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Articles 1 - 30 of 213
Full-Text Articles in Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology
A Multi-Century Reconstruction Of Sea Surface Temperature, Salinity, And Density From A Northern Red Sea Coral., Daliza Nanette Rivera-Matos
A Multi-Century Reconstruction Of Sea Surface Temperature, Salinity, And Density From A Northern Red Sea Coral., Daliza Nanette Rivera-Matos
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
The Red Sea Outflow Water (RSOW), an intermediate water mass formed in the northern Red Sea, is a primary Red Sea water circulation process. Understanding these water circulation processes gives us an insight into this region's climate dynamics. The intermediate water formation is one of the main processes of the water circulation in the northern Red Sea and feeds the Indian Ocean with saltier and colder water. Despite understanding the RSWO's association with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), its historical response to this climate mode remains unclear. There has not been a long-term record to analyze the relationship between the …
Understanding Variations And Trends In Convection Over The Congo Basin From A Diurnal Perspective, Kathrin Alber
Understanding Variations And Trends In Convection Over The Congo Basin From A Diurnal Perspective, Kathrin Alber
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Tropical rainforests regulate global and regional climate systems and play a vital role in the world’s water and carbon cycles. The Congo Basin, situated in central equatorial Africa, is home to the second largest rainforest on the planet and is one of the most convective regions in the world. Recent studies indicate that a large-scale and long-term drying trend, characterized by an increase in dry season length, a decrease in forest greenness, and a decrease in precipitation, has been stressing the region since the 1980’s. Despite the alarming drying trend and the Congo’s important role in the planetary circulation and …
The Impact Of Wildfire Activities On Air Quality And Solar Energy In New York And California, Chin-An Lin
The Impact Of Wildfire Activities On Air Quality And Solar Energy In New York And California, Chin-An Lin
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
An increasing trend of wildfire activity over North America over the past decades has been observed. Elevated surface fine mode particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration and reduction of solar radiation during the smoke episodes have been widely reported. Given that the intensity and frequency of wildfires are expected to increase under changing climate, the impact of smoke aerosols on air quality and solar energy could become more significant. This study aims to characterize the transport of smoke aerosols and quantify their impact on local air quality and solar energy over New York (NY) and California (CA) States. A multi-year analysis of …
The Role Of Climate Feedbacks, Poleward Energy Transport, And Clouds In Causing Arctic Amplification And Their Link To Sea-Ice Loss, Matthew Todd Jenkins
The Role Of Climate Feedbacks, Poleward Energy Transport, And Clouds In Causing Arctic Amplification And Their Link To Sea-Ice Loss, Matthew Todd Jenkins
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Arctic amplification (AA) refers to larger warming in the Northern high latitudes than the rest of the world under increased greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations. Many processes have been suggested to influence AA such as sea-ice loss, positive climate feedbacks, enhanced downwelling longwave (LW) radiation from increased water vapor and cloud cover, or enhanced poleward energy transport. However, many of these processes are coupled with each other and with Arctic warming, making it difficult to separate and quantify their individual contributions to Arctic warming and AA. This dissertation focuses on the roles of sea-ice loss, climate feedbacks, cloud property changes, and …
Diurnal To Seasonal Hurricane Variability And Predictability, Jeremiah Otero Piersante
Diurnal To Seasonal Hurricane Variability And Predictability, Jeremiah Otero Piersante
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Prediction of tropical cyclone (TC) impact extends across a range of forecast lead times. At shorter timescales, radially outward-propagating, diurnal pulses in TCs are associated with TC intensity and structure changes. At weekly periods, synoptic-scale Rossby waves influence the direction of TC tracks. At seasonal timescales, climate modes affect the overall (in)favorability of TC activity. The research shown in this dissertation seeks to improve the understanding and predictability of TC variability across these scales using numerical weather prediction, reanalysis fields, and storm track observations.Diurnal pulses associated with cloud-top cooling, so-called cooling pulses (CPs), pose a risk for hazardous weather because …
Examining The Performance Of The High-Resolution Rapid Refresh Model During Clear, Isolated, And Widespread Convective Days In The New York State Capital Region, Rachel A. Eldridge
Examining The Performance Of The High-Resolution Rapid Refresh Model During Clear, Isolated, And Widespread Convective Days In The New York State Capital Region, Rachel A. Eldridge
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Forecasting can be more challenging in areas of complex terrain, such as in and around the valleys and mountains of Upstate New York. Biases in numerical weather prediction models, related to the lack of resolution of the terrain and errors in physical parameterizations, can affect forecasts. The main goal of this research is to assess biases in the High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) model that could contribute to deficiencies in forecasts for days with and without convection. We investigate how the HRRR model performed in the New York Capital Region for 4 clear days, 4 isolated convective days, and 4 widespread …
The Role Of Atmospheric And Oceanic Feedbacks In Orbital And Millennial Timescale Variability Of The Coupled Climate-Carbon System, Fangze Zhu
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
An intriguing mechanism of the Pleistocene glacial-interglacial cycles is the phase locking of internal climate oscillations to external forcings, suggesting the leading role of the natural climate variability in the past climate changes on orbital timescales. Similarly, the millennial-scale variability over the last glacial period may be attributed to unforced climate dynamics. One of the central themes of the climate sciences is to acquire a fundamental understanding of climate feedbacks over a broad range of timescales. The main objective of this thesis is to identify the characteristic natural variability in a fully coupled climate-carbon model from orbital to millennial timescales, …
An Investigation Into Past And Future Freezing Level Height And Equilibrium Line Altitude In The Tropical Andes Using Cmip6, Shelby Turner
An Investigation Into Past And Future Freezing Level Height And Equilibrium Line Altitude In The Tropical Andes Using Cmip6, Shelby Turner
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
The freezing level height (FLH) in the tropical Andes has increased over the past several decades, as is evident with the receding of alpine glaciers in this region. The accuracy of Global Climate Models (GCMs)—specifically previous generations of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP)—in this region remains an issue, as the complex terrain and climate characteristics are difficult to simulate realistically. The changes seen in these tropical alpine glaciers in the past few decades are a clear indicator of the effects climate change is having in this tropical mountain region, making it important to better understand current and projected future …
Characterizing And Understanding Orographic Precipitation Over The Mountains Of Extratropical South America, Yazmina Rojas Beltran
Characterizing And Understanding Orographic Precipitation Over The Mountains Of Extratropical South America, Yazmina Rojas Beltran
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Extratropical South-America (30-40°S) varies significantly in topography, including a coastal mountain range with elevation from 700-1300 m, a central valley, and the Andes, with elevation from 1000-2500 m on the western side of the continent. The topography of the area can disrupt frontal systems approaching from the Pacific Ocean, leading to enhanced orographic precipitation over the windward slope of the Andes and a sharp rain shadow, with less precipitation in the leeside. These phenomena are also observed over the coastal mountains of south-central Chile. The main goals of this study are to characterize and understand orographic precipitation and rain shadow …
An Analysis Of The Predictability Of The February 2021 Cold Air Outbreak At S2s Timescales, Grace Dines
An Analysis Of The Predictability Of The February 2021 Cold Air Outbreak At S2s Timescales, Grace Dines
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
The February 2021 cold air outbreak (CAO) brought long-lasting, freezing temperatures and extreme winter weather to the United States and Canada. The event resulted in major societal and economic impacts, including millions of power outages, hundreds of fatalities, and approximately $25 billion in losses. This thesis first analyzes the synoptic evolution of this CAO in order to explain how Arctic air arrived and stalled over central North America. Given the synoptic context, the analysis next considers the subseasonal-to-seasonal (S2S) predictability of this CAO by examining S2S ensemble model predictions from both high-top and low-top models. The S2S predictability analysis is …
An Assessment Of Coastal Impacts To The Natural And Built Assets Of The New York State Office Of Parks, Recreation And Historic Preservation, Kelsey Ruffino
An Assessment Of Coastal Impacts To The Natural And Built Assets Of The New York State Office Of Parks, Recreation And Historic Preservation, Kelsey Ruffino
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Climate change is expected to cause an increase in heavy precipitation events, flooding, and sea level rise in New York State, which will have significant impacts on coastal areas. Almost half of New York's state parks and historic sites, which are managed by the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation (OPRHP), are located in major coastal areas, including the Atlantic Ocean, Hudson River, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario. As the effects of climate change become more pronounced in these areas, a selection of OPRHP’s infrastructure and natural, cultural, and historic resources will be at risk. To …
An Evaluation Of High-Resolution Model Simulations Of Orographic Precipitation, Snowpack, Atmospheric Rivers, And Their Climate Sensitivities In The Southern Andes, Erin Potter
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Orographic precipitation and snowpack are important for water resources and hydrometeorological hazards in the Andes Mountain range. As the climate warms, South American atmospheric rivers (ARs) are expected to increase in frequency and intensity, leading to increased orographic precipitation. Improved understanding of orographic precipitation and snowpack, and their association with ARs, in a warming climate is needed to provide a foundation for understanding future hydroclimate change over the Andes. The goal of this research is to evaluate how well variations in high-resolution regional climate simulations over the southern Andes (30-55°S), agree with observations of (1) orographic precipitation and (2) snowpack …
Scenario Planning In A Post-Pandemic World: Karner Blue Butterfly And The Albany Pine Bush, Senia Quevedo
Scenario Planning In A Post-Pandemic World: Karner Blue Butterfly And The Albany Pine Bush, Senia Quevedo
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
This study outlines four future scenarios for the Karner blue butterfly and the Albany PineBush in a post-pandemic world. Management changes and modifications are becoming more necessary due to the changing climate conditions and habitat loss. The COVID-19 pandemic has changed certain conditions that affect the Karner blue butterfly and its habitats, such as noise and air pollution, increased outdoor recreation, and pausing development along the pine bush borders. A scenario planning model was used to better understand how policy and lockdown restrictions being lifted will affect the Karner blue butterfly population after the Albany Pine Bush surveyed a record-high …
The Development Of A Statistical Postprocessing Algorithm By Two-Step Space-Time Eof Analysis, William David Stikeleather
The Development Of A Statistical Postprocessing Algorithm By Two-Step Space-Time Eof Analysis, William David Stikeleather
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Model prediction for extended range forecasts is fraught with shortcomings that generate forecast error and decrease skill. Biases in Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models generate patterns of error that grow larger with time. These inherent biases systematically alter the modeled positioning of atmospheric features that emerge as synoptic or subseasonal error. While individual weather events and anomalous patterns will generate model noise, it is computationally possible to separate the signal behind this error from noise. For 200 hPa Geopotential Height (Z200), systematic biases in model forecasts often manifest themselves as errors in atmospheric wave patterns in the high latitudes, including …
Using Stochastic Physics Perturbations In Ensemble Forecasts To Investigate Predictability Of Mesoscale Winter Precipitation Events, William Massey Bartolini
Using Stochastic Physics Perturbations In Ensemble Forecasts To Investigate Predictability Of Mesoscale Winter Precipitation Events, William Massey Bartolini
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Accurate winter precipitation forecasts are difficult due to factors influencing precipitation amounts and precipitation types including numerical weather prediction biases. In particular, large forecast errors can arise due to uncertainties in parameterized processes, especially those related to microphysics and turbulence. Many winter weather impacts are due to mesoscale precipitation features that are better represented in convection-permitting model forecasts. One way to account for model physics uncertainty is to design convection-permitting ensembles using stochastic physics methods. For example, stochastic parameter perturbation (SPP) varies parameters within individual schemes. SPP methods can be combined with varied initial and boundary conditions (ICs/BCs) to represent …
Enhancing The Impact Of Infrared Satellite Observations On Data Assimilation Through Aerosol-Aware Framework, Shih-Wei Wei
Enhancing The Impact Of Infrared Satellite Observations On Data Assimilation Through Aerosol-Aware Framework, Shih-Wei Wei
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Aerosol radiative effects, both direct and indirect, have been extensively studied in climate projection and numerical weather prediction. However, the aerosol impacts on radiance in the context of data assimilation (DA) have received less research attention. In modern DA systems, thermal infrared (IR) radiance observations have been extensively assimilated since the mid-1990s. Prior studies have shown pronounced reduction of brightness temperature (BT) at the IR window region due to the presence of aerosols. Despite its effects on IR radiance, aerosol information is not considered in most DA systems.Without considering the aerosol impacts on radiance, the representation errors arise from the …
The Impacts Of Atlantic And Pacific Sea Surface Temperature Variability On South American And Arctic Climate, Zhaoxiangrui He
The Impacts Of Atlantic And Pacific Sea Surface Temperature Variability On South American And Arctic Climate, Zhaoxiangrui He
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Atlantic and Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) variations mainly include El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on interannual timescales and Pacific multidecadal variability (PMV) and Atlantic multidecadal variability (AMV) on decadal-interdecadal timescales. Understanding their impacts on South American and Arctic climate is crucial for studying climate variability and helpful to constrain climate model projections for these regions on multidecadal timescales. Prior studies focused mainly on their impacts on global climate, but multidecadal impacts on South American climate are poorly understood due to the lack of long observational records. Furthermore, earlier research investigated primarily the isolated impacts on global climate from the Atlantic …
Assimilating New York State Mesonet Observations For A Summertime Convective Event, Hsiao-Chun Lin
Assimilating New York State Mesonet Observations For A Summertime Convective Event, Hsiao-Chun Lin
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
In New York State (NYS), the prediction of high-impact severe weather event has presented a challenging forecasting problem. The NYS Mesonet (NYSM) has the potential to improve the severe weather forecasting through its continuous in situ and remote sensing measurements on the lower troposphere. The dense observing network can capture the evolution of mesoscale motions with high temporal and spatial resolution. The objectives of this dissertation are (1) to assess whether the assimilation of NYSM observations into numerical weather prediction models could improve model analysis and short-term weather forecasting, and (2) to figure out the important key factor and physical …
Understanding Precipitation Dynamics Of Southern China Through Isotope Analysis Of Lake Yilong Sediments And Other Regional Records, Angelena N. Campisi
Understanding Precipitation Dynamics Of Southern China Through Isotope Analysis Of Lake Yilong Sediments And Other Regional Records, Angelena N. Campisi
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
The delivery of monsoonal precipitation in the face of climate change is a growing concern, especially within regions with high population density and a corresponding demand for freshwater resources. Within these regions, the monsoon season can deliver more than half of the annual freshwater for the area. Regional climate dynamics controlling these precipitation patterns within the Holocene (11.7 kyr BP−present) are poorly understood and difficult to differentiate within a single climate proxy from a single site. However, by cross referencing different proxies within a given region we can begin to discern general trends in precipitation dynamics on centennial and multi−centennial …
The Effects Of Ep And Cp Enso Phases During Different Seasons On The First Four Dominant Modes Of The Mjo, Suphanat Maneesai
The Effects Of Ep And Cp Enso Phases During Different Seasons On The First Four Dominant Modes Of The Mjo, Suphanat Maneesai
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an interannual climate mode that is dominant in tropical Pacific and affects regional and global weather and climate. Some may categorize ENSO into two types – eastern Pacific ENSO (EP ENSO) and central Pacific ENSO (CP ENSO). Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) is the most dominant intraseasonal mode in the tropics that impacts regional and global weather. Previous studies have established relationships between ENSO and MJO. An empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis was performed to retrieve the principal components (PCs), instead of filtering atmospheric data, to approximately trace the MJO to analyze its relationship with ENSO. An …
The Simulated Sensitivity Of The North American Monsoon At Convection-Permitting Scales, Brendan Wallace
The Simulated Sensitivity Of The North American Monsoon At Convection-Permitting Scales, Brendan Wallace
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
The North American Monsoon (NAM) is a major contributor to annual rainfall for large portions of the North American Southwest. Much of the prior work examining the NAM using numerical models has been done at scales exceeding 20-km grid spacing. At these coarse scales, unresolved processes and poorly resolved geographic features can impact model performance. This can present a problem when simulating the NAM particularly with regard to orographic precipitation, precipitation on sub-daily timescales, and land surface-atmosphere interactions. This dissertation seeks to better understand the NAM through examination of several sets of convection-permitting regional climate model output. The primary goal …
Comparison Of 2018-2021 Tropical Cyclone Track Forecasts Before And After Noaa G-Iv Missions, Melissa Piper
Comparison Of 2018-2021 Tropical Cyclone Track Forecasts Before And After Noaa G-Iv Missions, Melissa Piper
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Tropical cyclone (TC) hazards are primarily dictated by the TC position; thus, it is important to produce accurate TC track forecasts. Many different features can influence a TC’s motion, yet these features are not always well sampled by in-situ observations over the open ocean, creating a need for supplemental observation collected via aircraft, including the deployment of dropsondes. In 1997, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) began operational synoptic surveillance missions in the near-storm environments of TCs using the Gulfstream IV-SP jet aircraft (G-IV), with the goal of reducing track forecast errors. In the first 10 years of operational missions, the …
Large-Scale Flow Patterns Conducive To Central American Extreme Precipitation Events During Autumn, Alexander Kyle Mitchell
Large-Scale Flow Patterns Conducive To Central American Extreme Precipitation Events During Autumn, Alexander Kyle Mitchell
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Extreme precipitation events (EPEs), characterized by daily widespread heavy rainfall exceeding the 95th percentile across Central America, can have large impacts on agriculture, life, and property during the rainy season. EPEs during the Northern Hemisphere (NH) autumn, however, have been observed to be influenced by both tropical and extratropical originating phenomena such as easterly waves and cold surges, respectively. Given the limited research in this area, the novelty of this work is to apply a systematic approach for identifying and better understanding EPEs, and investigating their associated synoptic-scale variability using daily high-resolution observations and reanalysis products over Central America. An …
A Composite Analysis Of Summer Afternoon Heavy Precipitation Events In The Taipei Basin Under Weak Synoptic Forcing And Pm2.5 Changes, Cidny Ramirez Martinez
A Composite Analysis Of Summer Afternoon Heavy Precipitation Events In The Taipei Basin Under Weak Synoptic Forcing And Pm2.5 Changes, Cidny Ramirez Martinez
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Taipei, Taiwan is a city affected by various types of precipitation. However, one of the most impactful short-term sources of precipitation is afternoon thunderstorms. Understanding the trends of these afternoon thunderstorms and the extent to which PM2.5 impacts precipitation totals is imperative for improving forecasting and developing urban infrastructure that can deal with said totals.
Probabilistic Forecasting Of Winter Mixed Precipitation Types In New York State Utilizing A Random Forest, Brian Chandler Filipiak
Probabilistic Forecasting Of Winter Mixed Precipitation Types In New York State Utilizing A Random Forest, Brian Chandler Filipiak
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Operational forecasters face a plethora of challenges when making a forecast; they must consider multiple data sources ranging from radar and satellites to surface and upper air observations, to numerical weather prediction output. Forecasts must be done in a limited window of time, which adds an additional layer of difficulty to the task. These challenges are exacerbated by winter mixed precipitation events where slight differences in thermodynamic profiles or changes in terrain create different precipitation types across small areas. In addition to being difficult to forecast, mixed precipitation events can have large-scale impacts on our society.
Examining The Impact Of Stratospheric Vortex Variability On Us Surface Temperature, Elena M. Fernandez
Examining The Impact Of Stratospheric Vortex Variability On Us Surface Temperature, Elena M. Fernandez
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Variability in high-latitude stratospheric flow, including major sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) or strong polar vortex events, can modulate tropospheric circulation and have meteorological implications on surface temperature and weather. The largest tropospheric impacts from Northern Hemisphere stratospheric variability – and the regions of focus in the literature – are observed in the North Atlantic, Europe and Asia. Impacts on North America occur but have received less research attention. The goal of this thesis research is to identify and quantify the relationship between high-latitude stratospheric variability and North American wintertime temperature.Using the ERA-Interim and ERA-5 reanalysis for the period of 1999/2000–2018/19, …
A Comparative Analysis Of The Impact Of Low-Level Jets And Atmospheric Rivers In The Central U.S, Nabindra Gyawali
A Comparative Analysis Of The Impact Of Low-Level Jets And Atmospheric Rivers In The Central U.S, Nabindra Gyawali
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Atmospheric Rivers (AR) are the primary source of poleward moisture transport globally. In theUnited States, much recent attention has been placed on Pacific Coast ARs which occur between December and March. However, the central US is also substantially impacted by warm-season AR. An open question is whether these warm-season ARs are synonymous with Great Plains low-level jets (LLJs) that have long served as a focal point of mesoscale atmospheric research. In this study, we perform a comparative analysis of ARs and LLJs in the central U.S using ECMWF’s climate-quality reanalysis of the 20th century, CERA-20C. The aim is to identify …
Changes In Large-Scale Extreme Precipitation In Over Taiwan And The Northeast United States : Past And Future, Lexi Henny
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Large-scale extreme precipitation over (1) the mid-Atlantic and Northeast United States and (2) Taiwan is attributed to weather types such as atmospheric river (AR), TC, and extreme integrated vapor transport (IVT). Statistically significant increases in season-total EP day precipitation are seen at many GHCN stations in winter, summer, and fall in the mid-Atlantic and Northeast region, and at certain high-elevation grid points in Taiwan Mei-yu season. During the cold season of winter and spring, the U.S.-based changes come from AR-associated EP days and are associated with strengthened southwesterly winds and IVT either within EP days, in the season mean, or …
Long-Term Trends And Variability Of Pm₂.₅ Mass, Chemical Components, And Sources Over Nys, Hesham Abdelmonem Hassan
Long-Term Trends And Variability Of Pm₂.₅ Mass, Chemical Components, And Sources Over Nys, Hesham Abdelmonem Hassan
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Eighteen years of ambient PM2.5 mass and major components are used in this study to harmonize the carbonaceous fraction of PM2.5 data, and to examine long-term trends and seasonal variability changes. The major decreasing trend of PM2.5 mass and major inorganic ions reflects the ambient concentration response to clean air regulations and policies.Although elemental carbon shows a decreasing trend in agreement with most other PM2.5 components, organic carbon shows a different behavior of no-trend to slightly increasing trend in some sites. Organic carbon behavior indicates the growing role of non-combustion sources at the expense of decreasing combustion sources. Seasonal trends …
Dynamic Impacts Of Hadley Circulation On Saharan Desert Warming Amplification, Alejandro Manuel Ayala
Dynamic Impacts Of Hadley Circulation On Saharan Desert Warming Amplification, Alejandro Manuel Ayala
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Changes in temperature due to climate change are not spatially uniform, and deserts and other drylands, which are greatly underrepresented in climate studies, are warming at a much faster rate than much of the globe with increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases. This strong warming amplification over deserts, termed Desert Amplification (DA), is most pronounced over the world’s largest and driest Sahara Desert and the Arabian Peninsula. The Sahara and Arabian deserts are formed in the subtropical subsiding branch of the Hadley Circulation (HC) and so the changes in large-scale subsidence associated with adiabatic heating could impact the DA dynamically. While …