Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Environmental Monitoring (109)
- Earth Sciences (99)
- Environmental Indicators and Impact Assessment (94)
- Hydrology (89)
- Life Sciences (85)
-
- Natural Resource Economics (73)
- Other Environmental Sciences (60)
- Agriculture (59)
- Natural Resources and Conservation (56)
- Agricultural Economics (53)
- Natural Resources Management and Policy (53)
- Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology (50)
- Engineering (33)
- Fresh Water Studies (33)
- Sustainability (29)
- Law (27)
- Environmental Health and Protection (26)
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (26)
- Civil and Environmental Engineering (25)
- Climate (25)
- Environmental Law (23)
- Water Law (23)
- Natural Resources Law (21)
- Animal Sciences (18)
- Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration (16)
- Aquaculture and Fisheries (15)
- Indigenous, Indian, and Aboriginal Law (14)
- Institution
-
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln (100)
- Portland State University (14)
- University of Colorado Law School (12)
- University of Arkansas, Fayetteville (11)
- University of New Mexico (11)
-
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas (9)
- University of South Florida (9)
- Edith Cowan University (6)
- University of Central Florida (6)
- SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad (5)
- Purdue University (4)
- University of Kentucky (4)
- University of North Dakota (4)
- California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo (3)
- Michigan Technological University (3)
- University of Northern Iowa (3)
- Utah State University (3)
- Bemidji State University (2)
- Center for the Blue Economy (2)
- Central Washington University (2)
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Western Australia (2)
- Old Dominion University (2)
- University of Southern Maine (2)
- University of Texas at El Paso (2)
- Western Kentucky University (2)
- William & Mary Law School (2)
- Aga Khan University (1)
- Boise State University (1)
- Bridgewater State University (1)
- Claremont Colleges (1)
- Keyword
-
- Water (16)
- United States (9)
- Climate change (8)
- Drought (6)
- Biological sciences (5)
-
- Climate (5)
- Uncertainty (5)
- Aquatic ecology -- Research -- United States (4)
- Colorado (4)
- Hydraulic fracturing (4)
- Irrigation (4)
- Water quality (4)
- Water treatment (4)
- Agriculture (3)
- Arkansas (3)
- Carbon (3)
- Climatic changes (3)
- Earth sciences (3)
- Environmental monitoring -- Pacific Northwest (3)
- Groundwater (3)
- Invasive species (3)
- Land use (3)
- Soil (3)
- Sustainability (3)
- Water management (3)
- Water rights (3)
- Water supply (3)
- West (3)
- Applied sciences (2)
- Aquatic ecology (2)
- Publication
-
- United States Agricultural Commodities in Drought Archive (53)
- Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit: Staff Publications (11)
- Water Matters! (11)
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations (7)
- Graduate Theses and Dissertations (7)
-
- UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones (6)
- USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations (6)
- United States Geological Survey: Water Reports and Publications (6)
- Dissertations and Theses (5)
- High Plains Regional Climate Center: Staff Publications (5)
- National Drought Mitigation Center: Faculty Publications (5)
- Center for Lakes and Reservoirs Publications and Presentations (4)
- DroughtScape: Quarterly Newsletter of the National Drought Mitigation Center (2007–2023) (4)
- EERC Brochures and Fact Sheets (4)
- Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection (4)
- Water Current Newsletter (4)
- Water, Climate and Uncertainty: Implications for Western Water Law, Policy, and Management (Summer Conference, June 11-13) (4)
- College of Engineering: Graduate Celebration Programs (3)
- Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports - Open (3)
- Research outputs 2013 (3)
- School of Natural Resources: Faculty Publications (3)
- Theses: Doctorates and Masters (3)
- All Master's Theses (2)
- Arkansas Water Resources Center Technical Reports (2)
- Books, Reports, and Studies (2)
- Dissertations and Theses @ UNI (2)
- Institute for Natural Resources Publications (2)
- Journal of Earth and Life Science (2)
- Natural Resources Management and Environmental Sciences (2)
- Nebraska Department of Environmental Quality: Reports (2)
- Publication Type
Articles 91 - 120 of 246
Full-Text Articles in Water Resource Management
U.S. Drought Monitor, May 14, 2013, Rich Tinker
U.S. Drought Monitor, May 14, 2013, Rich Tinker
United States Agricultural Commodities in Drought Archive
Drought map of U.S. for May 14, 2013 (5/14/13) plus: U.S. crop areas experiencing drought (map), Approximate percentage of crop located in drought, by state (bar graph), Percent of crop area located in drought, past 52 weeks (line graph) for: Corn, Soybeans, Hay, Cattle, Winter wheat.
U.S. Drought Monitor, May 7, 2013, David Miskus
U.S. Drought Monitor, May 7, 2013, David Miskus
United States Agricultural Commodities in Drought Archive
Drought map of U.S. for May 7, 2013 (5/7/13) plus: U.S. crop areas experiencing drought (map), Approximate percentage of crop located in drought, by state (bar graph), Percent of crop area located in drought, past 52 weeks (line graph) for: Corn, Soybeans, Hay, Cattle, Winter wheat.
Portland-Vancouver Ultra-Ex: Evaluating Relationships Between Governance And Environmental Quality In Urban Ecosystems, J. Alan Yeakley, Sally Duncan, Steve Bollens, Connie P. Ozawa, Vivek Shandas, Heejun Chang, Marion Dresner, Sean N. Gordon, John A. Harrison, Jeffrey D. Kline, Anita T. Morzillo, Noelwah R. Netusil, Gretchen Rollwagen-Bollens, Mark Stephan, Paul R. Thiers
Portland-Vancouver Ultra-Ex: Evaluating Relationships Between Governance And Environmental Quality In Urban Ecosystems, J. Alan Yeakley, Sally Duncan, Steve Bollens, Connie P. Ozawa, Vivek Shandas, Heejun Chang, Marion Dresner, Sean N. Gordon, John A. Harrison, Jeffrey D. Kline, Anita T. Morzillo, Noelwah R. Netusil, Gretchen Rollwagen-Bollens, Mark Stephan, Paul R. Thiers
Environmental Science and Management Faculty Publications and Presentations
The Portland-Vancouver Urban Long Term Research Area (ULTRA-Ex) is a multidisciplinary project aimed at understanding the feedbacks between human and natural systems in urban settings. The ULTRA-Ex project is seeking to answer the overarching question: How do human governance and biophysical systems respond interactively to both press and pulse disturbances in urban socio-ecological systems?
This presentation provides early observations and findings from the PV ULTRA-Ex project.
Ecological Design In The Ozarks - Workshop And Lake Frances Charrette, Steven D. Patterson, Brian E. Haggard, Mark E. Boyer
Ecological Design In The Ozarks - Workshop And Lake Frances Charrette, Steven D. Patterson, Brian E. Haggard, Mark E. Boyer
Arkansas Water Resources Center Technical Reports
No abstract provided.
The Evaluation Of Water Storage In Death Valley Using Grace Satellite Data, Maile Sweigart
The Evaluation Of Water Storage In Death Valley Using Grace Satellite Data, Maile Sweigart
UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones
As drought conditions spread across the United States, concerns over water supplies, water use, and water management policies are growing and possible contributing environmental factors are continually being scrutinized. This thesis examines Death Valley as an analog for Southern Nevada and utilizes NASA EOS data, combined with ancillary climate data, to assess the effect of decadal climate variability on groundwater storage in the Death Valley area. Historical climate data, combined with satellite imagery observations, were compiled and calculated for analyses. Conclusions derived from statistical analyses infer trends between GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) satellite data and fluctuating levels of …
Fate And Transport Of Fourteen Pharmaceuticals And Personal Care Products In An Irrigated Soil Profile, Lena Wright
Fate And Transport Of Fourteen Pharmaceuticals And Personal Care Products In An Irrigated Soil Profile, Lena Wright
UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones
Use of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) is on the rise and unfortunately, a large percentage passes through the human body. These compounds then find their way into the wastewater stream and into treatment facilities. Only a fraction of these compounds are removed from the stream prior to discharge. An environmentally acceptable alternative to discharging recycled water to rivers, lakes and other bodies of water is to use the water for irrigation of large areas of turfgrass. These PPCPs, of which some may have high mobilities in irrigated soil plant systems, may potentially impact groundwater resources. To determine the …
Soil Moisture Recognition And The Spatial Distribution Of Storm Activity In The Mojave Desert Using High-Resolution Aster And Modis Imagery For Thermophysical Mapping, Russell J. Skuse
UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones
Climate models suggest that the Mojave Desert ecoregion is vulnerable to becoming drier in the future, and as the human population grows and development increases, environmental stresses will likely increase. Determining the spatial distribution and variation of soil moisture on a regional scale is an essential component to climate change, hydrologic, and habitat analyses. Soil permeability and sediment stability are characteristics that have been shown to be measurable from remote sensing observations. The primary objective of this project is to map the mechanical composition of the surface materials in the Mojave Desert ecoregion with implications for soil permeability, sediment stability, …
Floatovoltaics: Quantifying The Benefits Of A Hydro-Solar Power Fusion, Abe Mckay
Floatovoltaics: Quantifying The Benefits Of A Hydro-Solar Power Fusion, Abe Mckay
Pomona Senior Theses
To slow climate change, humans should take immediate and widespread action. One way to slow climate change is by switching to switch to renewable power plants such as solar fields. Recently, pioneering companies have built solar fields on water bodies. This study found that such a pairing of water and solar could increase production efficiency by 8-10% through panel cooling, save millions of liters of water from evaporation, and produce energy with under-utilized space.
A Critical Examination Of The Stormwater Education, Based On Sites Parameters, In Landscape Architecture Departments In The Sec, Brandon Doss
Landscape Architecture Undergraduate Honors Theses
The amount of accessible natural resources is dwindling and water could be the next world crisis. One response to this issue is the creation of methodologies which evaluate sustainability of new land development. A system to address the issues is the Sustainable Sites Initiative. This method was created in 2009 by the American Society of Landscape Architects, the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, and the United States Botanic Garden. Their primary goal was to create a metric for rating development to encourage a more sustainable approach. A piece of this evaluation is water management. Landscape architecture is poised to address …
A Cradle To Farm Gate Life Cycle Analysis Of Water Use In U.S. Pork Production, Eric Boles
A Cradle To Farm Gate Life Cycle Analysis Of Water Use In U.S. Pork Production, Eric Boles
Graduate Theses and Dissertations
The intent of this study was to analyze water use across a range of regions, scales and practices of the U.S. pork industry. A Life Cycle Assessment of water use within the pork supply chain was performed. Cumulative water use was the environmental impact category used in the LCA to evaluate the impacts of pork production processes throughout the pork supply chain. The functional unit for the analysis was the volume of water required to produce one kilogram of swine (live weight) at the farm gate.
A comprehensive literature review was used to design and propagate algorithms for the National …
U.S. Drought Monitor, April 30, 2013, Eric Luebehusen
U.S. Drought Monitor, April 30, 2013, Eric Luebehusen
United States Agricultural Commodities in Drought Archive
Drought map of U.S. for April 30, 2013 (4/30/13) plus: U.S. crop areas experiencing drought (map), Approximate percentage of crop located in drought, by state (bar graph), Percent of crop area located in drought, past 52 weeks (line graph) for: Corn, Soybeans, Hay, Cattle, Winter wheat.
Century Wide Hydrologic Trends And Shifts In Colorado River Basin, Soumya Sagarika, Ajay Kalra, Sajjad Ahmad
Century Wide Hydrologic Trends And Shifts In Colorado River Basin, Soumya Sagarika, Ajay Kalra, Sajjad Ahmad
College of Engineering: Graduate Celebration Programs
To evaluate the long-term trends and step (abrupt change) changes in three hydrologic variables: temperature, precipitation, and streamflow over a century wide time frame in Colorado River Basin.
New N-Nitrosodimethylamine (Ndma) Precursors That React With Ozone: Implications For Water Reuse, Erica Marti, Aleks Pisarenko, Eric Dickenson
New N-Nitrosodimethylamine (Ndma) Precursors That React With Ozone: Implications For Water Reuse, Erica Marti, Aleks Pisarenko, Eric Dickenson
College of Engineering: Graduate Celebration Programs
Ozonation is a promising treatment step for water reuse. Compared to the “gold standard” with reverse osmosis and advanced oxidation, ozone requires less energy and does not result in a waste brine. This makes ozone more cost-effective. However, the formation of nitrosamines may be a significant barrier to the use of ozonation in water reuse applications, particularly for potable reuse.
Owners’ Satisfaction Level With The Use Of Alternative Project Delivery Methods In Water And Wastewater Infrastructures, Pramen Shrestha, Jacimaria R. Batista
Owners’ Satisfaction Level With The Use Of Alternative Project Delivery Methods In Water And Wastewater Infrastructures, Pramen Shrestha, Jacimaria R. Batista
College of Engineering: Graduate Celebration Programs
In 2013, the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Report Card for America’s Infra-structure stated that the US needs up to $1.3 trillion in capital investments to replace the aging water pipes and repair the wastewater infrastructures. It is further believed by the industry that the streamlined approach of alternative project delivery methods, such as Design-Build (DB), and Construction Manager At-Risk (CMAR) helps ensure the economical and timely design and construction of the water and wastewater infrastructures.
U.S. Drought Monitor, April 23, 2013, Eric Luebehusen
U.S. Drought Monitor, April 23, 2013, Eric Luebehusen
United States Agricultural Commodities in Drought Archive
Drought map of U.S. for April 23, 2013 (4/23/13) plus: U.S. crop areas experiencing drought (map), Approximate percentage of crop located in drought, by state (bar graph), Percent of crop area located in drought, past 52 weeks (line graph) for: Corn, Soybeans, Hay, Cattle, Winter wheat.
Effects Of Hru Size On Prms Performance In 30 Western U.S. Basins, Madeline Olena Steele
Effects Of Hru Size On Prms Performance In 30 Western U.S. Basins, Madeline Olena Steele
Dissertations and Theses
Semi-distributed hydrological models are often used for streamflow forecasting, hydrological climate change impact assessments, and other applications. In such models, basins are broken up into hydrologic response units (HRUs), which are assumed to have a relatively homogenous response to precipitation. HRUs are delineated in a variety of ways, and the procedure used may impact model performance. HRU delineation procedures have been researched, but it is still not clear how important these subdivision schemes are or which delineation methods are most effective. To start addressing this knowledge gap, this project investigated whether or not HRU size has a significant effect on …
Statistical Analysis Of Stormwater Device Testing Protocols In Portland, Oregon, Zahra Kavianpour Isfahani
Statistical Analysis Of Stormwater Device Testing Protocols In Portland, Oregon, Zahra Kavianpour Isfahani
Dissertations and Theses
Stormwater treatment is commonly performed with a combination of approaches including the utilization of natural systems and engineered devices. Before using a proprietary treatment instrument it is required to verify its performance and efficiency in reducing different pollution components including the TSS. Different states have developed strategies and regulations for accepting new instruments. In this thesis the stormwater management plan of the City of Portland, Oregon(2008), is analyzed in order to improve the current regulations. These rules apply to new technologies which are proposed by vendors to be used in Portland's stormwater treatment plans. Each requirement which should be met …
U.S. Drought Monitor, April 16, 2013, David Miskus
U.S. Drought Monitor, April 16, 2013, David Miskus
United States Agricultural Commodities in Drought Archive
Drought map of U.S. for April 16, 2013 (4/16/13) plus: U.S. crop areas experiencing drought (map), Approximate percentage of crop located in drought, by state (bar graph), Percent of crop area located in drought, past 52 weeks (line graph) for: Hay, Cattle, Winter wheat.
Examining Rapid Onset Drought Development Using The Thermal Infrared–Based Evaporative Stress Index, Jason A. Otkin, Martha C. Anderson, Christopher Hain, Iliana E. Mladenova, Jeffrey B. Basara, Mark Svoboda
Examining Rapid Onset Drought Development Using The Thermal Infrared–Based Evaporative Stress Index, Jason A. Otkin, Martha C. Anderson, Christopher Hain, Iliana E. Mladenova, Jeffrey B. Basara, Mark Svoboda
National Drought Mitigation Center: Faculty Publications
Reliable indicators of rapid drought onset can help to improve the effectiveness of drought early warning systems. In this study, the evaporative stress index (ESI), which uses remotely sensed thermal infrared imagery to estimate evapotranspiration (ET), is compared to drought classifications in the U.S. Drought Monitor (USDM) and standard precipitation-based drought indicators for several cases of rapid drought development that have occurred across the United States in recent years. Analysis of meteorological time series from the North American Regional Reanalysis indicates that these events are typically characterized by warm air temperature and low cloud cover anomalies, often with high winds …
Agenda: Water, Oil And Gas 101, University Of Colorado Boulder. Getches-Wilkinson Center For Natural Resources, Energy, And The Environment. Intermountain Oil And Gas Bmp Project, Rocky Mountain Land Use Institute, Sturm College Of Law, University Of Denver, Colorado Bar Association Cle, White & Jankowski, Llp
Agenda: Water, Oil And Gas 101, University Of Colorado Boulder. Getches-Wilkinson Center For Natural Resources, Energy, And The Environment. Intermountain Oil And Gas Bmp Project, Rocky Mountain Land Use Institute, Sturm College Of Law, University Of Denver, Colorado Bar Association Cle, White & Jankowski, Llp
Water, Oil and Gas 101 (April 10)
Program co-chairs: Sarah Klahn, Matthew Sura; planning committee: Susan Daggett, Kathryn Mutz.
This full-day program, cosponsored by the Rocky Mountain Land Use Institute (Sturm College of Law, University of Denver), the Colorado Bar Association CLE, and White & Jankowski, LLP, was the first of a 3-part series focusing on water, oil and gas issues of critical interest in Colorado.
The first program provided an overview of the pertinent law and issues generated when the water, oil and gas industries interact; and addressed water quality concerns and the purchasing of water from municipalities for hydraulic fracturing and drilling. Program #2 is …
U.S. Drought Monitor, April 9, 2013, David Miskus
U.S. Drought Monitor, April 9, 2013, David Miskus
United States Agricultural Commodities in Drought Archive
Drought map of U.S. for April 9, 2013 (4/9/13) plus: U.S. crop areas experiencing drought (map), Approximate percentage of crop located in drought, by state (bar graph), Percent of crop area located in drought, past 52 weeks (line graph) for: Hay, Cattle, Winter wheat.
U.S. Drought Monitor, April 2, 2013, Rich Tinker
U.S. Drought Monitor, April 2, 2013, Rich Tinker
United States Agricultural Commodities in Drought Archive
Drought map of U.S. for April 2, 2013 (4/2/13) plus: U.S. crop areas experiencing drought (map), Approximate percentage of crop located in drought, by state (bar graph), Percent of crop area located in drought, past 52 weeks (line graph) for: Hay, Cattle, Winter wheat.
El Agua En Granada / Water In Granada, Spencer Lacy
El Agua En Granada / Water In Granada, Spencer Lacy
Spain: Language, Community, and Social Change
I am a junior in college studying civil engineering with a focus in water resources at the University of Colorado at Boulder. My entire life I have been surrounded with water and rivers. I began kayaking as a toddler in the Colorado rivers and have spent a large part of my life living, playing, exercising, and working in rivers. My grandfather is a civil engineer who owns a water resource company, my father is a civil engineer who designs whitewater kayak courses all over the world, and my older brother recently graduated from CU after studying civil engineering and is …
Testing The Waters: Public Health Lab- Ivo De Carneri’S Safe Water Project Pemba Island, Tanzania, E. Grace Reville
Testing The Waters: Public Health Lab- Ivo De Carneri’S Safe Water Project Pemba Island, Tanzania, E. Grace Reville
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
Access to an improved source of drinking water is becoming increasingly difficult in Tanzania. The Safe Water Project, run through Public Health Lab Ivo de Carneri (PHL-IdC) in Chake-Chake, Pemba, is a water quality analysis and infrastructure project on Pemba island, Tanzania that aims to improve water quality and access through three distinct project phasesinitial assessment and planning, reworking of network infrastructure, and the ongoing sampling for biological and chemical indicators of water quality. This report deals exclusively with the microbial aspect of the third phase of the project, the ongoing sampling and analysis of primary and secondary water resources …
Can The Causeway In The Great Salt Lake Be Used To Manage Salinity, Sarah E. Null, Wayne A. Wurtsbaugh, Craig Miller
Can The Causeway In The Great Salt Lake Be Used To Manage Salinity, Sarah E. Null, Wayne A. Wurtsbaugh, Craig Miller
Watershed Sciences Faculty Publications
No abstract provided.
Water Current, Volume 45, No. 2, Spring 2013
Water Current, Volume 45, No. 2, Spring 2013
Water Current Newsletter
2013 Water and Natural Resources Tour is Two Days in June
October Water Symposium and Water Conference At Lincoln's Cornhusker Hotel
Ray Named Nebraska Water Center Director; Neale Joins DWFI as Director of Research
From the Interim Director: As Spring Semester Ends, Summer and Fall Events Take Shape
Fifth Global Water for Food Conference
Experts: Transforming Scientific Knowledge into Ag Practices, Policy is Essential
UNL Hosts International Water Officials
Nebraska's NRDs: Protecting Natural Resources since 1972
Research Shows Bentonite-Packed Well Annulus Can Prevent Contamination of Confined Aquifers
EPA Finds More Than Half Nation's River and Stream Miles in Poor Condition …
Droughtscape, Spring 2013, National Drought Mitigation Center
Droughtscape, Spring 2013, National Drought Mitigation Center
DroughtScape: Quarterly Newsletter of the National Drought Mitigation Center (2007–2023)
Contents
Director’s report
First quarter climate summary and outlook
Impacts: Crop indemnities set records in 2012; water conflicts escalating
International meeting recommends countries have drought policies
NDMC plays key role in international drought policy meeting
EDEN and VOAD guide helps build community drought capacity
Svoboda, other experts and policymakers focus on food and water security
New Mexico ranching workshop set for May 29 in Socorro
Ranch planning updates: archived webinars, new publications
Tune in to the US Drought Monitor Forum, April 16-18
Archived webinar looks at using drought simulations in planning
CoCoRaHS WxTalk on drought
The Demand For Water, University Of North Dakota. Energy And Environmental Research Center
The Demand For Water, University Of North Dakota. Energy And Environmental Research Center
EERC Brochures and Fact Sheets
Northern Great Plains Water Consortium fact sheet on water use, including regional water issues and water demand. [This item is an outdated or superseded version and retained for historical purposes only. It may no longer reflect current information, policies, or practices.]
Review Of The Negative Influences Of Non-Native Salmonids On Native Fish Species, Kelly C. Turek, Mark A. Pegg, Kevin L. Pope
Review Of The Negative Influences Of Non-Native Salmonids On Native Fish Species, Kelly C. Turek, Mark A. Pegg, Kevin L. Pope
Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit: Staff Publications
Non-native salmonids are often introduced into areas containing species of concern, yet a comprehensive overview of the short- and long-term consequences of these introductions is lacking in the Great Plains. Several authors have suggested that non-native salmonids negatively influence species of concern. The objective of this paper is to review known interactions between non-native salmonids and native fishes, with a focus on native species of concern. After an extensive search of the literature, it appears that in many cases non-native salmonids do negatively influence species of concern (e.g., reduce abundance and alter behavior) via different mechanisms (e.g., predation and competition). …
Measuring And Improving Sustainable Resource Management At Byron Region Community College, Jeremy Betterley
Measuring And Improving Sustainable Resource Management At Byron Region Community College, Jeremy Betterley
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
The purpose of this study is to measure and report on progress made by Byron Region community College in relation to sustainable resource management as well as to observe, identify, and address and areas for improvement by developing recommendations in the categories of energy, waste and water. The college is dedicated in its vision to promote sustainability out of a sense of responsibility to the environment and future generations as well as a desire to train and prepare people for addressing 21st century problems such as climate change, drought, and peak oil. Energy, waste, and water make up a significant …