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Articles 61 - 90 of 97
Full-Text Articles in Sustainability
Beyond Gdp: The Need For New Measures Of Progress, Robert Costanza, Maureen Hart, John Talberth, Stephen Posner
Beyond Gdp: The Need For New Measures Of Progress, Robert Costanza, Maureen Hart, John Talberth, Stephen Posner
Institute for Sustainable Solutions Publications and Presentations
This paper is a call for better indicators of human well-being in nations around the world. We critique the inappropriate use of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as a measure of national well-being, something for which it was never designed. We also question the idea that economic growth is always synonymous with improved well-being. Useful measures of progress and well-being must be measures of the degree to which society?s goals (i.e., to sustainably provide basic human needs for food, shelter, freedom, participation, etc.) are met, rather than measures of the mere volume of marketed economic activity, which is only one means …
Toward A New Sustainable Economy, Robert Costanza
Toward A New Sustainable Economy, Robert Costanza
Institute for Sustainable Solutions Publications and Presentations
The current financial meltdown is the result of under-regulated markets built on an ideology of free market capitalism and unlimited economic growth. The fundamental problem is that the underlying assumptions of this ideology are not consistent with what we now know about the real state of the world. The financial world is, in essence, a set of markers for goods, services, and risks in the real world and when those markers are allowed to deviate too far from reality, ?adjustments? must ultimately follow and crisis and panic can ensue. To solve this and future financial crisis requires that we reconnect …
Non-Linearity In Ecosystem Services: Temporal And Spatial Variability In Coastal Protection, Evamaria W. Koch, Edward Barbier, Brian R. Silliman, Denise J. Reed, Gerardo M. E. Perillo, Sally D. Hacker, Elise F. Granek, Jurgenne H. Primavera, Nyawira Muthiga, Stephen Polasky, Benjamin S. Halpern, Christopher J. Kennedy, Carrie V. Kappel, Eric Wolanski
Non-Linearity In Ecosystem Services: Temporal And Spatial Variability In Coastal Protection, Evamaria W. Koch, Edward Barbier, Brian R. Silliman, Denise J. Reed, Gerardo M. E. Perillo, Sally D. Hacker, Elise F. Granek, Jurgenne H. Primavera, Nyawira Muthiga, Stephen Polasky, Benjamin S. Halpern, Christopher J. Kennedy, Carrie V. Kappel, Eric Wolanski
Institute for Sustainable Solutions Publications and Presentations
Natural processes tend to vary over time and space, as well as between species. The ecosystem services these natural processes provide are therefore also highly variable. It is often assumed that ecosystem services are provided linearly (unvaryingly, at a steady rate), but natural processes are characterized by thresholds and limiting functions. In this paper, we describe the variability observed in wave attenuation provided by marshes, mangroves, seagrasses, and coral reefs and therefore also in coastal protection. We calculate the economic consequences of assuming coastal protection to be linear. We suggest that, in order to refine ecosystem-based management practices, it is …
Planetary Boundaries: Exploring The Safe Operating Space For Humanity, Johan Rockström, W. L. Steffen, Kevin Noone, Åsa Persson, F. Stuart Chapin Iii, Eric Lambin, Timothy M. Lenton, Marten Scheffer, Carl Folke, Hans Joachim Schellnhuber, Björn Nykvist, Cynthia A. De Wit, Terry Hughes, Sander Van Der Leeuw, Henning Rodhe, Sverker Sörlin, Peter K. Snyder, Robert Costanza, Uno Svedin, Malin Falkenmark, Louise Karlberg, Robert W. Corell, Victoria J. Fabry, James Hansen, Brian Walker, Diana Liverman, Katherine Richardson, Paul Crutzen, Jonathan Foley
Planetary Boundaries: Exploring The Safe Operating Space For Humanity, Johan Rockström, W. L. Steffen, Kevin Noone, Åsa Persson, F. Stuart Chapin Iii, Eric Lambin, Timothy M. Lenton, Marten Scheffer, Carl Folke, Hans Joachim Schellnhuber, Björn Nykvist, Cynthia A. De Wit, Terry Hughes, Sander Van Der Leeuw, Henning Rodhe, Sverker Sörlin, Peter K. Snyder, Robert Costanza, Uno Svedin, Malin Falkenmark, Louise Karlberg, Robert W. Corell, Victoria J. Fabry, James Hansen, Brian Walker, Diana Liverman, Katherine Richardson, Paul Crutzen, Jonathan Foley
Institute for Sustainable Solutions Publications and Presentations
Anthropogenic pressures on the Earth System have reached a scale where abrupt global environmental change can no longer be excluded. We propose a new approach to global sustainability in which we define planetary boundaries within which we expect that humanity can operate safely. Transgressing one or more planetary boundaries may be deleterious or even catastrophic due to the risk of crossing thresholds that will trigger non-linear, abrupt environmental change within continental- to planetary-scale systems. We have identified nine planetary boundaries and, drawing upon current scientific understanding, we propose quantifications for seven of them. These seven are climate change (CO2 concentration …
An Integrative Approach To Quality Of Life Measurement, Research, And Policy, Robert Costanza, Brendan Fisher, Saleem H. Ali, Caroline C. Beer, Lynne A. Bond, Roelof Boumans, Nicholas Louis Danigelis, Jennifer Alvarez Dickinson, Carolyn M. Elliott, Joshua C. Farley, Diane Elliott Gayer, Linda Macdonald Glenn, Thomas Richard Hudspeth, Dennis F. Mahoney, Laurence E. Mccahill, Barbara Mcintosh, Brian V. Reed, S. Abu Rizvi, Donna Marie Rizzo, Thomas A. Simpatico, Robert Raymond Snapp
An Integrative Approach To Quality Of Life Measurement, Research, And Policy, Robert Costanza, Brendan Fisher, Saleem H. Ali, Caroline C. Beer, Lynne A. Bond, Roelof Boumans, Nicholas Louis Danigelis, Jennifer Alvarez Dickinson, Carolyn M. Elliott, Joshua C. Farley, Diane Elliott Gayer, Linda Macdonald Glenn, Thomas Richard Hudspeth, Dennis F. Mahoney, Laurence E. Mccahill, Barbara Mcintosh, Brian V. Reed, S. Abu Rizvi, Donna Marie Rizzo, Thomas A. Simpatico, Robert Raymond Snapp
Institute for Sustainable Solutions Publications and Presentations
While Quality of Life (QOL) has long been an explicit or implicit policy goal, adequate definition and measurement have been elusive. Diverse "objective" and "subjective" indicators across a range of disciplines and scales, and recent work on subjective well-being (SWB) surveys and the psychology of happiness have spurred renewed interest. Drawing from multiple disciplines, we present an integrative definition of QOL that combines measures of human needs with subjective well-being or happiness. QOL is proposed as a multiscale, multi-dimensional concept that contains interacting objective and subjective elements. We relate QOL to the opportunities that are provided to meet human needs …
Floodplains: Balancing Nature And Human Needs, Vivek Shandas, Meg Merrick
Floodplains: Balancing Nature And Human Needs, Vivek Shandas, Meg Merrick
Institute for Sustainable Solutions Publications and Presentations
For countless years, the interaction between climatic conditions and water flow has forged the rolling hills and rivers in the metroscape. The floods that forced a deluge of water down the Columbia River between 13 and 17 thousand years ago established the fertile and absorptive landscape of the Willamette Valley. The lush vegetation controlled the regional climate and stabilized the soils, while the thirsty wetlands reduced flood potential, provided habitat, and purified the water. Over geological time, these natural processes have created ideal conditions for humans. The Pacific Northwest was home to some of the most densely populated communities of …
The Ownership Of The Internet And The World Wide Web In Vermont, Ida Kubiszewski
The Ownership Of The Internet And The World Wide Web In Vermont, Ida Kubiszewski
Institute for Sustainable Solutions Publications and Presentations
The internet is an interesting case, since it was created entirely with taxpayer's money by DARPA, while the world wide web was created at CERN in Switzerland and placed into the public domain voluntarily in 1993. The internet and web have many features of a commons, and many people refer to the "internet commons". Kubiszewski (pronounced cube- ih-shefski) explores the intricacies of the internet and world wide web to determine if internet companies are extracting economic rent from the public and how it could be recovered. She finds that companies are making a substantial profit by utilizing a resource that …
Global Conservation Of Biodiversity And Ecosystem Services, Will R. Turner, Katrina Brandon, Thomas M. Brooks, Robert Costanza
Global Conservation Of Biodiversity And Ecosystem Services, Will R. Turner, Katrina Brandon, Thomas M. Brooks, Robert Costanza
Institute for Sustainable Solutions Publications and Presentations
Habitat destruction has driven much of the current biodiversity extinction crisis, and it compromises the essential benefits, or ecosystem services, that humans derive from functioning ecosystems. Securing both species and ecosystem services might be accomplished with common solutions. Yet it is unknown whether these two major conservation objectives coincide broadly enough worldwide to enable global strategies for both goals to gain synergy. In this article, we assess the concordance between these two objectives, explore how the concordance varies across different regions, and examine the global potential for safeguarding biodiversity and ecosystem services simultaneously. We find that published global priority maps …
Effects Of Human Choices On Characteristics Of Urban Ecosystems, Lawrence A. Baker, Anthony J. Brazel, Loren Bryne, Alex Felson, Morgan Grove, Kristina Hill, Kristen C. Nelson, Jason Walker, Vivek Shandas
Effects Of Human Choices On Characteristics Of Urban Ecosystems, Lawrence A. Baker, Anthony J. Brazel, Loren Bryne, Alex Felson, Morgan Grove, Kristina Hill, Kristen C. Nelson, Jason Walker, Vivek Shandas
Institute for Sustainable Solutions Publications and Presentations
Most urban ecology in cities remains an "ecology in cities" rather than an "ecology of cities." Accomplishing the latter requires the inclusion of humans within the concept of "ecosystem," both how humans alter the properties of urban ecosystems and how these alterations in turn influence human well-being. These influences are both direct (e.g., physiological and psychological influences on the human organism) and indirect, by influencing ecosystem sustainability. For the 2007 ESA meeting, Larry Baker, Loren Byrne, Jason Walker, and Alex Felson organized a symposium to address the relationships among human choices and urban ecosystems. In the introductory talk of this …
Valuing New Jersey's Natural Capital: An Assessment Of The Economic Value Of The State's Natural Resources, Robert Costanza
Valuing New Jersey's Natural Capital: An Assessment Of The Economic Value Of The State's Natural Resources, Robert Costanza
Institute for Sustainable Solutions Publications and Presentations
This report is divided into three main parts. Part I presents essential background information, summarizes the detailed findings of Parts II and III and their limitations, and explores in a preliminary way the policy implications of the natural capital project and the future research needs in this area. Part II focuses on ecosystem services and Part III deals with ecosystem goods.
A New Vision For New Orleans And The Mississippi Delta: Applying Ecological Economics And Ecological Engineering, Robert Costanza, John W. Day, William J. Mitsch
A New Vision For New Orleans And The Mississippi Delta: Applying Ecological Economics And Ecological Engineering, Robert Costanza, John W. Day, William J. Mitsch
Institute for Sustainable Solutions Publications and Presentations
The restoration of New Orleans and the rest of the Mississippi delta after Hurricane Katrina can become another disaster waiting to happen, or it can become a model of sustainable development. Sea level is rising, precipitation patterns are changing, hurricane intensity is increasing, energy costs are predicted to soar, and the city is continuing to sink. Most of New Orleans is currently from 0.6 to 5 m (2?15 feet) below sea level. The conventional approach of simply rebuilding the levees and the city behind them will only delay the inevitable. If New Orleans, and the delta in which it is …
A Rough Guide To Interdisciplinarity: Graduate Student Perspectives, Jessica K. Graybill, Sarah Dooling, Vivek Shandas, John Withey, Adrienne I. Greve, Gregory L. Simon
A Rough Guide To Interdisciplinarity: Graduate Student Perspectives, Jessica K. Graybill, Sarah Dooling, Vivek Shandas, John Withey, Adrienne I. Greve, Gregory L. Simon
Institute for Sustainable Solutions Publications and Presentations
A widely held belief is that only through interdisciplinarity can academics effectively address today's complex ecological problems, because these problems demand cross-disciplinary efforts and specialized knowledge from natural and social scientists. Innovative interdisciplinary research and curricula have been created to train a new generation of scientists to engage with complex issues. It seems critical that those most affected by interdisciplinary education—doctoral students—provide feedback about such innovations. Without understanding students' experiences in interdisciplinary programs, faculty will not know whether they are "getting it right" for future generations of interdisciplinarians. From our experiences as doctoral students, we provide reflections and perspectives on …
The Value Of New Jersey's Ecosystem Services And Natural Capital, Robert Costanza, Matthew A. Wilson, Austin Troy, Alexey Voinov, Shang Liu, John D'Agostino
The Value Of New Jersey's Ecosystem Services And Natural Capital, Robert Costanza, Matthew A. Wilson, Austin Troy, Alexey Voinov, Shang Liu, John D'Agostino
Institute for Sustainable Solutions Publications and Presentations
This report summarizes the results of a two-year study of the economic value of New Jersey's natural capital. Natural capital consists of those components of the natural environment that provide a long-term stream of benefits to individual people and to society as a whole; the value of natural capital is defined in this report as the present value of that benefit stream. Many of the benefits provided by natural capital come from ecological systems ('ecosystems'); an ecosystem is a dynamic complex of plant, animal, and microorganism communities and their nonliving environment, all interacting as a functional unit. The benefits provided …
Toward An Ecological Economy, Robert Costanza
Toward An Ecological Economy, Robert Costanza
Institute for Sustainable Solutions Publications and Presentations
This section comments on an article by Lester Brown published in the July 2006 issue of The Futurist describing what an ecological economy might look like, at least in its technical dimensions. Brown points out that if economic progress is to be sustained, the fossil-fuel-based, automobile-centered, throwaway economy must be replaced with a new economic model. To do this, we need to create a new vision of what the economy is, what it is for and how to measure success. There is substantial new psychological research in the emerging science of happiness that shows the limits of conventional economic income …
Linking Ecology And Economics For Ecosystem Management, Stephen Farber, Robert Costanza, Daniel L. Childers, Jon Erickson, Katherine Gross, Morgan Grove, Charles S. Hopkinson, James Kahn, Stephanie Pincetl, Austin Troy, Paige Warren, Matthew Wilson
Linking Ecology And Economics For Ecosystem Management, Stephen Farber, Robert Costanza, Daniel L. Childers, Jon Erickson, Katherine Gross, Morgan Grove, Charles S. Hopkinson, James Kahn, Stephanie Pincetl, Austin Troy, Paige Warren, Matthew Wilson
Institute for Sustainable Solutions Publications and Presentations
This article outlines an approach, based on ecosystem services, for assessing the trade-offs inherent in managing humans embedded in ecological systems. Evaluating these trade-offs requires an understanding of the biophysical magnitudes of the changes in ecosystem services that result from human actions, and of the impact of these changes on human welfare.We summarize the state of the art of ecosystem services?based management and the information needs for applying it. Three case studies of Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites?coastal, urban, and agricultural? illustrate the usefulness, information needs, quantification possibilities, and methods for this approach. One example of the application of …
Periodic Atlas Of The Metroscape: The Geography Of Water, Vivek Shandas, Alton Straub, Yongxia Kou
Periodic Atlas Of The Metroscape: The Geography Of Water, Vivek Shandas, Alton Straub, Yongxia Kou
Institute for Sustainable Solutions Publications and Presentations
Describes the geography of water in the Portland, Oregon metropolitan area: groundwater, rivers, irrigation, water supply, and sewer lines.
When Scoundrels Rule: Review Of The Last Refuge: Patriotism, Politics, And The Environment In An Age Of Terror, By David W. Orr, Robert Costanza
When Scoundrels Rule: Review Of The Last Refuge: Patriotism, Politics, And The Environment In An Age Of Terror, By David W. Orr, Robert Costanza
Institute for Sustainable Solutions Publications and Presentations
Book Review of The Last Refuge: Patriotism, Politics, and the Environment in an Age of Terror. David W. Orr. Island Press, Washington, DC, 2004.
Estimating Watershed Biodiversity: An Empirical Study Of The Chesapeake Bay In Maryland, Usa, Junko Morimoto, Helena Voinov, Matthew A. Wilson, Robert Costanza
Estimating Watershed Biodiversity: An Empirical Study Of The Chesapeake Bay In Maryland, Usa, Junko Morimoto, Helena Voinov, Matthew A. Wilson, Robert Costanza
Institute for Sustainable Solutions Publications and Presentations
There has been increasing demand for rigorous methods for evaluating biodiversity, one of the ecosystem services that sustains and fulfills human life. After carefully examining the literature, we found three key points that should be taken into account when we evaluate biodiversity. The first point is that any "indicator species" tends to be a leaky target of biodiversity. The second point is that "buffering" that is useful for representing the ecological concept of boundaries should have scientific meanings. The third point is that a "watershed" that integrates most natural processes is advantageous as the spatial range for evaluation. Based on …
Sex, Politics, And Sustainability: Review Of Why Sex Matters: A Darwinian Look At Human Behavior, Robert Costanza
Sex, Politics, And Sustainability: Review Of Why Sex Matters: A Darwinian Look At Human Behavior, Robert Costanza
Institute for Sustainable Solutions Publications and Presentations
Book Review of "Why Sex Matters: A Darwinian Look at Human Behavior" by Bobbi S. Low. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2001.
Integrated Ecological Economic Modeling Of The Patuxent River Watershed, Maryland, Robert Costanza, Alexey Voinov, Roelof Boumans, Thomas Maxwell, Ferdinando Villa, Lisa Wainger, Helena Voinov
Integrated Ecological Economic Modeling Of The Patuxent River Watershed, Maryland, Robert Costanza, Alexey Voinov, Roelof Boumans, Thomas Maxwell, Ferdinando Villa, Lisa Wainger, Helena Voinov
Institute for Sustainable Solutions Publications and Presentations
Understanding the way regional landscapes operate, evolve, and change is a key area of research for ecosystem science. It is also essential to support the "placebased" management approach being advocated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and other management agencies. We developed a spatially explicit, process-based model of the 2352 km2 Patuxent River watershed in Maryland to integrate data and knowledge over several spatial, temporal, and complexity scales, and to serve as an aid to regional management. In particular, the model addresses the effects of both the magnitude and spatial patterns of human settlements and agricultural practices on hydrology, plant …
Visions, Values, Valuation And The Need For An Ecological Economics, Robert Costanza
Visions, Values, Valuation And The Need For An Ecological Economics, Robert Costanza
Institute for Sustainable Solutions Publications and Presentations
Practical problem solving in complex, humandominated ecosystems requires the integration of three elements: (1) active and ongoing envisioning of both how the world works and how we would like the world to be, (2) systematic analysis appropriate to and consistent with the vision, and (3) implementation appropriate to the vision. Scientists generally focus on only the second of these steps, but integrating all three is essential to both good science and effective management. Subjective values enter in the vision element, both in terms of the formation of broad social goals and in the creation of a preanalytic vision,which necessarily precedes …
Government Sponsored Perversity. Review Of: Perverse Subsidies: How Tax Dollars Can Undercut The Environment And The Economy By Norman Myers And Jennifer Kent, Robert Costanza
Institute for Sustainable Solutions Publications and Presentations
Book review of Perverse Subsidies: How Tax Dollars Can Undercut the Environment and the Economy. Norman Myers and Jennifer Kent. Island Press, Washington (DC), 2001.
Economics As A Life Science: Review Of You Can't Eat Gnp: Economics As If Ecology Mattered By Eric A. Davidson And The Nature Of Economies By Jane Jacobs, Robert Costanza
Economics As A Life Science: Review Of You Can't Eat Gnp: Economics As If Ecology Mattered By Eric A. Davidson And The Nature Of Economies By Jane Jacobs, Robert Costanza
Institute for Sustainable Solutions Publications and Presentations
Two Book Reviews: You Can?t Eat GNP: Economics As If Ecology Mattered by Eric A. Davidson and The Nature of Economies by Jane Jacobs
Smart For One, Dumb For All. Review Of: Luxury Fever: Why Money Fails To Satisfy In An Era Of Excess By Robert H. Frank, Robert Costanza
Smart For One, Dumb For All. Review Of: Luxury Fever: Why Money Fails To Satisfy In An Era Of Excess By Robert H. Frank, Robert Costanza
Institute for Sustainable Solutions Publications and Presentations
Book review of Luxury Fever: Why Money Fails to Satisfy in an Era of Excess. Robert H. Frank. Free Press, New York, 1999.
Managing Our Environmental Portfolio, Robert Costanza, Herman E. Daly, Carl Folke, Paul Hawken, C. S. Holling, A. J. Mcmichael, David Pimentel, David Rapport
Managing Our Environmental Portfolio, Robert Costanza, Herman E. Daly, Carl Folke, Paul Hawken, C. S. Holling, A. J. Mcmichael, David Pimentel, David Rapport
Institute for Sustainable Solutions Publications and Presentations
No set of issues has tended to separate economists and ecologists, especially in the mind of the public, more than those surrounding the linkages between economic growth, human carrying capacity, and the environment. The general lack of interest among the majority of economists in problems of the environment and a parallel lack of interest among the majority of ecologists in economic issues, combined with a lack of dialogue between the two groups, has allowed extreme positions to take hold in the public debate and to influence policy to an inordinate degree.
Human History As A Natural Science. Review Of: Guns, Germs, And Steel: The Fates Of Human Societies By Jared Diamond, Robert Costanza
Human History As A Natural Science. Review Of: Guns, Germs, And Steel: The Fates Of Human Societies By Jared Diamond, Robert Costanza
Institute for Sustainable Solutions Publications and Presentations
Book review of Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. Jared Diamond. W. W. Norton, New York, 1997.
One Giant Leap. Review Of: Consilience: The Unity Of Knowledge By Edward O. Wilson, Robert Costanza
One Giant Leap. Review Of: Consilience: The Unity Of Knowledge By Edward O. Wilson, Robert Costanza
Institute for Sustainable Solutions Publications and Presentations
Book review of Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge. Edward O. Wilson. Knopf, New York, 1998.
Globalization And The Sustainability Of Human Health: An Ecological Perspective, Robert Costanza, A. J. Mcmichael, Bert Bolin, Gretchen C. Daily, Carl Folke, Kerstin Lindahl-Kiessling, Elisabet Lindgren, Bo Niklasson
Globalization And The Sustainability Of Human Health: An Ecological Perspective, Robert Costanza, A. J. Mcmichael, Bert Bolin, Gretchen C. Daily, Carl Folke, Kerstin Lindahl-Kiessling, Elisabet Lindgren, Bo Niklasson
Institute for Sustainable Solutions Publications and Presentations
The last half-century has seen momentous and accelerating changes in humankind's economic activities, political relations, and social and demographic profile. A prominent feature of this change is the increasing scale of human impact on Earth's natural biophysical systems: the climate system, stratospheric ozone, biodiversity, terrestrial and marine food-producing ecosystems, and the great cycles of water, nitrogen, and sulfur (Meyer 1996, Vitousek et al. 1997). These systems sustain the conditions on which life depends, and their weakening may therefore have profound long-term implications for human population health (McMichael 1993, Last 1997).
Four Visions Of The Century Ahead: Will It Be Star Trek, Ecotopia, Big Government Or Mad Max?, Robert Costanza
Four Visions Of The Century Ahead: Will It Be Star Trek, Ecotopia, Big Government Or Mad Max?, Robert Costanza
Institute for Sustainable Solutions Publications and Presentations
Lays out different visions as to what the 21st century will be like. Where these visions are based; Default technological optimist vision; Technological skeptic's nightmare; War between public interest and private enterprise; Low-consumption sustainable vision; How society should decide among the visions; Challenges.
The Selfish Book. Review Of: The Origins Of Virtue: Human Instincts And The Evolution Of Cooperation By Matt Ridley, Robert Costanza
The Selfish Book. Review Of: The Origins Of Virtue: Human Instincts And The Evolution Of Cooperation By Matt Ridley, Robert Costanza
Institute for Sustainable Solutions Publications and Presentations
Book Review of The Selfish Book. Review of: The Origins of Virtue: Human Instincts and the Evolution of Cooperation by Matt Ridley