Sustainability Commons^™

Analysis Of The Connotation Of Hidden Disaster-Causing Factors In Coal Mines And The Key Points Of Their Reconnaissance, Lian Huiqing, Wang Xu, Yin Shangxian, Xia Xiangxue, Cao Min, Li Qixing, Wu Xiaoming, Zhang Bin, Wang Yangyu, Zhang Qing, Wang Guo’An

Coal Geology & Exploration

Background To systematically normalize the reconnaissance of hidden disaster-causing factors in coal mines, the National Mine Safety Administration issued the Specification for General Survey of Hidden Disaster-causing Factors in Mine in 2024. Nevertheless, coal mining enterprises still face a range of notable issues in reconnaissance of hidden disaster-causing factors, including ambiguous connotations of the factors, broad scopes of reconnaissance, unclear implementation stages, a disjunction between explorations and reconnaissance, and improper conclusion descriptions. These problems severely restrict scientific and operational reconnaissance.Methods This study reviews the history of research on the reconnaissance of hidden disaster-causing factors, presents a summary of significant …

Molecular Simulations Of Selective Adsorption Of Lithium In The No.6 Coal Seam, Junggar Coalfield, Zhang Junshuang, Sun Beilei, Zhang Bin, Liu Chao

Coal Geology & Exploration

Objective With the discovery of metal deposits in coal-bearing strata, the distribution and occurrence patterns of lithium in coals have attracted much attention. However, its partitioning mode between organic structures and minerals in coals remains poorly understood.Methods This study investigated typical coals with a high lithium content in the Junggar Coalfield in Inner Mongolia. By integrating multiple simulation methods, including quantum mechanics, Monte Carlo simulation, and molecular dynamics, this study established the structural models of organic matter and inorganic minerals, as well as a visualized lithium-coal molecular structure model. Accordingly, it investigated the preferential adsorption sites on both organic …

Molecular Simulation Of Adsorption And Diffusion Behaviors Of High-Concentration Helium In Salt Cavern Storage Reservoirs, Chen Zeya, Wanyan Qiqi, Liu Mancang, Liu Xiaoqiang, Chen Jianfa, Li Kang, Wu Jianan, You Bing

Coal Geology & Exploration

Background Artificial salt cavern underground helium storage is the optimal approach for achieving long-term, large-scale strategic helium storage and represents an essential solution for establishing an autonomous, controllable helium supply system. The core challenge currently constraining China’s development of salt cavern underground helium storage facilities lies in the sealing capacity of salt rock against high-concentration helium (helium volume fraction ≥70%). Methods Molecular dynamics simulation was used in this study, a composite model of salt rock slit pore and channel pore was constructed to reveal the influences of temperature-pressure conditions, helium concentration, and pore fluid properties on the occurrence state and …

Source And Primary Factors Controlling Differential Enrichment For Helium In The Dongping Gas Field, Qaidam Basin, Xu Zhusong, Li Jian, Wang Xiaobo, Cui Huiying, Xia Yutian, Tian Jixian, Li Wanting, Chen Dawei

Coal Geology & Exploration

Background In recent years, promising helium-rich natural gas shows have been discovered in the Dongping gas field. However, the helium resources in the gas field exhibit lateral heterogeneity and vertical differential accumulation in multiple sequences, which restrict the further exploration of these resources. Methods By analyzing the lateral and vertical distribution characteristics of helium in the Dongping gas field, this study explored its origin and sources, analyzed the differences in geological backgrounds between helium-rich and helium-deficient gas reservoirs, and systematically summarized the differential enrichment pattern across different blocks within the Dongping gas field.Results and Conclusions In the Dongping gas …

Water Filling Intensity Assessment Of A Coal Seam Roof In The Dahaize Coal Mine, Northern Ordos Basin, Liu Xi, Ding Xiang, Huang Haiyu, Li Zhaoyang, Li Zhe, Zheng Sheng

Coal Geology & Exploration

Background Assessing water filling intensity in coal seam floors lays a foundation for the prevention and control of water hazards in mines. However, in the Jurassic coalfield in the northern Ordos Basin, complex hydrogeological structures and sedimentary heterogeneity pose severe challenges to traditional evaluation methods. Methods This study investigated the water hazard characteristics in the superimposed aquifers of the Jurassic Yan’an and Zhiluo formations in the Dahaize Coal Mine in northern Shaanxi. The purpose is to establish a zoning and assessment system of water filling intensity that is suitable for continental sedimentary settings and to provide a scientific basis for …

Characteristics And Formation Processes Of Helium-Bearing Gas Reservoirs In Deep Strata In The Xujiaweizi Fault Depression, Songliao Basin, Ren Jiahao, He Yanxin, Tian Wei, Wang Lei

Coal Geology & Exploration

Objective and Method The Xujiaweizi Fault Depression in the Songliao Basin contains multiple helium-bearing gas fields. However, the assessment methods for helium resources and helium accumulation patterns in the fault depression are yet to be determined. Using 3D seismic data and logs from 24 wells, this study optimized the helium resource assessment method based on natural gamma-ray spectral logging. Using the optimized method, this study quantitatively assessed the helium-generating potential and theoretical helium production of crust-derived helium in deep strata in the Xujiaweizi Fault Depression. By combining the geochemical characteristics of the helium-bearing gas reservoirs and the simulation results of …

Diagnosis, Prevention, And Control Of Liquid Accumulation In Horizontal Wellbores For Deep Coalbed Methane: A Case Study Of The Daning-Jixian Block Along The Eastern Margin Of The Ordos Basin, Zeng Wenting, Wang Zhiming, Zhang Lei, Tian Zhida, Zhen Huaibin, Dai Anna, Zeng Quanshu, Sui Tianyang

Coal Geology & Exploration

Objective The Daning-Jixian block on the eastern margin of the Ordos Basin has achieved large-scale production of deep coalbed methane (CBM), with nearly 150 horizontal wells having been put into production. However, with a gradual decrease in formation energy during CBM production, gas wells exhibit declining liquid-carrying capacity. Consequently, liquid accumulation in wellbores has become a major factor affecting deep CBM production. Recovery of deep CBM shows the coexistence of free and desorbed gases, accompanied by significantly varying gas/liquid ratios. Moreover, gas production channels and techniques vary in different production stages. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop a …

A New Genesis Method-Based Methodology For Helium Resource Evaluation: Application To The Jinzhong Basin And Its Geological Implications, Zhang Qiao, Zhou Junlin, Ma Shangwei, Guo Wang, Li Yuhong, Zhang Yunpeng, Zhang Yuxuan, Xu Haihong, Wang Jiawei

Coal Geology & Exploration

Background Helium, a strategic resource in short supply, primarily occurs in natural gas. In China, helium resource assessment remains in its nascent stage, and limited helium exploration and exploitation have been conducted in general. Most especially, for regions experiencing no natural gas exploration and basins where helium reserves remain unproven, it is essential to develop reliable methods for helium resource evaluation. Among various approaches, genesis methods, based on models of helium generation, migration, and enrichment processes, offer advantages including simple models, accessible parameters, and rapid assessment. However, existing genesis methods focus primarily on the estimation of the total amount of …

Sedimentary Environments And Microscopic Water Control Patterns In The Luohe Formation, Gaojiapu Coal Mine, Binchang Mining Area, Li Xiaolong

Coal Geology & Exploration

Objective and Method The exploration of the Luohe Formation, located on the roof of the Huanglong Jurassic coalfield, faces challenges such as a lack of consensus on the sedimentary environments of sandstone aquifers and unclear lithologies with water yield properties in the aquifers. To address these challenges, this study investigated sandstones in the Luohe Formation in the Gaojiapu Coal Mine, Shaanxi Province. Specifically, a comprehensive analysis of core samples with different lithologies was conducted, including colors, lithologies, lithologic assemblages, the surface morphology of quartz grains, mineral components, and sedimentary structures and textures. Based on analytical results, as well as the …

Geothermal Resource Assessment Of The Eastern Da’An Area Based On 3d Geothermal Geological Modeling, Chen Wenwen, Rao Song, Meng Boyan, Guo Menghao, Luo Yang, Cai Jiahao, Li Wenjing, Zhang Qiaoran, Tang Yucong

Coal Geology & Exploration

Objective The Da’an area in Jilin Province, located in the southwestern Central Depression of the Songliao Basin, exhibits significant geothermal anomalies, which suggest substantial potential for geothermal exploitation. However, there remains a lack of detailed geothermal resource assessment of this area. Among conventional assessment methodologies, the volumetric method fails to accurately characterize irregular stratigraphic geometries and the spatial heterogeneity of parameters, while the Monte Carlo method suffers from limitations such as heavy dependence on the probability distribution models of geothermal reservoir parameters. Methods To overcome the limitations of the conventional methods, this study established a 3D geothermal geological model by …

A Collocation Point Sampling Method For Solving The Helmholtz Equation Using Physics-Informed Neural Networks, Shan Lianpu, Yu Caixia, Wang Yanfei

Coal Geology & Exploration

Background In the field of seismic wavefield simulation, physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) have emerged as a new method for efficiently solving the Helmholtz equation due to their characteristic of grid-free computation. However, for the forward modeling of complex medium models using the Helmholtz equation, traditional uniform grid-based methods for collocation point sampling are insufficient to efficiently provide gradient information, leading to prolonged training time and high resource consumption. Objective and Method To improve the forward modeling efficiency and accuracy based on PINNs and overcome the anomalous concentration of collocation points in the seismic source during dynamic sampling, this study proposed …

Anomalous Responses Of Coal Seam Mining Face Floor Derived Based On Stress-Induced Failure Modeling And 3d Direct Current Electric Method, Gao Weifu, Zou Xu, Niu Chao, Xiao Lele, Zi Jianxiao

Coal Geology & Exploration

Objective In recent years, floor water inrushes have frequently occurred in North China-type coalfields. To address this challenge, determining the anomalous responses of water inrushes from stope floors has emerged as a focus of research on water disaster prevention and control. Methods This study established a stress model of the stope floor based on the mine pressure theory. Using this model, it analyzed the stress distribution and failure characteristics of the stope floor. The floor failure characteristics revealed that the coal seam floor can be divided into three zones: the compression, expansion, and recovery zones. Through stress-resistivity tests, this study …

Technologies And Equipment For Efficient Drilling Rescue, Yao Ningping, Zou Zujie, Zhang Zhonghai, Zhao Jiyun, Hao Shijun, Fan Dong, Dou Bin

Coal Geology & Exploration

Objective In China, mining operations are progressively extending to greater depths, with annual tunneling of mine roadways and tunnels nationwide reaching nearly 20000 km. In this context, mine (tunnel) accidents occur frequently, threatening the safety of state property and people’s lives. To meet the great demand for emergency rescue in mine (tunnel) accidents, drilling rescue, emerging as a hot topic, has been employed as an effective approach. Methods Techniques and equipment for efficient and safe drilling of surface and underground (tunnel) rescue boreholes were investigated by centering on two main roadmaps: (1) surface rescue equipment – forming techniques for search …

Understanding And Assessing Climate Change: Preparing For Nebraska’S Future, 2024 Climate Change Impact Assessment Report, Deborah J. Bathke, Eric Hunt, Heather Akin, Andrea D. Basche, Jesse E. Bell, Daniel R. Dileo, Ross Dixon, Martha Durr, Tonya Haigh, Francis John Hay, Kristina W. Kintziger, Nicholas A. Mcmillan, Hank Miller, Jerome Okojokwu-Idu, Crystal Powers, Tirthankar Roy, Zhenghong Tang, W. Ryan Wishart, Aaron R. Young, Sarah A. Sonsthagen, Jonathan J. Spurgeon

School of Natural Resources: Faculty Publications

Contents

Report Team

Acknowledgments

Executive Summary

Introduction

Climate Change Contexts: Global, National, and State

Observed Changes in Nebraska's Climate

Projections of Nebraska's Future Climate

Water Systems

Energy

Ecosystems

Agriculture

Human Health

Communities and the Built Environment

Indigenous Peoples

Climate Justice and Equity

The Response of Faith Communities

Nebraskans' Perceptions of Climate Change

Next Steps and Future Work

Supplemental Report: Adaptation, Risks, and Impacts

About the Authors

Faith-based Communities Survey

Evaluated Plans and Assessments

References

Facilitating The Move Towards A Wellbeing Economy Through Supporting Infrastructure: A Review Of Frontrunner Countries, Henry Bartelet, Vincent De Gooyert

Quantitative Methods and Information Technology Faculty Publications

As more governments seek to shift beyond gross domestic product (GDP) as the dominant measure of progress, the concept of a “wellbeing economy” has gained traction. This approach prioritizes human and environmental wellbeing through broader, more holistic policy frameworks. A central question in this transition is what the implications of shifts to a wellbeing economy are for infrastructure investments. In this study, we identify four frontrunner governments, Bhutan, Scotland, New Zealand, and Wales, that have formally adopted wellbeing economy principles. We analyse how each operationalizes the concept and assess the resulting implications for infrastructure planning and investment. Despite shared goals, …

Assessing The Sustainable Circular Fashion Supply Chain As A Model For Achieving Economic Growth In The Global Market, Andrew P. Burnstine, Raouf Ghattas

Faculty and Staff Publications & Presentations

The fashion industry faces a critical sustainability crisis, contributing up to 10% of global carbon emissions and generating 92 million tons of textile waste annually. The study highlights the complex interplay of material flows, business models, power structures, and cultural mindsets, presenting a multi-scaled framework for advancing cleaner production and circularity in one of the world’s most resource-intensive sectors. This study proposes a transformative model for circular bioeconomy in fashion, integrating systems-change theory, degrowth economics, and emotional durability. Through case studies, including Patagonia, Eileen Fisher, and EU policy frameworks, the paper demonstrates how circular strategies can reduce waste, extend product …

Designing A Hybrid Renewable Energy System For The College Of Engineering And Computer Science At Arkansas State University, Partho Das Neer

Student Theses and Dissertations

The main objective of this thesis is to design and analyze the performance of a hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) for the college of engineering and computer science at Arkansas State University. By implementing the framework as a micro-grid to supply the required power to the Lab Science West building of the college. The proposed model ensures energy reliability and cost reduction. The model consists of photovoltaic (PV) panels, wind turbines (WT), and batteries, whereas MATLAB software was used to design the system and the Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) Software is utilized to analyze the effectiveness of the operation …

Procedures For Rangeland Condition Assessment In The Pilbara And Southern Rangelands 2025, Department Of Primary Industries And Regional Development, Western Australia

Natural resources published reports

This report defines the procedures used in 2025 by DPIRD to complete rangeland condition assessment (RCA) in the Pilbara and southern rangelands region which has predominantly shrub-based pastures. For the rest of the pastoral estate, DPIRD uses the Procedures for RCA in the Kimberley which has grass pastures.

RCA is the process DPIRD uses to make systematic, station-level assessment of rangeland. Rangeland condition considers both the condition of pastures (defined in the ‘Pasture condition guides for the Pilbara’ and ‘Pasture condition guides for the southern rangelands including the Gascoyne, Murchison and Goldfields-Nullarbor’) and soils as determined by erosion, using the …

Procedures For Rangeland Condition Assessment In The Kimberley 2025, Department Of Primary Industries And Regional Development, Western Australia

Natural resources published reports

This report defines the procedures used in 2025 by DPIRD to complete rangeland condition assessment (RCA) in the Kimberley region which has grass-based pastures. For the rest of the pastoral estate, DPIRD uses the Procedures for RCA in the Pilbara and southern rangelands which have predominantly shrub pastures.

RCA is the process DPIRD uses to make systematic, station-level assessment of rangeland. Rangeland condition considers both the condition of pastures (as defined in the 'Pasture condition guide for the Kimberley') and soils as determined by erosion, using the erosion assessment method on pastoral lands in Western Australia. The methods have evolved …

Advancing Social Sustainability In Operations And Supply Chain Management: A Multi-Theoretical Exploration Of Technology, Task Familiarity, And Sustainability Interactions, Satabdi Hazarika

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Social sustainability in operations and supply chain management (OSCM) centers on generating economic value through practices that safeguard people, communities, and broader societal systems impacted by the supply chain. While the importance of such practices is increasingly recognized, firms face persistent challenges in embedding social sustainability into formal management systems. This dissertation tackles three such challenges, with a particular focus on safety in trucking—a vital yet underexamined aspect from the lens of social sustainability. Safety performance in this context is influenced by the complexities of using advanced safety technologies, the demanding and solitary nature of truck driving, and the temporal …

Global Commons, Local Crises: The Ecological Embeddedness Of Global Production Networks, Christopher R. Whynacht

Graduate Doctoral Dissertations

Notions of Global Production Networks (GPNs) are popular approaches to studying the complex, dispersed, and socially embedded production of goods and services. Yet, these concepts have largely struggled with incorporating environmental resources, risks, and actors. My dissertation leverages insights from Actor-Network Theory (ANT) to contextualize ecological elements of production as coequal participants with social stakeholders. I describe how GPNs are ecologically embedded and nested within the natural environment. I draw from ANT to develop a GPN framework that internalizes ecological dimensions. The second chapter in this dissertation develops these ideas and provides theoretical framing for further empirical chapters. The third …

The Effect Of Group Counseling On Hope With Diverse Undergraduates During Sustainability-Focused Internship, Hailey Spinks, Michael D. Hannon, Matthew Murray, Nina M. Goodey, Lora Billings, Amy Tuininga

PSEG Institute for Sustainability Studies Publications

Many adolescents report feeling overwhelmed, depressed, anxious, and hopeless in the face of global climate change. These feelings are both valid and antithetical to the necessary hope and courage it takes to address real-world environmental crises and contribute to meaningful societal impact. The Green Teams Program, an internship-based experiential learning initiative, prepares young professionals with skills and knowledge needed to address these challenges and provides an intentionally inclusive and safe environment for students from all backgrounds to do so. This structured environment includes psychoeducational group counseling among other supports. Intern self-assessments revealed significant gains in measures of Hope, Agency, …

Assessing Solar Radiation Patterns In Sarawak Using Measured Data And The Hargreaves-Samani Model For Photovoltaic Systems Application, Chun Yong Soo, Xian Hwa Chan, Wan Mohamad Husni Wan Mokhtar, Ahmad Rujhan Mohd Rais

Makara Journal of Technology

This study evaluates the Hargreaves-Samani model for estimating solar radiation in five locations in Sarawak: Bintulu, Kapit, Sri Aman, Kuching, and Miri (Subis), using minimum and maximum temperatures as key inputs. Analysis reveals stable minimum temperatures (19.7 °C to 28.8 °C), supporting consistent solar radiation patterns favorable for Photovoltaic (PV) performance. Miri (Subis) recorded the highest daily maximum temperature of 44.8 °C, while Kuching had the lowest at 24.7 °C, highlighting significant regional climatic variability. Analysis also indicates strong solar potential in Bintulu, Kapit, Sri Aman, Kuching, and Miri, with radiation peaking at 7.5 kWh/m², though seasonal variations impact PV …

Anionic Azo Dyes: Wastewater Pollutants As Functionalizing Agents For Porous Polycarbonate Membranes Aiding In Water Decolorization, Alan Jarrett Messinger, Isabella S. Mays, Brennon Craigo, Jeffrey Joering, Sean P. Mcbride

Physics Faculty Research

Efficient water decolorization techniques are vital for ensuring fresh water for future generations. Azo dyes are used heavily in the textile industry and are a challenge to remove from industrial wastewater. This research expands on recent innovative work where anionic azo dyes themselves were used to functionalize track-etched porous polycarbonate filtration membranes with decolorized water obtained as a byproduct. The objective of this research is to determine whether the observed dye rejection is dependent on the magnitude of the intrinsic charge of the dye molecule or on its structure, using two selectively chosen anionic azo dye series during functionalization. The …

Mechanisms Behind The Cross And Fusion Of Gas Migration And Storage Zones Under The Influence Of The Mining Height Of Fully Mechanized Mining Faces, Zhao Pengxiang, Guo Xu, Wang Chao, Li Shugang, Zhuo Risheng, Chang Zechen, Lei Wen

Coal Geology & Exploration

Objective The mining height of coal seams along fully mechanized mining faces significantly influences the formation and evolution of fractures in the overburden, as well as the characteristics of gas migration and storage zones. Investigating the influential patterns under varying mining heights will provide guidance for the arrangement of gas extraction boreholes, thus enhancing gas extraction efficiency. Methods This study investigated mining face 203 in the Tianchi Coal Mine in Heshun County, Shanxi Province. By integrating methods such as physical simulation experiments with similar materials, theoretical analysis, and engineering verification, this study systematically examined the developmental characteristics of fractures in …

Impacts Of Co2/Ch4/N2 Adsorption/Desorption On The Macromolecular Structure Of Anthracite: Insights From In Situ Raman Spectroscopy, Wang Tian, Pan Jienan, Li Meng, Wang Kai, Tang Zhuyun, Cheng Nannan, Hou Quanlin

Coal Geology & Exploration

Objective and Methods The adsorption/desorption of coalbed methane (CBM) not only induces the macroscopic deformations of coals but also significantly alters their macromolecular structures, with different gases exhibiting greatly varying mechanisms and influence degrees. Utilizing an independently developed in situ laser Raman spectroscopy system, this study revealed the differential structural responses and mechanisms of anthracite under CO₂, CH₄, and N₂ injection. Results and Conclusion Experimental results indicate that gas injection led to notable blue shifts in the D₄, D, D₃, and G peaks characterizing the microcrystalline structures of coals. In contrast, …

Log-Based Identification Of Sedimentary Facies In Coal Measures In The Southern Wuxiang Block, Shanxi Province, China, Jin Yi, Tian Yunqing, Song Huibo, Hu Bin, Yu Zhenfeng

Coal Geology & Exploration

Objective The Carboniferous and Permian coal-bearing strata in the southern Wuxiang block, Qinshui Basin, Shanxi Province, China contain abundant coalbed methane (CBM) resources. To develop intelligent discrimination technology for CBM exploration in this block, it is necessary to establish lithology discrimination criteria based on log data, reveal the response relationships between logging and sedimentary facies, and determine sedimentary patterns. Methods Using a comprehensive analysis of lithologies, sedimentary facies, and logging facies, this study systematically investigated the distributions of logging and sedimentary facies in the Shanxi and Taiyuan formations—the primary coal-bearing strata in the southern Wuxiang block. By comprehensively analyzing the …

Fractures And Their Macro-Mesoscopic Mechanical Evolution Pattern In Coals In The Benxi Formation, Ordos Basin, Zhu Boxu, Yang Xu, Li Gaoren, Li Gao, Feng Jiaxin

Coal Geology & Exploration

Objective This study aims to determine the relationship between multi-scale fracture characteristics and the mechanical behavior of deep coals, thereby helping gain further insights into the mechanisms behind the macro-mesoscopic damage and failure of the coals and providing a scientific basis for the stability assessment and mechanical modeling of deep coalbed methane (CBM) reservoirs. To this end, it is necessary to examine the differences in the coals’ mechanical properties under varying scales. Methods This study conducted uniaxial and triaxial mechanical tests, nanoindentation experiments, and CT scanning of the No. 8 coal seam in the Benxi Formation within the Ordos Basin. …

Spatial Distribution Of Coalbed Methane Migration Pathways And Selection Of Optimal Target Areas For Coalbed Methane Extraction For Abandoned Mines, Liu Qinjie, Yang Youxing, Wu Benniu, Duan Minke, Deng Zhuoyue, Guo Chenye, Sun Qiang

Coal Geology & Exploration

Objective and Methods The spatial distribution and long-term evolution of effective migration pathways determine the migration pathways of residual coalbed methane (CBM) in abandoned mines. Furthermore, they provide an important basis for selecting the optimal target areas for CBM extraction drilling in abandoned mines and maximizing extraction efficiency. This study investigated the first mining area at the first horizontal elevation of the Songzao Coal Mine in Chongqing. Using a comprehensive approach that integrated theoretical analysis, numerical simulations, and physical simulation experiments using similar materials, this study systematically examined the distribution patterns of effective CBM migration pathways in abandoned mines under …

Mechanisms Underlying Responses Of Pore Structures In Continental Oil Shale To Microwave Pyrolysis, Lyu Pengrui, Yuan Shihao, Geng Jishi, Li Delu, Zhang Huiyuan, Ge Zhenlong

Coal Geology & Exploration

Objective and Methods Microwave pyrolysis technology holds great potential to achieve clean energy conversion and efficient energy utilization of oil shale resources. This study investigated oil shale in the Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin. Through microwave pyrolysis experiments under different power values (600 W, 800 W, and 1000 W) conducted using a microwave equipment monitoring system, this study tested the gas products generated during pyrolysis. Using the nitrogen adsorption method, this study compared and analyzed the pore structure characteristics between the original oil shale and samples after microwave heating under different power values. Additionally, the mechanisms behind damage to oil …