Water Resource Management Commons^™

Calibration Of Parshall Flumes With Non-Standard Entrance Transitions, Cheng-Lung Chen, Calvin G. Clyde, Min-Shoung Chu, Chi-Yuan Wei

Reports

The 9-ince and 18-inch Parshall flumes with the throat section installed level with the bottom of an incoming pipe were tested. The measured discharges for given flow depths (free flow) or differences in flow depths (submerged flow) were found to deviate quite significantly fromt he computed standard Parshall flume disharges at both low and high flow rates. New empirical formulats have been developed to take such deviations into account. It is noted that values of the coefficients and exponents contained in the new formulas depend on the throat size of the flume and the slope of the incoming pipe. Calibration …

Water Resources Planning To Satisfy Growing Demand In An Urbanizing Agricultural Region, Thomas C. Anderson

Reports

Although it is condeded that an adequate supply of water is essential to economic growth and development, what constitutes an "adequate" supply is often controversial and difficult to determine. The problem can be solved by applying basin economic concepts: determining the value of water be estimating its supply and demand. This report demonstrates one method for doing this. The theory of the demand for irrigation water and its empirical application are discussed. An example problem based on data from one of the sub-regions of the study area (the Jordan River Basin of Utah) is presented to illustrate the method. The …

Analysis Of Water Reuse Alternatives In An Integrated Urban And Agricultural Area, A. Bruce Bishop, David W. Hendricks

Reports

Intoduction

The growing demands on our existing water supplies and the current problems of water shortage emphasize the need for a comprehensive approach to analysis and planning of water reuse. The primary focus, heretofore, has been on the treatment technology for achieving water reuse.

The concept of reuse, however, should be broadened to consider a totally integrated urban and agricultural system. This necessitates a systems analysis where water reuse, together with all other water dispositions, is considered in the context of its contribution to the total water resources pool of a region.

The components of the water resource system are …

Farm Dams In High Rainfall Areas, G C. Brown

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

WATER storage is essential on most south-west farms to ensure adequate irrigation supplies in the dry summers. Government irrigation water supply schemes are limited and most farmers must supply their own water storage.

Land Levelling With Scrapers, K R. Southon

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

A VARIETY of earth-moving equipment can be used in preparing land for flood irrigation, but the best machine for extensive earth moving over some distance is a power-driven, carry-all scraper.

Further Studies Of The Optimum Operation Of Desalting Plants As A Supplemental Source Of Firm Yield, Calvin G. Clyde, Wesley H. Blood

Reports

The Operating Rule Program was developed in an earlier study to furnish a means to determine optimum desalting plant size, optimal operating rule, and costs of operating in conjunction with existing water supply systems, under the present study, five further objectives were accomplished: (1) The program was applied to a New York City water supply system feasibility study in connection with a dual purpose nuclear power plant to develop costs for adding firm yield to the New York City water supply system in conjunctive operation with the desalting plant. (2) The program was modified to enable assessment of stage construction …

Water Conservation Handbook, D J. Carder, G. W. Spencer

Natural resources published reports

This handbook is intended as a practical guide in some of the most common aspects of water conservation in the agricultural areas of Western Australia. It deals mainly with water conserved in dams for stock and domestic purposes on the farm.

the farm. The handbook does not attempt to deal with all aspects of handling and using water for agricultural purposes. This is a vast subject which extends into many fields such as engineering, irrigation and land use.

The guide does, however, touch on some important aspects of good management of agricultural land. It should be read in conjunction with …

Clay Cover For Roaded Catchments, J L. Frith, R. A. Nulsen

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

RECENT dry years have stimulated interest in improved catchments for farm dams. Although roaded catchments have been installed on many farm dams in Western Australia, most of them fall short of their potential for increasing run-off.

Finite Difference Solutions Of Axisymmetric Infiltration Through Partially Saturated Porous Media, Chi-Yuan Wei, Roland W. Jeppson

Reports

Solutions are obtained to the problem of steady-state partially saturated infiltration of moisture applied over a horizontal source circle which moved through homogeneous soils toward a water table. A commonly accepted relationship between relative permeability and capillary pressure has been utilized in conjunction wit Darcy’s law to formulate the mathematical model. The solutions have utilized an inverse formulation and have been obtained by finite difference. The inverse formulation considers the magnitudes of the cylindrical coordinates r and z as the dependent variables and the potential function and the Stokes’ stream function as the independent variables (i.e the problem is solved …

The Behavior Of Pvc Pipe Under The Action Of Water Hammer Pressure Waves, Gary Z. Watters

Reports

Introduction: Hydraulic transients, commonly referred to as water hammer, occur in a hydraulic system whenver the velocity of flow in any one of the pipes in the system is caused to change. The magnitude of the pressure waves generated by a given change in velocity depends on the geometry of the pipe system, the magnitude of the velocity change and the elastic wave velocity in the system componenets. In turn, the elastic wave velocity depends on the modulus of elasticity of the fluid and the pipe material, the size and thickness of the pipe, the method by which the pipe …

A Computer Model Of The Quantity And Chemical Quality Of Return Flow, Jimmie L. Thomas, J. Paul Riley, Eugene K. Israelsen

Reports

A hybrid computer program is developed to predict the water and salt outflow from a river basin in which irrigation is the major water user. A chemical model which predicts the quality of water percolated through a soil profile is combined with a general hydrologic model into form the system simulation model. The chemical model considers the reactions that occur in the soil, including the exchange of calcium, magnesium, and sodium cations on the soil complex, and the dissolution and precipitation of gypsum and lime. The chemical composition of the outflow is a function of these chemical processes within the …

Inverse Solutions To Three-Dimensional Free Surface Potential Flows, Roland W. Jeppson

Reports

Methods are developed and defined for obtaining numerical solutions to three-dimensional, free surface, invisvid, incompressible fluid flows and three-dimensional free surface Darcian flow in porous media. Since those boundaries consisting of free surface are unknown a priori, a solution to the space boundary value problem resulting from a formulation in the physical space is very difficult, if not impossible, to obtain. Consequently, the methods described herein are based on a formulation in a space defined by a potential function and two mutually orthogonal stream surfaces whose intersections define the streamlines of the flow. In this space the positions of free …

The Effect Of Carbon On Algal Growth--Its Relationship To Eutrophication, Joel C. Goldman, Donald B. Porcella, Joe E. Middlebrooks, Daniel F. Toerien

Reports

Introduction: Natural and cultural eutrophication (enrichment with nutrients) frequnetly results in excessive algal growths thereby reducing the beneficial uses of surface waters (Hasler, 1947; Thomas, 1955, Edmondson et al., 1956, Oswald and Golueke, 1966, Skulberg, 1967, Mackenthun et al., 1968, Goldman and Armstrong, 1969, McGauhey et al., 1968,1969, 1970a, 1970b). Recent reviews emphsize that the prevention of further reduction in the quality of water resources requires the implementation of effective control measures (Goldman, 1965, Steward and Rohlich, 1967, Middlebrooks et al., 1969, Rohlich, 1969). Effective control of cultural eutrophication must involve the manipulation of those factors which affect algal growth, …

Development Of A Procedure For Determining Spacial And Time Variations Of Precipitation In Venezuela, Luis E. Ramirez

Reports

An analysis of the influence of the length of the record in the reliability of mean values of precipitation was made for the Caracus-Cagigal Station in Venezuela. Ten series of values were obtained for 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35-year periods, extracted for sliding intervals for the overall record of 75 years. The reliability of mean values computer from Figure 3 was quite low for 10, 15, and 20- year periods. The long term record means had higher reliability, increasing with the number of years in the records, but the differences are not important in terms of accuracy. Precipitation …

Detergent And Non-Detergent Phosphorus In Sewage, Donald B. Porcella, E. J. Middlebrooks

Reports

Introduction: Quantitative data on nutrient levels in sewage from homes which are using heavy-duty detergents and which have been restrcited from using such detergents is necessary before rational decisions on the removal of phosphorus from detergetn can be made. Furthermore, the effect of various standard sewage treatment schemes on phosphorus levels should be evaluated to determine the relative cost of such treatment. Then the cost (to society, the environment, and to the taxpayer) of phosphorus removal from detergent and/or from sewage effluents can be estimated and such data utilized to make the appropriate policy decisions. The report herein presented is …

Water Resources Planning And Social Goals: Conceptualization Toward A New Methodology, D. Peterson, H. Caulfield, R. D'Arge, D. Gordon, M Marts, T. Roefs, R. Roelofs

Reports

A modeling concept relating water resource use to

Application Of Operations Research Techniques For Allocation Of Water Resources In Utah, Calvin G. Clyde

Reports

In this report a methodology is described for determining the optimal allocation of water supplies in the State of Utah to minimize the cost of meeting an assumed set of water requirements. A linear programming model was formulated to represent the ten interconnected hydrologic study areas of the state. The comprehensive model considers virtually all uses, areas, sources, transfers and costs of water. The model has 204 constraints and 3378 variables and was solved by the simplex method. Included in the results are the following: the optimal water allocation or the groundwater, surface water, and water transfers which minimize the …

Development Of Cold Cloud Seeding Technology For Use In Precipitation Management, Charles F. Chappell, Joel E. Fletcher, George W. Reynolds, William N. Mcneill, Ronald Campbell

Reports

This is a report of the world accomplished and results obtained under a 2-year contract. The primary objective of the Wasatch Weather Modification Project is to assess the effectiveness of selected procedures for increasing the water supply in the Wasatch Mountains by cloud seeding. As part of this overall objective, an airborne seeding experiment has been conducted for two winter seasons. Preliminary results of this experiment indicate a positive seeding effect within and on the periphery of the designated target area. A summary of project designs, procedures, and problems encountered is also included. Data processing, editing, analysis and display procedures, …

The Detection Of Magnetic Fields Caused By Groundwater, Duane G. Chadwick, Larry Jensen

Reports

Perturbations on the earth’s magnetic field may coincide with the existence of groundwater. Theoretical calculations are made showing how and to what extent this effect may exist. The suggestion is also made that water dowsers may get a dowsing reaction as a result of entering a change in magnetic gradient. Tests were conducted to determine the statistical significance of dowsing reactions obtained by separate individuals dowsing in a common test area. Approximately 150 people participated in the experiment over a period of one year. Chi-square tests showed considerable statistical significance. Virtually all people tested experienced dowsing reactions though most of …

A Computerized Method Of Precipitation Data Quality Control, Ronald H. Campbell

Reports

A computerized data quality check and data edit program has been developed to aid in the processing of telemetered precipitation data. The logic considerations and program development are discussed and results are displayed. This effort has resulted in successful editing of large amounts of precipitation data gathered by automated remote data acquisition techniques. The application of this processing routine has resulted in reducing data editing costs to about three percent of that required to do the work manually.

Extending Utility Of Non-Urban Water Supplies, Jay M. Bagley

Reports

Extending the utility of an existing water supply in any river basin suggests a management-planning approach under three general guiding principles: (1) minimize depletions wherever possible (thereby maintaining a greater manageable quantity with subsequent potential to satisfy more uses); (2) generally preserve, protect, and improve water quality (thereby retaining its itility for use by a wider variety of potential users); and (3) make carefully considered allocations (thereby assuring multiples duty, more optimal sequencing, and shifts in use to conform to current and projected soil preferences). There are many technological and managerial techniques that can be employed to implement these principles. …

Hydrologic Inventory Of The Great Salt Lake Desert Area, Gary L. Foote, Robert W. Hill, Daniel H. Hoggan

Reports

The Great Salt Lake Desert, located in the southwest corner of the State of Utah"is a very dry region with sparse population and relatively small scattered areas of development. Since only a meager amount of hydrologic data has been collected and compiled for this relatively undeveloped area, the inventory presented herein is but a general appraisal of hydrologic conditions. Because of the small amount of development that has taken place and the general lack of hydrologic data, a water budget analysis is included for the Tooele Valley only.

Hybrid Computer Simulation Of The Accumulation And Melt Processes In A Snowpack, Keith O. Eggleston, Eugene K. Israelsen, J. Paul Riley

Reports

This study represents the first phase of an investigation to develop an operational simulation model of the point snowmelt process based on a time increment of one day or less. Mathematical relationships for various phenomena involved in the snowmelt process were proposed and tested. These relationships were combined into a model which is applicable to any geographic locations by determining appropriate constants for certain relationships. The model was synthesized on a hybrid computer and calibrated using field data from the Central Sierra Snow Laboratory. It was then tested with data from other well instrumented locations. Sensitivity tests were also conducted …

Instrumentation And Development Of Techniques To Measure And Evaluate Meteorological Parameters Important To Hydrology, Duane G. Chadwick

Reports

Hydro-meteorological instrumentation concepts are discussed. The necessity for an economic and reliable telemetering system is recognized and ways are shown how to achieve this objective. Particular discussion is given on total-precipitation and water-content-of-snow sensing. A method is also presented showing how to make isohyetal plots of telemetered precipitation information on an x-y plotter by use of a resistance paper method in conjunction with an analog computer.

Preliminary Indicators Of Income/Wealth Redistribution Associated With Bureau Of Reclamation Projects, Reed Willis, Allen Lebaron, Herbert Fullerton

Reports

Social well-being is an accepted subset of water investment feasibility criteria. Our attempt is to isolate income redistribution impacts conferred by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation projects. Four project sites have been utilized to yield both pre and post project estimates of farm income and wealth. Production functions of the Cobb-Douglas type were estimated to yield information about factor shares, and thus enable inferences to be made about distribution of total product. Lorenz curves were developed to show changes in distribution of wealth and net income in terms of family enterprise, per acre, and per irrigated acre. Listing of individual …

Hydrologic Inventory Of The Weber River Study Unit, Frank W. Haws, Roland W. Jeppson, A. Leon Huber

Reports

The 1963 Utah State Legislature authorized the Utah Water and Power Board (now the Utah Division of Water Resources) to develop a state water plan in order to give coordination and direction to the activities of all state and federal agencies concerned with Utah's water resources. To facilitate the development of this plan, a proposal was submitted through the State Planning Coordinator in the Governor's Office to the Urban Renewal Administration of the Housing and Home Finance Agency. Funding was approved effective May 19, 1966, under the Urban Planning Assistance Program authorized by Section 701 of the Housing Act of …

Hydrologic Inventory Of The Uintah Study Unit, Lloyd H. Austin, Gaylord V. Skogerboe

Reports

The 1963 Utah State Legislature authorized the Utah Water and Power Board (now the Utah Division of Water Resources) to develop a state water plan in order to give coordination and direction to the activities of all state and federal agencies concerned with Utah's water resources. To facilitate the development of this plan, a proposal was submitted through the State Planning Coordinator in the Governor's Office to the Urban Renewal Administration of the Housing and Home Finance Agency. Funding was approved effective May 19, 1966, under the Urban Planning Assistance Program authorized by Section 701 of the Housing Act of …

Closed Conduit To Open Channel Usu Stilling Basin, Gordon H. Flammer, Gaylord V. Skogerboe, Chi-Yuan Wei, Hameed Rasheed

Reports

Criterion have been developed for designing a stilling basin to serve as a transition from closed conduit flow to open channel flow for a fully submerged pipe outlet. The unique feature of the stilling basin is the short-pipe energy dissipater so located and designed as to provide maximum energy dissipation for the basin configuration. The expanding characteristics of a submerged jet were used in establishing the length of the stilling basin. The unsteadiness of the water surface and the relative boil height in the model basin were used as the criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of the structure for energy …

Water Conservation : The Storage Life Of Farm Dams, D J. Carder

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

HOW MANY stock can a dam of a certain size and depth be expected to carry and how long will the supply last?

What size of dam is needed in case the winter rains fail? How many stock can a dam support and still provide a drought supply?

Hydrograph Synthesis For Watershed Subzones From Measured Urban Parameters, Joseph B. Evelyn, V. V. Dhruva Narayana, J. Paul Riley, Eugene K. Israelsen

Reports

An analog computer program was developed to simulate the outflow hydrographs at four locations within the 38th Street Waller Creek urban watershed at Austin, Texas. Actual outflow was gaged at the final outlet of the watershed. This provided a checkpoint for comparing the simulated and observed final outflow hydrographs. The outflow hydrographs for each subzone were obtained by chronologically abstracting interception, infiltration, and depression storage from their precipitation hyetographs. These outflow hydrographs were then routed through Waller Creek channel to obtain the hydrographs at the four desired locations. The advantages of this model are the flexibility in varying the precipitation …