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1977

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Articles 31 - 60 of 70

Full-Text Articles in Environmental Health and Protection

The Neadow Vole Situation In Maine Orchards, Francis J. Gramlich Mar 1977

The Neadow Vole Situation In Maine Orchards, Francis J. Gramlich

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

Maine orchards produce quality apples--prihllirily }illcIntosh, Cortland, red and golden delicious. We have about 400,000 trees on 7,000 acres. Our production is still in standard trees that are widely spaced, although aL~ost all newer plantings are going to dwarfing stocks. The average orchard is quite small--between 50 and 100 acres. There are several over 200 acres. The largest is 700 acres and is in a class by itself. Most Maine orchards are relatively old and in heavy sod, consequently have have heavy grass and weed cover. Fall meadow mouse populations of more than 200 per acre have been recorded in …

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Progress In Pine Vole Ecological Research And Its Relevance To Damage Control, R. L. Kirkpatrick, R. E. Noffsinger Mar 1977

Progress In Pine Vole Ecological Research And Its Relevance To Damage Control, R. L. Kirkpatrick, R. E. Noffsinger

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

LaVoie and Tietjen (1971) pointed to the "paucity of quantitative data concerning vital phases of the life history of the pine vole" as one possible reason for our lack of progress in controlling pine vole damage. They suggested that pine voles do not seem to be readily adaptable to a wide range of habitat types and conditions and that this lack of adaptive ability might be exploited in their control by manipulation of limiting factors in their habitat. They also suggested a balanced program of research which would include studies of vole populations, their habits and their habitats as well …

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Position Relative To Endrin And Zinc Phosphide For Control Of Pine Mice And Meadow Mice, R. N. Barber Mar 1977

Position Relative To Endrin And Zinc Phosphide For Control Of Pine Mice And Meadow Mice, R. N. Barber

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

Barber Orchards has been an operating orchard since 1903. We are commercial growers with about 31,000 trees. Our number one problem over the years has been the loss of trees due to destruction of root systems by these two species of rodents.

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Remarks To Be Presented At The First Eastern Pine And Meadow Vole Symposium, Merle H. Markley Mar 1977

Remarks To Be Presented At The First Eastern Pine And Meadow Vole Symposium, Merle H. Markley

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

A Rebuttable Presumption Against Reregistration has been issued against endrin. It is my own opinion that: First endrin should be critically examined, use by use, with respect to effectiveness and alleged hazard to non-target animals, be they pets, domestic stock or wildlife; and secondly, that a careful and complete review be made of all economic benefits against the hazards identified in the earlier review. The notice which appeared in the Federal Register emphasized the occasional harmful aspects of use and failed to give much or any credence to benefits. Certainly there must be some value to the grower and financial …

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Rodenticide Development, Richard C. Ostrowski Mar 1977

Rodenticide Development, Richard C. Ostrowski

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

It is unfortunate that the development of rodenticide products has not kept pace with other orchard needs. This may be due to 1) long term availability of an inexpensive material, 2) return-on-investment for development costs of new products in lieu of this availability. A critical situation is developing in that the standard material is not performing as well as it did in the past. This may be related to the development of areas of resistance and the increase in pine vole activity.

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A Matter Of Survival, S. Pitchon Mar 1977

A Matter Of Survival, S. Pitchon

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

Session V of the program calls for "Chemical Industry Positions on Economics of Rodenticides". I will attempt to describe some of the problems that industry faces in registering pesticides and how they affect the cost and delay registration.

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Population Dynamics And Reproduction In Virginia Meadow Voles, Robert K. Rose Mar 1977

Population Dynamics And Reproduction In Virginia Meadow Voles, Robert K. Rose

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

This paper describes changes in important demographic parameters of a grassland (non-orchard) population of the meadow vole (M. pennsylvanicus) studied since November 1974 near Charlottesville in piedmont Virginia. (This study was supported by the Dept of Biology of the University of Virginia until August 1976, and is now the joint project with Ray D. Dueser, Dept of Environmental Sciences, UVA, and is supported by our respective departments.) Methods used are similar to those of C.J. Krebs, and require weekly live-trapping during which each vole is weighed and assessed for reproductive state and new voles are tagged. Such information has been …

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How Our Company Views Pine Mouse Control, H. Lee Showalter Mar 1977

How Our Company Views Pine Mouse Control, H. Lee Showalter

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

Hess Orchards of Waynesboro, Pennsylvania, are growers and packers of fresh fruits. At the present time, we have approximately 350 acres planted to apples and 125 acres planted to peaches. We are producing about 180,000 bushels of apples and 15,000 bushels of peaches annually. Our company is concerned mainly with 'pine' mouse damage. We have had meadow mouse injury but it has not been as much of a problem as the pine mouse damage. We have been spending $4,000 to $6,000 for rodenticide materials annually. This does not include the labor necessary to apply the materials.

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Some Pine Vole Movement Patterns In Several Apple Orchards In Henderson County, North Carolina, William T. Sullivan Mar 1977

Some Pine Vole Movement Patterns In Several Apple Orchards In Henderson County, North Carolina, William T. Sullivan

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

In controlling pine voles in orchards a question often comes up about the distance the voles will move from outside into an orchard where the resident animals have been removed by a control program. There are several possible ways to study this, but at present the closest we can come to an answer is to see how far animals move in live-trapping studies. Naturalists have raised many questions about how to interpret these observations of trapped animals. For example, maybe movements are farther or more frequent into areas which have no resident animals or perhaps the animals that move in …

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Control Of Microtus In Two Damage Situations, Andrew Radvanyi Mar 1977

Control Of Microtus In Two Damage Situations, Andrew Radvanyi

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

In Canada the potential exists of over a million dollars girdling damage loss per year caused by small mammals to fruit trees in each of the four major orchard areas of British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec and Nova Scotia. Such annual losses continue to occur despite the existence of methods developed which could largely eliminate a large percentage of such losses at a fraction of the costs currently being spent on attempts to control small mammal populations (primarily meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) in orchard situations. In this paper I propose to outline briefly the developmental studies conducted by the …

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Comments On The Pine Vole In Orchards And Its Control, J. G. Barrat Mar 1977

Comments On The Pine Vole In Orchards And Its Control, J. G. Barrat

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

There are many present orchard problems, most of them seasonal in nature, but few cause the serious losses that extensive vole injury does. Voles do their damage by feeding on the bark of the roots and at the crown of the trunk causing partial or complete girdling which weakens or kills the tree. Vole damage is feared because it means the loss of a tree or a group of trees as a maximum producing unit which takes several years to replace. Partially girdled trees may survive for years with low production. The lack of mouse control is often blamed on …

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Vole Damage And Attempted Control In West Virginia, Bob Butler Mar 1977

Vole Damage And Attempted Control In West Virginia, Bob Butler

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

Meadow and pine vole damage is the number one problem in commercial orchards in the West Virginia area. At present apple powdery mildew is second but vole (hereafter referred to as mouse) damage is first.

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My View Of Our Pine Vole Control Problem, Steve Clark Mar 1977

My View Of Our Pine Vole Control Problem, Steve Clark

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

In a recent survey of pine mouse infestation, it was determined that approximately 37% of the orchard land had serious enough damage to warrant control measures. Some growers are using chlorophacinone as a ground spray. We are also putting out tarpaper bait stations and baiting with either Ramik Brown or Rozol pellets. There has been mixed results with both methods and our growers are still looking for a better control method.

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Pine Vole Control Research In Virginia, Ross E. Byers Mar 1977

Pine Vole Control Research In Virginia, Ross E. Byers

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

A number of anticoagulant baits were found to be effective for the control of pine voles in apple orchards. The more toxic and acute the anticoagulant bait, the more effective the compounds appeared to be in field trials. A single 10 lb/A application of ICI 581, LM 637, and CPN gave excellent control in 1976 trials. Apple baits of ICI 581 and RH 787 also performed very well as a single 10 lb or 5 lb application per acre, respectively. Endrin applied to an orchard with a history of 10 years or more of annual applications did not control the …

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Economic Implications Of Using Zinc Phosphide To Replace Endrin In Apple Orchards, Walter L. Ferguson Mar 1977

Economic Implications Of Using Zinc Phosphide To Replace Endrin In Apple Orchards, Walter L. Ferguson

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

Consideration is being given to suspend or restrict the use of endrin for controlling mice in orchards. If endrin were not available for this use, State extension and experiment station personnel in 6 Eastern States and 2 Western States estimated that apple production losses would increase from mice injury on 33,400 endrin-treated bearing acres, (12,500 acres in the Eastern States and 20,900 acres in the Western States). The 6 Eastern States include Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia and West Virginia: the 2 Western States are Idaho and Washington. Estimates of production changes without endrin were made assuming zinc …

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Survival Rates Of Pine Voles In North Carolina Orchards, Don W. Hayne Mar 1977

Survival Rates Of Pine Voles In North Carolina Orchards, Don W. Hayne

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

There are a number of definitions of control of a pest. One of the competing definitions, and probably the most common even if not accepted in advanced circles, is to kill off the pest. Translated, this says: to increase the mortality rate, preferably to an extreme degree. I am going to talk here about survival rates. A survival rate is just the complement of the mortality rate - if survival is 80 percent, then mortality is 20 percent. It happens to be more generally useful in studying populations to deal with survival rates, so I hope I may be excused …

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Development Of Pp581 Rodenticide By Ici-United States, Inc., Dale E. Kaukeinen Mar 1977

Development Of Pp581 Rodenticide By Ici-United States, Inc., Dale E. Kaukeinen

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

The Agricultural Chemicals Division of ICI-US was formed in 1970 and is closely tied with Plant Protection Division (PPD) in England. PPD has world-wide responsibility for research, development and marketing of agricultural crop protection chemicals including herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, nematocides, plant growth regulators, and rodenticides. Past achievements have included 2,4-D, Paraquat, Diquat, and BHC, among others. Experimental compounds from the U.K. are evaluated and developed for the U.S. by the Biological Research Center at Goldsboro, N.C. Facilities on this 250 acre site include fully-equipped laboratories for the formulation, research, development, and residue departments. Field trials can be carried out on …

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Pine And Meadow Research In Pennsylvania Relevant To Control In Orchards, Robert G. Anthony Mar 1977

Pine And Meadow Research In Pennsylvania Relevant To Control In Orchards, Robert G. Anthony

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

Results from field studies and questionnaires mailed to commercial orchardists in Pennsylvania indicate use of orchards by wildlife poses management problems for orchardists, horticulturists, county extension agents, and wildlife managers. Data substantiate the detriment of wildlife to orchard trees and fruits as viewed by commercial orchardists. In addition, existing control methods are often inconsistent and ineffective and necessitate use of toxic substances which may have far-reaching environmental effects. Consequently, a need for sounder management of wildlife in orchards is apparent. Studies at The Pennsylvania State University have focused on: (1) surveys on the extent and severity of wildlife damage in …

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The Ir-4 Project Can Help, Drew Baker Mar 1977

The Ir-4 Project Can Help, Drew Baker

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

You are probably wondering what IR-4 stands for. It means Interregional Project No.4 and it is funded by the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture and all of the state agricultural experiment stations. Its purpose is to obtain data to meet EPA requirements for registrations and tolerances on minor crops and specialty uses. The pesticide industry will sometimes conclude that the potential profit from some minor use is too small. When this is the case, IR-4 attempts to fill the data gaps. Since the states and USDA have only limited facilities for toxicity and environmental studies, IR-4 limits itself to those projects …

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Apples, Voles And Endrin, Melvin H. Kolbe Mar 1977

Apples, Voles And Endrin, Melvin H. Kolbe

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

Voles damage trees in several ways. They eat the roots, and if the damage is light the apple tree may not show any obvious problem, but the amount of yield loss can be great. If the voles girdle the tree (cut the bark at or near the soil line), they cut the xylem tubes and this will reduce the amount of water and nutrients taken into the tree. When this happens and moisture stress is high, the tree will turn yellow in July (summer months). If injury is serious, the tree top may die, and if the girdling is severe, …

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Mouse Control In My Orchard, Everett Lutz Mar 1977

Mouse Control In My Orchard, Everett Lutz

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

There are all kinds of problems in the apple growing business, but among the major problems are Eastern Pine and Meadow Voles. There is no need to elaborate on the damage they can do. Everyone in the orchard business knows the destruction caused by voles. They can completely eradicate an orchard. For twenty (20) years or more Endrin has been used to solve the vole problem. It has done an excellent job.

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Mouse Control In My Orchard, Perry Lowe Jr. Mar 1977

Mouse Control In My Orchard, Perry Lowe Jr.

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

The control of mice was by far the most serious problem that I had in producing apples before Endrin became available as a ground spray. I have used Endrin in my orchards every year except one since it became available in our area. The one year that I failed to use Endrin I lost 20% of the trees in one block from mouse damage

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Registration Of Pesticides By Epa, Raymond W. Matheny Mar 1977

Registration Of Pesticides By Epa, Raymond W. Matheny

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

A paper to consider current pesticide registration requirements, especially as they pertain to the use of rodenticides in orchards.

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Mouse Damage, A Serious Problem For The Virginia Apple Industry, C. Purcell Mccue Jr. Mar 1977

Mouse Damage, A Serious Problem For The Virginia Apple Industry, C. Purcell Mccue Jr.

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

The 1972 Apple and Peach Tree Survey indicated that there were 1.6 million apple trees in Virginia. Dr. J. B. Bell and Dr. J. M. Johnson report that based on information from the Statistical Reporting Service and the Economic Research Service that the average per year market value of the 1973-74-75 Virginia Apple crop was $109,160,000. This value consists of the farm value of $28 million plus packing, storage, processing, and other marketing services. It is estimated that mouse damage to apple trees reduces the output in Virginia by 10% per year or a potential loss of $11,000,000 annually for …

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Meadow Vole Control With Ramik Brown, W. B. O'Neal Mar 1977

Meadow Vole Control With Ramik Brown, W. B. O'Neal

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

A considerable amount of information has been generated regarding the use of Ramik for pine vole control. However, in many cases pine and meadow vole inhabit the same orchard. Also, there is some concern on efficacy and/or future availability of present treatments used for controlling meadow vole. With this in mind, many experiments were initiated to study the effect of Ramik on meadow vole. Information regarding three of these experiments is presented in this paper.

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Registration Of Pesticides By Epa Section 3, Daniel B. Peacock Mar 1977

Registration Of Pesticides By Epa Section 3, Daniel B. Peacock

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

Section 3 Regulations of FIFRA, published July 3, 1975 (40FR28267), require the submission of chemistry, toxicology, and efficacy data for registration. The EPA uses these data to determine if a product, when used according to label directions, is effective for the purpose claimed without causing unreasonable effects on man or the environment. Described below are the basic types of data required.

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The Influence Of Pine Vole Damage On Apple Tree Vigor And Fruit Yield, Karen Pearson Mar 1977

The Influence Of Pine Vole Damage On Apple Tree Vigor And Fruit Yield, Karen Pearson

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

Accurate estimates of financial losses caused by pine voles in apple orchards is essential in order to obtain reliable cost figures for use in evaluations of various control methods. Most pine vole damage occurs below ground and any attempt to evaluate the severity of the damage in relation to the loss in productivity of the tree proves very difficult. For this reason estimates of vole damage are usually only in terms of annual tree losses. However, damage to the trunk and roots caused by pine voles affect the vigor, yield, fruit quality and ultimately the market value of the crop. …

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Epa Registration Requirements For Orchard Rodenticides And The Manufacturer's Development Conslderations, D. L. Peardon Mar 1977

Epa Registration Requirements For Orchard Rodenticides And The Manufacturer's Development Conslderations, D. L. Peardon

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

Data requirements for the registration of pesticides in the United States, and other countries, have been increasing steadily over the past 25 years. Requirements have increased fastest during the past 5 years.

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Pine Voles (Pitymys Pinetorum) And Orchard Damage Research: An Overview Of The N.Y. Coop Wildlife Research Program In Animal Damage, Milo Richmond, Robert Stehn, Mary Dunlay Mar 1977

Pine Voles (Pitymys Pinetorum) And Orchard Damage Research: An Overview Of The N.Y. Coop Wildlife Research Program In Animal Damage, Milo Richmond, Robert Stehn, Mary Dunlay

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

We began our research effort in 1968 with a project aimed at determining the efficacy of endrin treatment for pine vole control. Grower concerns and a small amount of laboratory data indicated that endrin was no longer as reliable in controlling pine voles as it was in the early sixties. Our initial efforts were twofold. We sought first to determine the existing efficacy of endrin and secondly to evaluate any resistance by pine voles to this chemical control procedure. Unfortunately, this entire endrin research effort was dropped by the Cooperative Research Unit when endrin as well as other persistent chlorinated …

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Coping With Pesticide Registration Problems, Harry K. Rust Mar 1977

Coping With Pesticide Registration Problems, Harry K. Rust

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

The Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) was created to cope with complex pesticide problems and their effect on man and the environment. State pesticide laws have a similar responsibility and often provide additional regulation to address problems or conditions specific to that individual state. Pesticides are unique when compared to other potential pollutants. Unlike most others, pesticides are deliberately introduced into the environment to achieve a distinct result or benefit. This very fact requires that the benefits afforded by these chemicals be weighed against the undesirable consequences likely to result. This benefit/ risk balancing is not easy.

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