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1990

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Articles 31 - 60 of 113

Full-Text Articles in Environmental Health and Protection

Controlling Vertebrate Animal Damage In Southern Pines, Jeffrey J. Jackson Mar 1990

Controlling Vertebrate Animal Damage In Southern Pines, Jeffrey J. Jackson

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

Certain mammals and birds may damage or destroy southern pines, causing economic losses in intensively cultured areas such as seed orchards and nurseries. Mammal pests may eat seeds; tunnel, dislodging seedlings, or chew on roots; or girdle, debark, or sever stems or branches. Bird pests may eat seeds or excavate holes in the tree trunks. The first important step is to identify the pest(s) from the damage left behind. Thereafter, various control options-from using traps and repellents to altering habitat-are available.

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Its A Fact! Its A Phact!, Harlan R. Shuhler Mar 1990

Its A Fact! Its A Phact!, Harlan R. Shuhler

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

To reduce the costs of providing development assistance in agriculture to the people in the Developing Countries, an international "Post-Harvest Agriculture Computer Teleconference" has been available now for more than 15 months. Suitably supplemented with electronic computer communications networks and their E-mail, these tools allow relatively inexpensive assistance. This combination offers many advantages to the organizations offering assistance and those needing help.

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Roaming, Stray, And Feral Domestic Cats And Dogs As Wildlife Problems, Bessel D. Van't Woudt Mar 1990

Roaming, Stray, And Feral Domestic Cats And Dogs As Wildlife Problems, Bessel D. Van't Woudt

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

From several centers of domestication, cats and dogs have become the near-ubiquitous companion of man. Their dependence on man is such that when abandoned in a rural environment most succumb to malnutrition in combination with predation, diseases, parasites, and exposure. Where not subject to predation and where native or introduced prey is adequate, some survive to form feral populations. This applies on oceanic islands, in Australia and New Zealand. Elsewhere, as far as is known today, requirements for survival are met with in parts of the U.S. and Europe only, in remote wilderness areas in the case of dogs, and …

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Closing Remarks For The Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference, John E. Borrecco Mar 1990

Closing Remarks For The Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference, John E. Borrecco

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)


This concludes the 14th Vertebrate Pest Conference. Before my closing remarks, let us acknowledge the excellent job done by our session chairpersons and speakers.

For your information, we had 345 people registered at the conference, representing 37 states and 11 other countries.

I first attended the Vertebrate Pest Conference some 14 years ago at the 7th Conference. At that time I was impressed with the breadth of subjects presented, the international scope, the professional exchange of information, and the opportunity to meet noted experts in vertebrate pest control. Since that meeting, I have always looked forward to the next conference …

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Predator Control For The Protection Of Endangered Species In California, Peter H. Butchko Mar 1990

Predator Control For The Protection Of Endangered Species In California, Peter H. Butchko

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

In recent years, wildlife agencies in California have concluded that predators are limiting factors to the recovery of several endangered species, namely the San Joaquin kit fox (Vulpes macrotis mutica), California least tern (Sterna antillarum browni). and desert tortoise (Xerobates agassizii). As a result, separate control programs for the protection of these species have been undertaken by U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Animal Damage Control (ADC) in cooperation with State and Federal agencies. Aspects of control activities of avian and/or mammalian predators of each project are discussed.

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Efficacy Of Compound 1080 Livestock Protection Collars For Killing Coyotes That Attack Sheep, Guy Connolly, Richard J. Burns Mar 1990

Efficacy Of Compound 1080 Livestock Protection Collars For Killing Coyotes That Attack Sheep, Guy Connolly, Richard J. Burns

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)


Efficacy of Compound 1080 LP Collars was studied under pen and field conditions. Coyotes poisoned themselves by attacking collared sheep and biting the collars. In 54 pen tests where 1 or 2 captive coyotes had opportunity to attack 1 collared lamb, 41 lambs were attacked and 26 collars were punctured. Of 25 different coyotes offered lambs with collars containing 5 or 10 mg sodium fluoroacetate (FAC)/ml, 23 coyotes attacked and 21 died after collars were punctured in their first (n = 17), second (n = 3), or fifth (n = 1) test. For 11 captive coyotes that punctured rubber collars, …

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Lyme Disease, With Emphasis On The Western U.S., And Its Relationship To Wildlife (Abstract Only), Robert S. Lane Mar 1990

Lyme Disease, With Emphasis On The Western U.S., And Its Relationship To Wildlife (Abstract Only), Robert S. Lane

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

In the western United States, Lyme disease has been reported primarily from the three Pacific states, especially California, and sporadically or not at all from various mountain states. In California, surveillance for Lyme disease was initiated in 1983, but it was not made a reportable disease in this state until 1989. Nevertheless, approximately 400 human cases were reported by California State Health authorities between 1983 and 1987. In 1982, I began studying the ecology and epidemiology of Lyme disease in the far-western United States in collaboration with Dr. Willy Burgdorfer of the Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana, and others. The …

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Survey Of Rodent And Rabbit Damage To Alfalfa Hay In Nevada, Steven R. Lewis, John M. O'Brien Mar 1990

Survey Of Rodent And Rabbit Damage To Alfalfa Hay In Nevada, Steven R. Lewis, John M. O'Brien

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

A survey of alfalfa hay producers was conducted to characterize vertebrate pest problems in Nevada alfalfa hay and help attract research funding. Damage to alfalfa hay by pocket gophers (Thomomvs spp), ground squirrels (Spermophilus spp), black-tailed jackrabbits (Lepus californicus) and meadow voles (Microtus montanus) was assessed. Presence of vertebrate pests along with a ranking of cost-related problems they pose to alfalfa hay operations was determined. Pocket gophers were the most costly pest followed by ground squirrels, jackrabbits, and meadow voles. The number one problem caused by vertebrate pests was identified to be a decrease …

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Bird Control On Containment Pond Sites, Lee R. Martin, Sam Hagar Mar 1990

Bird Control On Containment Pond Sites, Lee R. Martin, Sam Hagar

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

Bird deaths resulting from toxic materials in containment ponds are causing authorities to insist that action be taken to eliminate this hazard to avian wildlife. Bird control at containment pond sites is achieved by two well-known but poorly understood aversion techniques: hazing systems (sound/visual) and stretch wire. The limiting condition of either approach is that resident birds rapidly habituate while some migrating species are totally unaffected. Consequently, one must be able to accept degrees of control with an understanding of the behavior of the species involved. Birdproofing is achieved by covering an entire pond with bird net. This presentation discusses …

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Wild Hog Management Program At Great Smoky Mountains National Park, John D. Peine, Jane Allen Farmer Mar 1990

Wild Hog Management Program At Great Smoky Mountains National Park, John D. Peine, Jane Allen Farmer

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

Over the last 30 years the wild hog population control program at Great Smoky Mountains National Park has experienced steady growth. The evolution has been relatively slow, and it was not until the latter part of the 1980s that sufficient funds were available to make a serious attempt at control measures. Over the years, the research program has focused on the biology of the wild hog; its reproductive rate; feeding and movement patterns; and its impact on the fauna, flora, and soils of the park. In addition, a major project was conducted to evaluate attractants and baits to increase the …

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An Evaluation Of Breakaway Snares For Use In Coyote Control, Robert L. Phillips, F. Sherman Blom, Richard E. Johnson Mar 1990

An Evaluation Of Breakaway Snares For Use In Coyote Control, Robert L. Phillips, F. Sherman Blom, Richard E. Johnson

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

Seven types of breakaway snares were evaluated for breaking strength and variability using a universal testing machine. Maximum tension before breakage for individual snares ranged from 142 to 486 pounds. Sheet metal locks which ripped out, and S-hooks which straightened, provided the least variable results. Coyotes (Canis latrans), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), domestic calves and lambs were tested to determine the tension loads they applied to snares. Differences in tension loads among coyotes and nontarget species should allow for the development of snares that will consistently hold coyotes and release most larger nontarget animals.

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Rodenticide Ecotoxicology: Systems Analysis And Simulation, R.H. Smith, Paula R. Cox, M. Rampaud Mar 1990

Rodenticide Ecotoxicology: Systems Analysis And Simulation, R.H. Smith, Paula R. Cox, M. Rampaud

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

Exposure, as well as toxicity, determines whether rodenticides present real environmental hazards to nontarget animals. In order to combine exposure and toxicity, a compartment model is proposed which distinguishes transfer processes from accumulation of residues. The published literature relevant to the model is analyzed, and some important gaps in knowledge are highlighted. Simple sub-models of rat feeding behavior and mortality are combined into a simulation model which generates data on both efficacy of control and build-up of residues in live rats and carcasses. The roles of feeding parameters (e.g., palatability, availability of alternative food) as well as toxicity are emphasized …

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Animal Damage Problems And Control Activities On National Forest System Lands, John E. Borrecco, Hugh C. Black Mar 1990

Animal Damage Problems And Control Activities On National Forest System Lands, John E. Borrecco, Hugh C. Black

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

A questionnaire survey of the National Forests in 1988 indicated that animal damage control (ADC) was conducted on 208,000 acres of reforestation and older stands, nearly all in the West, at a cost of about $9 million. Sixty-two percent of the total acreage treated, or 128,600 acres, and 49 percent of the ADC costs, or $4.3 million, was in the Pacific Northwest Region (Oregon and Washington). Most of the forests in all regions of the Forest Service, except Alaska, rated animal damage to reforestation and older stands as very important or moderately important. One-third of the forests rated damage as …

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Reducing Blackbird Damage To Newly Planted Rice With A Nontoxic Clay-Based Seed Coating, David G. Decker, Michael L. Avery, M. O. Way Mar 1990

Reducing Blackbird Damage To Newly Planted Rice With A Nontoxic Clay-Based Seed Coating, David G. Decker, Michael L. Avery, M. O. Way

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

At 3 sites in Chambers County, Texas, the estimated sprout loss in 1-ac plots sown with clay-coated rice seed averaged 17.0% compared to 36.5% in adjacent 1-ac control plots. In one field, bird use of the control plot was 14 times that of the treated plot. Average feeding rates of red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) were 1.5 seeds/min and 8.4 seeds/min in the treated and control plots, respectively. Roadside counts of territorial male redwings and evening flightline counts of birds going to roost indicated a depredating population consisting mainly of nonbreeding, roosting birds early in April with increasing proportions …

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Control Of Mediterranean Pine Vole Populations In The South Of France, Gerald Guedon, Benoit Combes Mar 1990

Control Of Mediterranean Pine Vole Populations In The South Of France, Gerald Guedon, Benoit Combes

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

The control of the Mediterranean pine vole through manual bait placement is too fastidious. It prevents the realization of collective control on large areas. In this situation, mechanization is necessary. A burrow builder, made of a tubular ploughshare, has been devised in order to make artificial runs in the soil where baits may be deposited. This plough was successfully tested in fall 1989 in apple orchards with a wheat-based bait treated with chlorophacinone, chosen for its good resistance to moisture. The treatment efficiency varied between 86.7% and 96.4% with 25 and 50 artificial runs per hectare, respectively. A humid but …

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The Status Of Lines In Bird Damage Control–A Review, Patricia A. Pochop, Ron J. Johnson, Danilo A. Aguero, Kent M. Eskridge Mar 1990

The Status Of Lines In Bird Damage Control–A Review, Patricia A. Pochop, Ron J. Johnson, Danilo A. Aguero, Kent M. Eskridge

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

One technique for repelling or excluding birds is to stretch wires, monofilament lines, or nylon strings across sites needing protection. Wires or lines spaced at various intervals and in various configurations have successfully repelled birds such as ring-billed (Larus delawarensis) and/or herring (L. argentatus) gulls, and brant (Branta bernicla bernicla) from reservoirs, sanitary landfills, fish hatcheries, nesting areas, public places, or farm fields. Black thread has been suggested for repelling small birds such as sparrows (unspecified) from garden seedlings and bullfinches (unspecified) from fruit trees. Recent observations in New Mexico indicated that monofilament lines …

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A Comparison Of Several Pocket Gopher Baits In The Field, Paul Vossen, Pierre Gadd Mar 1990

A Comparison Of Several Pocket Gopher Baits In The Field, Paul Vossen, Pierre Gadd

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)


Two field trials were conducted to determine the effectiveness of anticoagulant baits in pocket gopher (Thomomys bottae) control. In the first trial, burrow systems were baited once with chlorophacinone 0.005% on rolled oats and embedded in paraffin to form a wax block. The systems were arranged in a one system-wide line bordering a clean vineyard. Infestation of the vineyard was prevented for 2 months; after that, gophers did bypass the barrier of treated systems and entered the vineyard.

In the second trial two anticoagulant baits, chlorophacinone 0.005% on rolled oats and embedded in paraffin, and diphacinone 0.0052% on …

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The Effect Of Seed Coat Colour And Depth Of Planting On Bushfowl Damage To Planted Maize Seeds, Modupe Akande, A.O. Obajimi Mar 1990

The Effect Of Seed Coat Colour And Depth Of Planting On Bushfowl Damage To Planted Maize Seeds, Modupe Akande, A.O. Obajimi

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

The bushfowl (Francolinus bicalcaratus bicalcaratus L.) is a major avian pest on planted maize seeds. Maize seeds colored green and normal white seeds were planted at different depths of 2.5 cm, 5.0 cm, 7.5 cm, 10.0 cm, 12.5 cm, and 15.0 cm in three different trials between 1987 and 1988. The effect of planting depth was highly significant. Damage occurring to seeds planted at a depth of 2.5 cm was significantly higher than all the other depths, even though there was not significant damage among the other depths.

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Effect Of Artificial Perches And Nests In Attracting Raptors To Orchards, Leonard R. Askham Mar 1990

Effect Of Artificial Perches And Nests In Attracting Raptors To Orchards, Leonard R. Askham

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

Artificial perches and nest boxes were placed in three Pacific Northwest orchards to assess their effectiveness in attracting birds of prey to reduce vole populations. The data indicated that birds could be attracted under some conditions, but vole populations were not significantly affected. Additional factors such as vegetative biomass and human activity may limit their usefulness in reducing rodent populations under intensive agricultural conditions.

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A Management Information System For The Control Of Pest Animals And Plants In Victoria, Australia, James K. Backholer, David W.A. Lane, Eric A. Ward Mar 1990

A Management Information System For The Control Of Pest Animals And Plants In Victoria, Australia, James K. Backholer, David W.A. Lane, Eric A. Ward

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

The State Department of Conservation, Forests and Lands (CFL) administers legislation relating to the management of pest animals and plants throughout Victoria. CFL conducts control work on public land and assists landholders with programs on freehold land. To provide an information base for the management of CFL's pest control programs, the Pest Management Information System (PMIS) was developed. The PMIS captures descriptions of pest infestations, details of planned and actual treatments, and evaluations of treatments. The first version of the PMIS, developed for microcomputers, was released in 1987 and underwent minor revision during 1988 in the light of field experience. …

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Native Heteromyid Rodents As Pests Of Commercial Jojoba, Rex O. Baker Mar 1990

Native Heteromyid Rodents As Pests Of Commercial Jojoba, Rex O. Baker

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

After crop losses of 5 to 60% were noted on two 500-acre Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) plantings in a desert area of southern California, a study was conducted to identify the animals responsible. Various population census and pestidentification techniques were utilized. Four native rodents of the Heteromyid family, not previously known to be pests of Jojoba, were found to be present in sufficiently high numbers to cause severe economic crop loss. The Bailey's pocket mouse (Perognathus baileyi) was the only rodent previously known to survive on Jojoba beans as a food source. A natural chemical, cyanogenic glucoside, …

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Plague In The U.S.: Present And Future, Allan M. Barnes Mar 1990

Plague In The U.S.: Present And Future, Allan M. Barnes

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

An increasing trend in the frequency of human bubonic plague cases in the United States, the principal sources of human infection, and emerging control techniques are described. Development of an integrated control program involving public health education, citizen participation in plague surveillance, and insecticidal control of flea vectors in response to evidence of plague and potential human exposure substantially reduced human plague cases in a Bernalillo County, New Mexico, hyperendemic plague area. Permethrin 0.5% dust (Pyraperm 455) applied at a rate of 7 g per burrow was found to provide effective control of flea vectors for at least 6 weeks.

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Lamb Predation In Patagonian Ranches, J. Bellati, J. Von Thungen Mar 1990

Lamb Predation In Patagonian Ranches, J. Bellati, J. Von Thungen

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

Lamb predation in Patagonia, Argentina, is considered by ranchers as the cause of one of their greatest losses and limits sheep production. Patagonian red fox (Dusicyon culpaeus) is the main predator and the magnitude of the problem reflects its distribution and abundance. Since 1979, the Bariloche Experimental Station of the Instituto Nacional de Technologia Agropecuaria (INTA) has performed 8 studies, totaling 1,717 lamb necropsies, with the purpose of determining the relative importance of predation and other causes of lamb mortality. This paper analyzes the causes of lamb mortality, with special reference to red fox and carnivorous bird predation. …

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Development, Use, And Benefits Of The Animal Damage Control Management Information System, Darlene G. Blaney Mar 1990

Development, Use, And Benefits Of The Animal Damage Control Management Information System, Darlene G. Blaney

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Animal Damage Control (ADC) Management Information System (MIS) is in the process of being updated to a relational database format on an IBM-compatible microcomputer. The background of the MIS, the development process, the information that is collected, how the information is used by program managers, and the cost benefits of the automated system are addressed.

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Crop Damage By Overabundant Populations Of Nilgai And Blackbuck In Haryana (India) And Its Management, N.P.S. Chauhan, Ramveer Singh Mar 1990

Crop Damage By Overabundant Populations Of Nilgai And Blackbuck In Haryana (India) And Its Management, N.P.S. Chauhan, Ramveer Singh

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)


In India, as in other countries, problems associated with locally overabundant wildlife species have emerged as important management issues for reason of some species losing their natural habitat but adapting themselves to the manaltered habitats. Consequently, there is a clash with the interests of local people. Crop-raiding by locally overabundant wild populations of nilgai and blackbuck in Haryana is one such problem analyzed in this paper. Nilgai causes extensive damage to agricultural crops; among these, gram, wheat seedlings and moong are the most preferred ones. Blackbuck nibble mainly on young shoots of various cereal and pulse crops and the damage …

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Conference Participants Mar 1990

Conference Participants

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

The number of registered attendees was 359. The participants came from 33 states, the District of Columbia, and from 12 other countries. The wide representation from the United States and countries throughout the world contributed to the success of the Conference by providing a highly knowledgeable and diversified group for the exchange of research progress, new ideas, and information on a wide range of vertebrate pest topics.

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Plant Secondary Compounds–A Basis For New Avian Repellents, D.R. Crocker Mar 1990

Plant Secondary Compounds–A Basis For New Avian Repellents, D.R. Crocker

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

Bird repellents that are effective have tended to be toxic, while those that are relatively nontoxic have tended to be ineffective. There is a need for repellents that work well and safely. Interest has focused on the natural chemical defenses used by plants to defend themselves from herbivores. Preferences of bullfinches in orchards for different pear cultivars were correlated with biochemical differences between cultivars. A class of plant secondary compounds has been isolated and shown to be physiologically active against bullfinch and pigeon gut enzymes, and also to deter feeding in the laboratory. The physiological and biochemical mechanisms responsible for …

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Bromethalin Toxicosis-Evaluation Of Aminophylline Treatment And An Epidemiologic Assessment, David C. Dorman, Alan J. Parker, William B. Buck Mar 1990

Bromethalin Toxicosis-Evaluation Of Aminophylline Treatment And An Epidemiologic Assessment, David C. Dorman, Alan J. Parker, William B. Buck

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

The reported LD50 for technical grade bromethalin ranges from 1.8 mg/kg in the cat, 4.7 mg/kg in the dog, and 13 mg/kg in rabbits, and up to >1000 mg/kg in guinea pigs (VanLier and Ottosen 1981, VanLier and Cherry 1988). Mitochondrial electron transport studies using purified rat brain and liver mitochondria have been performed, and have established that bromethalin is an effective uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation (VanLier and Ottosen 1981, Cherry et al. 1982, VanLier and Cherry 1988). Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is the major mechanism for production of ATP in the brain. Uncoupling of this reaction in bromethalin-poisoned animals …

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Efficacy Data For Registration Of Strychnine Grain Baits To Control Pocket Gophers (Thomomys Spp.), James Evans, George H. Matschke, Dan L. Campbell, Paul L. Hegdal, Richard M. Engeman Mar 1990

Efficacy Data For Registration Of Strychnine Grain Baits To Control Pocket Gophers (Thomomys Spp.), James Evans, George H. Matschke, Dan L. Campbell, Paul L. Hegdal, Richard M. Engeman

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

Laboratory tests, field telemetry trials, and actual use field efficacy evaluations showed that a 0.5% strychnine alkaloid steam-rolled oat-groat hand-bait formulation (EPA Reg. No. 56228-20) with molasses, salt, glycerine, and soda was effective in controlling northern pocket gophers (Thomomys talpoides). Baits retaining at least 0.5% strychnine (w/w) were as effective (>95% control) as baits with 0.75% and 1.0% strychnine in field telemetry hand-baiting trials as well as operational hand-baiting and burrow-builder baiting field tests in forest habitat. Data indicated that the 0.5% strychnine hand bait (molasses formulation) should be reregistered and would be a good substitute for …

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Rodent Problems In Range Rehabilitation, Richard Everett, Steve Monsen Mar 1990

Rodent Problems In Range Rehabilitation, Richard Everett, Steve Monsen

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

Seed predation by rodents has limited successful re-establishment of desirable shrubs, forbs, and grasses on degraded western rangelands. We need to develop methods that temporarily reduce rodent numbers or their predation of planted seed if we are to establish diverse rangeland plant communities. Range site conversion treatments of chaining, prescribed burning, spraying, or drilling have not been effective in reducing deer mice populations. However, seed predation has been reduced by adopting seeding strategies that mimic natural seed predation avoidance mechanisms. Seedings have been designed to mimic the "satiation" strategy for plant establishment by providing more seed and sacrifice foods than …

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