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Articles 1 - 30 of 908
Full-Text Articles in Physics
Thermal Aberrations And Optical Design For Current And Future Gravitational Wave Detectors, Matthew Richard Todd
Thermal Aberrations And Optical Design For Current And Future Gravitational Wave Detectors, Matthew Richard Todd
Dissertations - ALL
Since the first detection of gravitational waves in 2015, the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA collabo- ration has detected over 300 gravitational-wave events. Planned upgrades to each detector will further improve gravitational wave sensitivity limits, pushing the frontier of multi- messenger astronomy and paving the way for next-generation detectors, like Cosmic Ex- plorer and Einstein Telescope. Though many challenges to reach sensitivity goals are being addressed, there are still cru- cial aspects of the detectors that are poorly understood and will inhibit gravitational wave detection commissioners from bringing future detectors to their design sensitivity. In par- ticular, increased circulating arm power targets will exacerbate …
Geometric Approaches To Memory Formation In Soft Matter, Gentian Muhaxheri
Geometric Approaches To Memory Formation In Soft Matter, Gentian Muhaxheri
Dissertations - ALL
The primary focus of this dissertation is the development of a geometric framework for understanding memory formation in systems composed of interacting hysteretic elements, or hysterons. Using tools from bifurcation and catastrophe theory, this work provides a description of how complex memory behaviors emerge from the structure of the system's configuration space and the system bifurcations under external driving. As a concrete model system, we study networks of connected rubber balloons subjected to different inflation protocols. Under pressure control, the system maps naturally onto a Preisach-type system of non-interacting hysterons and exhibits return point memory. In contrast, under volume control, …
Quasiparticle Poisoning Of Superconducting Fluxonium Qubits, Kesavan Manivannan
Quasiparticle Poisoning Of Superconducting Fluxonium Qubits, Kesavan Manivannan
Dissertations - ALL
Superconducting qubits based on Josephson junctions have emerged as a leading hardware platform in the quest to realize large-scale quantum computers. However, qubit decoherence remains a major hurdle on the path toward fault-tolerant quantum computing. In particular, excess quasiparticle (QP) excitations constitute a significant source of dissipation in superconducting quantum devices. The empirically observed QP density in these systems is orders of magnitude larger than that predicted by Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) theory. Moreover, QP poisoning due to high-energy particle impacts can cause correlated errors that simultaneously affect multiple qubits, thereby impeding quantum error correction. Although QP-induced decoherence has been extensively studied …
Mapping The Rigid Landscapes Of Disordered Networks And Active Solids, Tyler Hain
Mapping The Rigid Landscapes Of Disordered Networks And Active Solids, Tyler Hain
Dissertations - ALL
Biological systems are able to exhibit remarkable and exotic mechanical properties by tuning their microscopic internal degrees of freedom in order to accomplish global functions. One of the most interesting mechanical behaviors of some such materials is the ability to transition between stiff solid-like states and soft fluid-like states in order to initiate specific flow patterns or tune their mechanical response. Not only this, but they are able to selectively cross this transition while also being optimized for other functions. In this dissertation I explore numerical and analytical methods for mapping the landscapes of states on the edge of rigidity …
Characterizing Capacitance Of Josephson Junctions For Quantum Devices, Bradley Gordon Cole
Characterizing Capacitance Of Josephson Junctions For Quantum Devices, Bradley Gordon Cole
Dissertations - ALL
The field of quantum computing is growing at a rapid rate with the promise of dramatic improvements in the ability to solve critical computational problems. A leading approach for implementing fault-tolerant quantum computers is based on superconducting circuits containing Josephson junctions to form qubits. These qubits have many attractive qualities, but predicting the device performance requires detailed knowledge of the junction properties. Thus, precise characterization is crucial for realizing different qubit designs. The coherence of superconducting qubits is limited by several sources in the circuit en- vironment. Building a quantum computer requires effort to reduce gate errors caused by decoherence. …
Enzyme Active Bath Affects Protein Condensation, Kevin Ching
Enzyme Active Bath Affects Protein Condensation, Kevin Ching
Dissertations - ALL
The idea that the activity of an active bath can act as an effective temperature and alter system behavior has been theorized and demonstrated for micron-scale systems, but it has not yet been shown for nanoscale systems. Previous studies have suggested that, although passive and active systems can be combined at the nanoscale, activity from the active system typically disrupts and destroys the passive system. In this work, I attempt to create an enzyme-driven active bath to control the liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) and condensation of a protein. I find that enzymatic activity enhances phase separation, effectively driving the LLPS …
Machine-Learning Classification Of Gamma-Producing Neutral Current Interactions In Liquid Argon From A Supernova Neutrino Burst, Sierra Thomas
Machine-Learning Classification Of Gamma-Producing Neutral Current Interactions In Liquid Argon From A Supernova Neutrino Burst, Sierra Thomas
Dissertations - ALL
With five core-collapse supernova candidates within 1 kiloparsec from Earth, extracting information from the neutrino flux will be important to understanding the explosion mechanism of the star (and its composition). The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment, (DUNE), will be capable of detecting neutrinos from supernovae, primarily from charged-current interactions due to the electron neutrino flavor. However, considering neutrino oscillations in the presence of matter (MSW effects), the muon neutrinos and tau neutrinos will be undetectable if not for the neutral current channel. About 5% of the neutral current interactions will cause the argon nucleus to excite and release a gamma ray …
Developing Best Practice Fabrication For Niobium Superconducting Devices, Jadrien Timothy-Henke Paustian
Developing Best Practice Fabrication For Niobium Superconducting Devices, Jadrien Timothy-Henke Paustian
Dissertations - ALL
Superconducting qubits are a leading platform for scalable quantum computation. This platform offers high gate speeds and can make use of readily scalable complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) fabrication techniques. However, superconducting qubits are susceptible to a variety of losses that arise in systems with superconductors, such as due to ubiquitous two-level systems, quasiparticles, and more. Designing fabrication processes to mitigate and manage these loss sources is critical to achieving scalable quantum computation. However, many of these loss sources are set during fabrication processing, of which there can be many different steps, each with its own parameter space. Exploring this space …
Computationally Efficient Methods For Calculation Of Light-Matter Interaction In Large Semiconductor Quantum Dots, Chandler Martin
Computationally Efficient Methods For Calculation Of Light-Matter Interaction In Large Semiconductor Quantum Dots, Chandler Martin
Dissertations - ALL
Quantum dots are a class of materials in the nanometer scale that have unique optical and electronic properties due to the quantum confinement effect. Traditional electronic structure computational techniques used for calculating these properties fall to scalability issues as the size of the quantum dot increases, or introduce significant errors into the final result. This makes using computational methods to predict new materials, or verify properties of existing materials, challenging to use for experimental applications of quantum dots. This gap between experiment and computation is due to large basis sets, expensive integrals, and storage and manipulation of tensors that grow …
Lattice And Continuum Anomalies : Bridging The Gap, Arnab Pradhan
Lattice And Continuum Anomalies : Bridging The Gap, Arnab Pradhan
Dissertations - ALL
In this thesis, we explore anomalies both in the continuum and on the lattice, and attempt to establish a connection between the two frameworks. In the continuum limit, we work with Kähler-Dirac fields, while in the discrete setting, we focus on staggered fermions. To facilitate insights relevant to the growing field of quantum computing, we consider a Hamiltonian formalism in addition to the path integral. Anomalies offer a concrete bridge between ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) physics, understanding how anomalies manifest on the lattice versus in the continuum provides a powerful predictive framework. By numerically studying lattice gauge theories, we …
Holographic Scaling And Cosmological Correlators, He Li
Holographic Scaling And Cosmological Correlators, He Li
Dissertations - ALL
It is well-established that the two-point correlator of a scalar field in AdS follows either of two scaling laws, ∆± =d/2 ± ν, where ν =Sqrt((d/2)^2+ m^2) is a function of the scalar bulk mass. The transition between these two scalings occurs in the renormalization group evolution from the UV to the IR of a dual 4D conformal theory deformed by a relevant double-trace deformation. In this thesis, we identify a new holographic scaling law, ∆UV = ν, in the context of the AdS/CFT correspondence where there exists a UV cutoff brane. Specifically, when ν > 1, the ∆− scaling that …
Quasiparticle Poisoning And Mitigation Strategies In Superconducting Qubits, Clayton Larson
Quasiparticle Poisoning And Mitigation Strategies In Superconducting Qubits, Clayton Larson
Dissertations - ALL
Quantum computers promise to solve currently intractable problems of great interest for a diverse range of applications. For a quantum computer to solve these problems, it must handle occasional errors with quantum error correction, which distributes the quantum information across many physical qubits, increasing resilience. A promising technology for implementing such a system uses superconducting circuits as physical qubits. Standard quantum error correction schemes can accommodate random, local errors, but errors that are correlated across multiple qubits are fatal. Correlated errors can arise from ionizing radiation impacting the device substrate, which creates free charge that can be sensed by the …
Geometry And Mechanical Response Of Twisted Thin Tubes, Pan Dong
Geometry And Mechanical Response Of Twisted Thin Tubes, Pan Dong
Dissertations - ALL
Nature provides many examples of thin sheets and shells, from flower petals to graphene sheets. Such materials can exhibit complex deformations such as creases, folds and wrinkles, particularly in thin, flexible structures like cylindrical shells and ribbons. Here we investigate the geometric transformation and mechanical response of a twisted thin tube, which is made from a thin polymer sheet. In Chapter 2, an interesting "locking behavior" was found in a thin cylindrical shell. After an initial compression, the shell can be twisted with little resistance until it reaches a “locking angle”, which coincides with the appearance of an ordered wrinkle …
Measurements And Modeling Of Phonon-Mediated Quasiparticle Poisoning In Superconducting Qubit Arrays, Eric Yelton
Measurements And Modeling Of Phonon-Mediated Quasiparticle Poisoning In Superconducting Qubit Arrays, Eric Yelton
Dissertations - ALL
The realization of a quantum computer that can correct for random errors on its constituent quantum bits, or qubits, is one of the primary goals in the quantum information science community. One of the leading protocols to correct these errors on a quantum processor relies on nearest-neighbor coupling of an array of physical qubits that act collectively as a single logical qubit. Superconducting circuits are a leading implementation of a physical qubit and have been used in some of the first demonstrations of this error correction scheme. A key assumption of this protocol is that errors on the physical qubits …
Frustration And Functionality : Geometry And Topology In Mechanical Metamaterials, Sourav Roy
Frustration And Functionality : Geometry And Topology In Mechanical Metamaterials, Sourav Roy
Dissertations - ALL
This dissertation is concerned with a study of the effect of geometry in complex few body mechanical systems. The problems that we set out to solve lie on the interface of soft condensed matter physics, geometry and topology. In the first problem, I developed an effective elasticity theory of thin mechanical metamaterial sheets. This work explored the elastic response of thin metamaterial sheets draped on a uniformly and weakly curved substrate. The model spells out an elegant screening law that shows that a metamaterial alleviates elastic stresses by actuating the soft modes accessible to it. In the second problem, we …
Deformations Of Thin Membranes In Incompatible Geometries And Interactions In Mechanical Hysteron Systems, Zachariah Schrecengost
Deformations Of Thin Membranes In Incompatible Geometries And Interactions In Mechanical Hysteron Systems, Zachariah Schrecengost
Dissertations - ALL
Soft reconfigurable systems exhibit behaviors which are highly dependent on their geometries. Thin membranes can deform in a myriad of ways as they navigate geometries different from their own in an energy efficient manner. Behaviors in mechanical hysteron systems are influenced by the geometry of the interactions and global driving. This dissertation focuses on two different types of systems which are governed in part by their geometries: thin membranes in geometrically incompatible configurations and interacting mechanical hysterons. A thin membrane forced into a conflicting geometry with an incompatible metric will deform in highly non-trivial ways. These deformations are an attempt …
On Physical Processes That Work Like Learning Algorithms, Vidyesh Rao Anisetti
On Physical Processes That Work Like Learning Algorithms, Vidyesh Rao Anisetti
Dissertations - ALL
Adaptive behavior is a widespread phenomenon observed in both living and non-living systems, manifesting in diverse forms such as the directional growth of plants in response to sunlight and the directed aging of materials. Such diversity demands a physics-based approach. Thus, the emerging field of physical learning aims to explain these phenomena by drawing analogies between adaptive processes in nature and learning in neural networks, motivating the central question of this thesis: Can physical processes in nature function like learning algorithms? A typical learning algorithm involves two fundamental steps: signaling and weight up- dating. In the Part I of the …
Dynamical Dark Energy From Lattice Quantum Gravity, Mingwei Dai
Dynamical Dark Energy From Lattice Quantum Gravity, Mingwei Dai
Dissertations - ALL
We study various topics of Euclidean dynamical triangulations (EDT). We study the interaction of two scalar particles, and show that in the appropriate limit we recover an interaction compatible with Newton's gravitational potential in four dimensions. Working in the quenched approximation, we calculate the binding energy of a two-particle bound state, and study its dependence on the constituent particle mass in the non-relativistic limit. We find a binding energy compatible with the ground state energy by solving the Schr\"{o}dinger equation for Newton's potential. This allows us to determine the lattice spacing in EDT for the first time, and we find …
Open Quantum Systems In High Energy Physics, Bharath Sambasivam
Open Quantum Systems In High Energy Physics, Bharath Sambasivam
Dissertations - ALL
Open quantum systems (OQS) are ubiquitous in various fields of physics, such as high energy physics, cosmology, atomic and molecular physics, and quantum optics. In some cases, there is a natural separation between the system and the environment, like the presence of a horizon in inflationary cosmology. In other cases, like field theories coupled to thermal baths or at finite chemical potential, it is not practical to simulate the large number of degrees of freedom making up the bath. The system of interest can be described by an effective theory upon integrating out the environment degrees of freedom. In certain …
Studies Towards Improved Gravitational Wave Detector Thermodynamics, Daniel Vander-Hyde
Studies Towards Improved Gravitational Wave Detector Thermodynamics, Daniel Vander-Hyde
Dissertations - ALL
Since the first gravitational wave detection, the Laser Interferometric Gravitational Wave Observatories (LIGO) combined with an expanding and co-observing global gravitational wave network (i.e. Virgo, KAGRA) has worked to increase a novel and growing astronomical data catalog of gravitational wave detections. With each additional observing run, rates of detection continue to increase with iterative upgrades to detector technology. Discussed within this thesis are considerations pertinent to the improvement of Dual Recycled Fabry-Perot Michelson interferometer (DRFPMI) thermodynamics proposed during LIGO's third observing run (O3) for present and future detectors. The first chapter reviews fundamental material relevant to gravitational waves and how …
Gauge-Invariant Correlators In Quantum Gravity, Kenneth Ratliff
Gauge-Invariant Correlators In Quantum Gravity, Kenneth Ratliff
Dissertations - ALL
Recent successes in Euclidean Dynamical Triangulations (EDT) motivate the further comparison of lattice observables to predictions of general relativity (GR) treated as an effective quantum theory. A particularly promising observable is the two-point function of the scalar curvature, which can be straightforwardly computed on the lattice and which in principle can also be computed from the Einstein-Hilbert path integral. Any such comparison should be between manifestly gauge-invariant observables, and will require that the GR predictions be analytically continued in a gauge-invariant manner to the Euclidean signature of the lattice. In this thesis I present my work toward this goal, namely: …
Defects And Deformation In Passive And Active Structural Glasses, Julia Ann Giannini
Defects And Deformation In Passive And Active Structural Glasses, Julia Ann Giannini
Dissertations - ALL
Glasses and disordered granular media represent a class of materials that are quite familiar to us, from the glass in windows and phone screens, to piles of fruits, grains, and sand. Further, living and active systems such as cellular tissues, collections of robots, and even human crowds behave as disordered solids when they are gathered at high enough densities. Despite their ubiquity, there are still many behaviors of these amorphous systems that lack a full understanding. Contrasting crystalline solids, the thermodynamic, vibrational, energetic, and mechanical properties of glasses are not well-characterized by solid state theory. In the case of active …
Multimode Metamaterial Ring Resonator As An Entangling Bus For Artificial Atoms, Tianna Carroll
Multimode Metamaterial Ring Resonator As An Entangling Bus For Artificial Atoms, Tianna Carroll
Dissertations - ALL
Circuit quantum electrodynamics (cQED) systems with superconducting qubits coupled to linear microwave resonators are a prominent platform for realizing scalable quantum information processors. Combining cQED architectures with multimode resonators leads to a broad set of applications for performing analog quantum simulation, implementing dense quantum memory, and generating multimode entangled states between physically distant qubits. Microwave resonators in cQED are typically formed from distributed transmission lines that exhibit conventional dispersion with harmonic mode spacing; in such systems, usually only a single resonant mode can be strongly coupled to a qubit. Superconducting metamaterial resonators comprised of lumped circuit elements can be designed …
Investigating Holography Using Classical And Quantum Simulations, Goksu Can Toga
Investigating Holography Using Classical And Quantum Simulations, Goksu Can Toga
Dissertations - ALL
In this thesis, we aim to develop classical and quantum simulations to test holography. Holography can be thought of in its most basic form as a duality that relates a d + 1 dimensional theory to a d dimensional one and the most famous holographic correspondence is the AdS/CFT duality where d + 1 dimensional weakly coupled gravity theory is related to a d dimensional CFT. We start by developing lattice simulations for the N = 4 super Yang-Mills model and explore an improved supersymmetric lattice action showing that it is free of the lattice artifacts that plagued earlier lattice …
Overcoming Controls And Noise Challenges For High Power Interferometric Gravitational-Wave Detectors, Elenna Capote
Overcoming Controls And Noise Challenges For High Power Interferometric Gravitational-Wave Detectors, Elenna Capote
Dissertations - ALL
In August 2017, the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors made the first coincident detection of gravitational waves from a binary neutron star merger, GW170817. This multi-messenger detection, measured with both gravitational wave detectors and electromagnetic telescopes, emphasized the ability of ground-based gravitational-wave detectors to make exciting astrophysical discoveries that revolutionize understanding of the universe. In this new era of gravitational-wave astronomy, high detector sensitivity and reliable operation are required to enable more of these exciting detections. Ground-based gravitational-wave observatories are generally limited in sensitivity at low frequency by technical noise, at mid frequency by coating thermal noise, and at …
Vimentin Takes A Hike – Emerging Roles Of Extracellular Vimentin In Cancer And Wound Healing, Sepideh Parvanian, Leila S. Coelho-Rato, Alison E. Patteson, John E. Eriksson
Vimentin Takes A Hike – Emerging Roles Of Extracellular Vimentin In Cancer And Wound Healing, Sepideh Parvanian, Leila S. Coelho-Rato, Alison E. Patteson, John E. Eriksson
Physics - All Scholarship
Vimentin is a cytoskeletal protein important for many cellular processes, including proliferation, migration, invasion, stress resistance, signaling, and many more. The vimentin-deficient mouse has revealed many of these functions as it has numerous severe phenotypes, many of which are found only following a suitable challenge or stress. While these functions are usually related to vimentin as a major intracellular protein, vimentin is also emerging as an extracellular protein, exposed at the cell surface in an oligomeric form or secreted to the extracellular environment in soluble and vesicle-bound forms. Thus, this review explores the roles of the extracellular pool of vimentin …
The Molecular Biophysics Of Extracellular Vimentin And Its Role In Pathogen–Host Interactions, Sepideh Parvanian, Leila S. Coelho-Rato, John E. Eriksson, Alison E. Patteson
The Molecular Biophysics Of Extracellular Vimentin And Its Role In Pathogen–Host Interactions, Sepideh Parvanian, Leila S. Coelho-Rato, John E. Eriksson, Alison E. Patteson
Physics - All Scholarship
Vimentin, an intermediate filament protein typically located in the cytoplasm of mesenchymal cells, can also be secreted as an extracellular protein. The organization of extracellular vimentin strongly determines its functions in physiological and pathological conditions, making it a promising target for future therapeutic interventions. The extracellular form of vimentin has been found to play a role in the interaction between host cells and pathogens. In this review, we first discuss the molecular biophysics of extracellular vimentin, including its structure, secretion, and adhesion properties. We then provide a general overview of the role of extracellular vimentin in mediating pathogen-host interactions, with …
Antibacterial And Cytocompatible Ph-Responsive Peptide Hydrogel, Dona I. Edirisinghe, Areetha D'Souza, Maryam Ramezani, Robert J. Carroll, Quenten Chicón, Cheyene L. Muenzel, Jonathan Soule, Mary B. Monroe, Alison E. Patteson, Olga V. Makhlynets
Antibacterial And Cytocompatible Ph-Responsive Peptide Hydrogel, Dona I. Edirisinghe, Areetha D'Souza, Maryam Ramezani, Robert J. Carroll, Quenten Chicón, Cheyene L. Muenzel, Jonathan Soule, Mary B. Monroe, Alison E. Patteson, Olga V. Makhlynets
Physics - All Scholarship
A short peptide, FHHF-11, was designed to change stiffness as a function of pH due to changing degree of protonation of histidines. As pH changes in the physiologically relevant range, G′ was measured at 0 Pa (pH 6) and 50,000 Pa (pH 8). This peptide-based hydrogel is antimicrobial and cytocompatible with skin cells (fibroblasts). It was demonstrated that the incorporation of unnatural AzAla tryptophan analog residue improves the antimicrobial properties of the hydrogel. The material developed can have a practical application and be a paradigm shift in the approach to wound treatment, and it will improve healing outcomes for millions …
Mechanobiology As A Tool For Addressing The Genotype-To- Phenotype Problem In Microbiology, Merrill E. Asp, Minh-Tri Ho Thanh, Subarna Dutta, Jessica A. Comstock, Roy D. Welch, Alison E. Patteson
Mechanobiology As A Tool For Addressing The Genotype-To- Phenotype Problem In Microbiology, Merrill E. Asp, Minh-Tri Ho Thanh, Subarna Dutta, Jessica A. Comstock, Roy D. Welch, Alison E. Patteson
Physics - All Scholarship
The central hypothesis of the genotype–phenotype relationship is that the phenotype of a developing organism (i.e., its set of observable attributes) depends on its genome and the environment. However, as we learn more about the genetics and biochemistry of living systems, our understanding does not fully extend to the complex multiscale nature of how cells move, interact, and organize; this gap in understanding is referred to as the genotype-to-phenotype problem. The physics of soft matter sets the background on which living organisms evolved, and the cell environment is a strong determinant of cell phenotype. This inevitably leads to challenges as …
Observation Of The Ξ_B^-→Λ_B^0 Π^- Decay And Measurement Of B(Ξ_B^-→Λ_B^0 Π^-), Zhuoming Li
Observation Of The Ξ_B^-→Λ_B^0 Π^- Decay And Measurement Of B(Ξ_B^-→Λ_B^0 Π^-), Zhuoming Li
Dissertations - ALL
We present the first observation of the weak decay Ξ−b → Λ0b π−, which is mediated by an s → u ̄ud transitionwithin the Ξ_b^- baryon. The analysis uses a pp collision data sample at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV corresponding to 5.5 fb^(−1) of integrated luminosity. The sample of Λb0 baryons used in this analysis are reconstructed through their decays to Λ+c π− and Λ+c π−π+π−. From a fit to the Ξ−b → Λ0b π− mass spectrum, the Ξ−b → Λ0b π− decay is observed with a significance of 11.3 standard deviations, thus establishing observation of this decay. …