offenders with mental health problems in Mental Health Courts (MHCs) and in traditional courts. Although treatment is believed to lead to reduced recidivism for offenders with mental illness, little research has been conducted for MHC participants. Further, neighborhood disadvantage are known to influence recidivism generally, but environmental factors have not been examined in the MHC context.
Exploring Racial Differences In System Treatment And Criminal Justice Involvement : A Criminal Career Perspective, Jaeok Kim Kim
Exploring Racial Differences In System Treatment And Criminal Justice Involvement : A Criminal Career Perspective, Jaeok Kim Kim
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
The overrepresentation of racial minorities is one of the key issues of the contemporary U.S. criminal justice system, and has motivated many studies to explore the cause and extent of the resulting disparities in the system. My dissertation consists of three separate papers, which contribute to the understanding of such disparities through unique approaches. Additionally, using both self-reported and official administrative datasets, I identify the strengths and limitations inherent to each type of data source, and discuss ways to increase the accuracy of the estimates of interest.
Subnational Predictors Of Racially Motivated Crime : A Cross-National Multilevel Analysis, Sylwia Janina Piatkowska
Subnational Predictors Of Racially Motivated Crime : A Cross-National Multilevel Analysis, Sylwia Janina Piatkowska
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
The present study examines the effects of sub-national correlates on the changing rates of racially motivated crime across different regions and counties in seven European countries between 1996 and 2013. Using pooled cross-sectional time-series data on officially recorded racist crimes, I examine whether the regional and county levels of racially motivated crime in these countries’ subnational jurisdictions have been influenced over time by the size of the foreign-born population, increased immigration, and the economic conditions. In developing hypotheses about the effects of these factors, I draw primarily upon the theories of intergroup crime and prejudice.
Work-Family Structures And Cross-National Rates Of Women's Offending, Samantha Applin
Work-Family Structures And Cross-National Rates Of Women's Offending, Samantha Applin
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
This dissertation examines women’s offending from a cross-national perspective, using a theoretical lens that integrates insights from feminist and criminological scholarship. The analysis is based on a pooled cross-sectional time-series design, assessing data from 32 European countries for five time points between 1995 and 2010. The purpose of the dissertation is to determine how the effects of work-family and gender indicators are moderated by women’s labor force participation when it comes to predicting women’s theft and homicide. Inclusion of men’s offending helps discern the extent to which the effects of the predictors are specific to the illegitimate behaviors of women, …
Terrorist Ideology And Behavior : An Examination Of The Behavior Of Known And Unknown Perpetrators, Rose Bellandi
Terrorist Ideology And Behavior : An Examination Of The Behavior Of Known And Unknown Perpetrators, Rose Bellandi
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
The terrorist decision-making process is the key component of understanding the types of attacks terrorists execute, and the group’s ideology is the goal-orientation portion of that rational decision-making process. Terrorist group ideology determines a number of aspects of the decision-making process that expand or limit the targets groups will attack and the tactics they will use to achieve their larger ideological goals. These aspects include: a group’s long-term goals, short-term objectives, an attack’s purpose, the audience, the group’s constituency, its enemies, and its message. Terrorism is a tactic of asymmetrical warfare and a unique form of violent crime. Acts of …
Live Fast, Die Young : Anticipated Early Death And Adolescent Violence And Gang Involvement, Arna Leigh Carlock
Live Fast, Die Young : Anticipated Early Death And Adolescent Violence And Gang Involvement, Arna Leigh Carlock
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Strategies employed by criminal justice agencies to reduce offending often focus on deterrence, with policies relying on the threat of punishment to discourage individuals from crime. However, such strategies will fail if individuals do not fear these consequences, or when potential rewards of offending outweigh the risks. According to life history theory, adolescents with a dangerous or unpredictable childhood environment discount the future and engage in risky behaviors because they have little to lose. Many adolescents embody this “live fast, die young” mentality, particularly those already at risk of delinquency due to other factors. The scientific literature refers to this …
Examining Law Enforcement Analysis And Intelligence Capabilities : A Case Study Of Urban Policing, Shelagh Dorn
Examining Law Enforcement Analysis And Intelligence Capabilities : A Case Study Of Urban Policing, Shelagh Dorn
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Extant research, concerning police use of intelligence analysis, hypothesizes that police culture and information-sharing partnerships may affect outputs of intelligence analysis. Previous efforts have provided overviews of criminal intelligence analysis, without examining organizational and structural factors which might affect the genesis and use of intelligence and crime analysis. Examining the role and impact of both analysis and information sharing in law enforcement has been largely absent, and based on current research, it is difficult to determine what accounts for law enforcement variation in the knowledge, use, and demand for crime and intelligence analysis. Ashton Police Department’s (APD) Information Coordination Unit …
Criminal Specialization In The Criminal Justice Context, Shi Yan
Criminal Specialization In The Criminal Justice Context, Shi Yan
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
The dissertation consists of two studies. Study 1 examines how criminal specialization predicts the sentencing outcomes. Theories of sentencing have pointed out the association between the sentence and the assessment of the defendant’s risk and culpability, and one of the most important indicators of an individual’s risk is his or her criminal records. Most quantitative studies of sentencing today take criminal records into consideration by controlling for the number of prior criminal justice contacts, and overlook the nature of the prior crimes. The concept criminal specialization refers to the tendency for an individual to repeat the same or a set …
Stereotypes And Deadly Force Decision-Making, Mark R. Chaires
Stereotypes And Deadly Force Decision-Making, Mark R. Chaires
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Abstract
Welfare And Crime Revisited : Beyond Yea Or Nay, Colin Gruner
Welfare And Crime Revisited : Beyond Yea Or Nay, Colin Gruner
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
The criminological literature has found that welfare is negatively associated with crime, but few studies have tested this association with data from after the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act (PRWORA) passed in 1996. PRWORA fundamentally altered the structure of the U.S. welfare state. The goals of this dissertation were to identify the research and theories on welfare and crime and test whether the relationship has changed since PRWORA. A review of the literature showed that there were several lines of research on welfare and crime but no studies drawing on the full extent of the welfare-crime literature. After combining …
Predicting Job Performance In Correctional Officers With Pre-Employment Psychological Screening, Shelley S. Hyland
Predicting Job Performance In Correctional Officers With Pre-Employment Psychological Screening, Shelley S. Hyland
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
There is substantial cost in the hiring and training of a correctional officer, with a high rate of turnover compounding these costs. While pre-employment psychological screening is suggested as one method to prevent these losses, mandates to screen are not as common in corrections as they are in law enforcement. Further, minimal research has examined the validity of psychological testing in correctional officers. This dissertation examined pre-employment psychological screening for 421 correctional officers hired by one of three upstate New York sheriff's departments. Assessments were conducted by Public Safety Psychology, PLLC from March, 1997 to June, 2012. T scores and …
911 : Help Or Hindrance In Reducing Repeat Victimization, Kay Elizabeth Lang
911 : Help Or Hindrance In Reducing Repeat Victimization, Kay Elizabeth Lang
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
In my dissertation I examine two pieces of criminological knowledge in order to explore the point at which they converge. First, crime victims call the police for a variety of reasons, one of which is to stop future attacks; and second, research suggests that previous victimization is a significant predictor of future victimization. In my research I seek to expand current knowledge about repeat victimization using the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). I examine repeat victimization at the individual level, with crimes of violence, and at the household level, by examining residential burglary. But my project expands on existing knowledge …
The "New Civil Rights" : The Innocence Movement And American Criminal Justice, Robert Norris
The "New Civil Rights" : The Innocence Movement And American Criminal Justice, Robert Norris
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Few issues have captivated the criminal justice world in recent years like wrongful convictions. An advocacy network has developed around the United States, responsible for exonerating more than 1,500 individuals and successfully passing reforms at all levels of criminal justice policy and practice. This "innocence movement" has been described as a "revolution" and a "new civil rights movement," yet has rarely been examined in-depth by scholars. In this dissertation, I explore the history and theoretical underpinnings of the movement through interviews with 37 actors involved in innocence work, archival materials, and observational research. I draw on the rich body of …
When Is Hacking Ethical?, Sharif Rezazadehsaber
When Is Hacking Ethical?, Sharif Rezazadehsaber
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
This thesis examines situations in which computer hacking might be considered ethical. It addresses fundamental questions regarding the motivation and consequences of ethical hacking. The paper is organized into three sections. The first section discusses the history of hackers, classifies them according to their motivational background. The second part of the paper comprehensively describes the features of the ethical or “white hat” hacker group, and explores the positive and negative behaviors of ethical hackers in relation to their ethical principles. In the final section of the paper, I discuss hacktivist groups, their unique ideologies, and the risks they face, including …
Racial Conflict And Bias Crimes Across Us Cities : An Analysis Of The Social Threat Perspective, Suzanne M. Strong
Racial Conflict And Bias Crimes Across Us Cities : An Analysis Of The Social Threat Perspective, Suzanne M. Strong
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
This research examines racially biased crimes across US cities, utilizing social threat and a general criminality perspective based on social disorganization and strain theories. Racially biased crime is compared to violent crime in general and to unbiased racially disaggregated homicide to further examine the effects of social threat and general crime variables on different forms of violent crime. Data is compiled mainly from the 1990 and 2000 US Censuses, the 1996-2000 Uniform Crime Reports and the 1996-2000 Supplemental Homicide Reports. The research shows bias crimes cannot be explained utilizing general crime predictors. In particular, anti-Black violent bias crimes committed by …
What We Can Learn From Small Units Of Analysis, Andrew Palmer Wheeler
What We Can Learn From Small Units Of Analysis, Andrew Palmer Wheeler
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
The dissertation is aimed at advancing knowledge of the correlates of crime at small geographic units of analysis. I begin by detailing what motivates examining crime at small places, and show how aggregation creates confounds that limit causal inference. Local and spatial effects are confounded when using aggregate units, so when the researcher wishes to distinguish between these two types of effects it should guide what unit of analysis is chosen. To illustrate these differences, I generate simulations of what happens to effect estimates when you aggregate a micro level spatial effects model or presume a neighborhood effects model.
Employment After Incarceration : Exploring The Influence Of Cumulative Disadvantage On Multiple Employment Outcomes, Amanda D. Emmert
Employment After Incarceration : Exploring The Influence Of Cumulative Disadvantage On Multiple Employment Outcomes, Amanda D. Emmert
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Prisons and jails across the Unites States release more than 600,000 inmates each year. Scholars have posed and addressed numerous concerns for the reintegration outcomes and prospects that face ex-inmates. Yet, little is known about the cumulative employment and economic disadvantages faced by ex-inmates who experienced their first incarceration at early ages or experience multiple incarcerations throughout their lives. Using event history and fixed effects analyses on longitudinal data from the Rochester Youth Development Study (RYDS), this project explores employment acquisition, employment tenure, employment stability, and use of public assistance for signs of differential ex-inmate disadvantages. While cumulative disadvantage is …
The Impact Of Trial Evidence On Juror Decision-Making, Jeremy Shifton
The Impact Of Trial Evidence On Juror Decision-Making, Jeremy Shifton
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
It is widely accepted that a confession is one of the most incriminating piece of evidence that can be presented in a criminal case (Kassin & Neumann, 1997). However, little prior research has examined the impact of situational characteristics (e.g., length of interrogation, how recently suspect has slept, etc.) of the interrogation and resulting confession. While police tactics and personal characteristics are known to impact perceptions of the resulting confession, little is known about how aspects of an interrogation might impact the perceptions of jurors. In three studies, this dissertation seeks to determine how mock jurors' perceptions of evidence strength …
The Sex Ratio, Gender Equality, And Women's Victimization : A Cross-National Analysis, Laura M. Demarco
The Sex Ratio, Gender Equality, And Women's Victimization : A Cross-National Analysis, Laura M. Demarco
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
The relationship between the sex ratio and crime is underdeveloped in the criminological literature, particularly regarding the victimization of women. Much of the existing work draws on theorizing by Guttentag and Secord (1983) on the interpersonal dynamics related to dyadic power. In this line of research, the characteristics of structural power are largely taken for granted. Drawing on literature about gender inequality and women's victimization, this study recasts Guttentag and Secord's notion of structural power as a continuous measure of gender equality. I examine the effect of the sex ratio on women's victimization, and evaluate if that effect is contingent …
On The Island : Marginalized Residents Of A Single Room Occupancy Motel, Christopher Philip Dum
On The Island : Marginalized Residents Of A Single Room Occupancy Motel, Christopher Philip Dum
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
One consequence of the punitive turn in criminal justice policy has been an increase in residential instability among previously incarcerated individuals. For registered sex offenders in particular, residence restriction laws severely limit housing options. Many formerly incarcerated individuals find difficulties securing employment, which limits their ability to afford a stable residence.
Receptivity Of Capital Jurors To Mitigating Factors Of Mental Illness, Intellectual Disability, And Situational Impairments In Death Penalty Decisions : The Capital Trial Analyzed As A Mitigating "Weight And Counterweight" To Premature Decisions And Pro-Death Bias, Leona Deborah Jochnowitz
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
This research presents aspects of juror receptivity to mitigating factors of mental, cognitive/intellectual and situational impairments in capital sentencing decisions. The study examined types of mental factors, as well as the gender of defendants, the aggravating nature of the crime and victim vulnerability. An exploratory cross-tabulation analysis evaluated the percentages and relationships between juror closed-ended CJP survey responses to mental sentencing factors and mental evidence presented at trial for 38 cases. While the sample size was too small in some cells for significance testing, the percentages demonstrated patterns. A detailed qualitative analysis of 12 cases with strong evidence of mental …
Criminal Behavior In The Life Course : The Sex Difference And The Role Of Childbirth In The Desistance Process, Siyu Liu
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
My dissertation demonstrates sex differences in offending over the life course with a flexible model on the age-crime curve using a longitudinal dataset, and examines the causal role of childbirth in the process of desistance for both sexes.
Correctional Group Quarters, Neighborhood Crime And Property Values, Kelly Mcgeever
Correctional Group Quarters, Neighborhood Crime And Property Values, Kelly Mcgeever
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
The primary aims of this dissertation are to examine the association between correctional group quarters and crime rates and the effect of correctional group quarters on property values in urban neighborhoods. There has been a surprising lack of examination of these relationships, especially since community residents' anticipated fears of correctional facilities have been well documented. The few studies that have considered correctional facilities, crime, and property values have generally focused on one rural location and almost exclusively evaluate state prisons without consideration to the range of correctional facilities. Broken windows theory and `Not in My Backyard' literature are used to …
The Role Of Immigrant Assimilation And Segregation In Explaining The Effect Of Immigration Size On Neighborhood Crime, Ilir Disha
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
The Role of Immigrant Assimilation and Segregation in Explaining the Effect of Immigration Size on Neighborhood Crime
We Can Work It Out : The Hidden Role Of The Workplace In Shaping Urban Crime Control, Chris E. Rees
We Can Work It Out : The Hidden Role Of The Workplace In Shaping Urban Crime Control, Chris E. Rees
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Ethnoracial minorities have rapidly integrated into American workplaces over the last half-century, yet little research has examined the effects of this integration on wider social processes. Drawing from minority threat theory and the contact hypothesis, this thesis examines the impact of workplace segregation on metropolitan levels of police force size during the year 2010. Findings indicate that, net of controls, workplace segregation is associated with higher levels of police forces size. Moreover these effects are a stronger predictor of police forces than residential segregation. The thesis concludes with a relevant discussion on the research and policy implications of these findings.
Family Structure And Juvenile Delinquency : An Examination Of Inter-Individual Difference And Intra-Individual Variability, Qing Wei
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Although a wealth of research in criminology identifies that family structure variables are critical in understanding adolescent and young adult involvement in delinquency and crime, family structure has been treated as static variables in most of the studies and the relationship between family structure and juvenile delinquency is often tested cross-sectionally. However, a full understanding on the role of family structure requires an examination of impacts of both the state and the change of family structure on adolescent behavior. It also requires an examination of both the short-term and the long-term impact of family transition on children's behavior.
The New Welfare State : Reconsidering The Welfare-Crime Nexus, Colin Gruner
The New Welfare State : Reconsidering The Welfare-Crime Nexus, Colin Gruner
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
A sizeable body of literature has found that welfare reduces crime, but the majority of these studies have used data from before 1996. In 1996 the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) radically changed the welfare system of the United States. Control of welfare programs shifted from the federal government to the states and PRWORA increased the emphasis on getting people off welfare via the introduction of lifetime limits on the receipt of aid and mandatory participation in work programs for able-bodied recipients. Consistent with this emphasis, researchers have documented a precipitous drop in caseload sizes across the …
Developing A Typology Of Juvenile Sex Offenders, Creaig Anthony Dunton
Developing A Typology Of Juvenile Sex Offenders, Creaig Anthony Dunton
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Understanding juvenile sex offenders is of the utmost importance in order to ensure effective treatment and reduce recidivism. A more thorough recognition of this population is the best option in preventing future offending, because most adult sex offenders began their criminal careers in adolescence. Extant typologies of this population have been limited to be only descriptive or not empirically verified and thus of limited use. Hierarchical cluster analysis is used to develop a taxonomy based upon the content of case files from two juvenile treatment programs, based upon demographic information, offense details, psychological and behavioral issues, and participation in treatment. …