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Full-Text Articles in Environmental Health and Protection
Crop Damage By Overabundant Populations Of Nilgai And Blackbuck In Haryana (India) And Its Management, N.P.S. Chauhan, Ramveer Singh
Crop Damage By Overabundant Populations Of Nilgai And Blackbuck In Haryana (India) And Its Management, N.P.S. Chauhan, Ramveer Singh
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)
In India, as in other countries, problems associated with locally overabundant wildlife species have emerged as important management issues for reason of some species losing their natural habitat but adapting themselves to the manaltered habitats. Consequently, there is a clash with the interests of local people. Crop-raiding by locally overabundant wild populations of nilgai and blackbuck in Haryana is one such problem analyzed in this paper. Nilgai causes extensive damage to agricultural crops; among these, gram, wheat seedlings and moong are the most preferred ones. Blackbuck nibble mainly on young shoots of various cereal and pulse crops and the damage …
Conference Participants
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)
The number of registered attendees was 359. The participants came from 33 states, the District of Columbia, and from 12 other countries. The wide representation from the United States and countries throughout the world contributed to the success of the Conference by providing a highly knowledgeable and diversified group for the exchange of research progress, new ideas, and information on a wide range of vertebrate pest topics.
Plant Secondary Compounds–A Basis For New Avian Repellents, D.R. Crocker
Plant Secondary Compounds–A Basis For New Avian Repellents, D.R. Crocker
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)
Bird repellents that are effective have tended to be toxic, while those that are relatively nontoxic have tended to be ineffective. There is a need for repellents that work well and safely. Interest has focused on the natural chemical defenses used by plants to defend themselves from herbivores. Preferences of bullfinches in orchards for different pear cultivars were correlated with biochemical differences between cultivars. A class of plant secondary compounds has been isolated and shown to be physiologically active against bullfinch and pigeon gut enzymes, and also to deter feeding in the laboratory. The physiological and biochemical mechanisms responsible for …
Bromethalin Toxicosis-Evaluation Of Aminophylline Treatment And An Epidemiologic Assessment, David C. Dorman, Alan J. Parker, William B. Buck
Bromethalin Toxicosis-Evaluation Of Aminophylline Treatment And An Epidemiologic Assessment, David C. Dorman, Alan J. Parker, William B. Buck
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)
The reported LD50 for technical grade bromethalin ranges from 1.8 mg/kg in the cat, 4.7 mg/kg in the dog, and 13 mg/kg in rabbits, and up to >1000 mg/kg in guinea pigs (VanLier and Ottosen 1981, VanLier and Cherry 1988). Mitochondrial electron transport studies using purified rat brain and liver mitochondria have been performed, and have established that bromethalin is an effective uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation (VanLier and Ottosen 1981, Cherry et al. 1982, VanLier and Cherry 1988). Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is the major mechanism for production of ATP in the brain. Uncoupling of this reaction in bromethalin-poisoned animals …
Efficacy Data For Registration Of Strychnine Grain Baits To Control Pocket Gophers (Thomomys Spp.), James Evans, George H. Matschke, Dan L. Campbell, Paul L. Hegdal, Richard M. Engeman
Efficacy Data For Registration Of Strychnine Grain Baits To Control Pocket Gophers (Thomomys Spp.), James Evans, George H. Matschke, Dan L. Campbell, Paul L. Hegdal, Richard M. Engeman
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)
Laboratory tests, field telemetry trials, and actual use field efficacy evaluations showed that a 0.5% strychnine alkaloid steam-rolled oat-groat hand-bait formulation (EPA Reg. No. 56228-20) with molasses, salt, glycerine, and soda was effective in controlling northern pocket gophers (Thomomys talpoides). Baits retaining at least 0.5% strychnine (w/w) were as effective (>95% control) as baits with 0.75% and 1.0% strychnine in field telemetry hand-baiting trials as well as operational hand-baiting and burrow-builder baiting field tests in forest habitat. Data indicated that the 0.5% strychnine hand bait (molasses formulation) should be reregistered and would be a good substitute for …
Rodent Problems In Range Rehabilitation, Richard Everett, Steve Monsen
Rodent Problems In Range Rehabilitation, Richard Everett, Steve Monsen
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)
Seed predation by rodents has limited successful re-establishment of desirable shrubs, forbs, and grasses on degraded western rangelands. We need to develop methods that temporarily reduce rodent numbers or their predation of planted seed if we are to establish diverse rangeland plant communities. Range site conversion treatments of chaining, prescribed burning, spraying, or drilling have not been effective in reducing deer mice populations. However, seed predation has been reduced by adopting seeding strategies that mimic natural seed predation avoidance mechanisms. Seedings have been designed to mimic the "satiation" strategy for plant establishment by providing more seed and sacrifice foods than …
Control Of Coyote Predation On Livestock–Progress In Research And Development, Michael W. Fall
Control Of Coyote Predation On Livestock–Progress In Research And Development, Michael W. Fall
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)
The coyote is highly adaptable in exploiting man's livestock production systems and, indeed, thrives in such situations. Recent research by the Denver Wildlife Research Center has drawn upon earlier studies to focus effort on priority needs of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) cooperative Animal Damage Control (ADC) program. Substantial improvements have been made in some control methods and several new methods or effective modifications have become available for use by ADC and by producers. Additional developments have occurred in improving chemical delivery systems and in understanding the ecological requirements for effective control programs. With the substantial investments being made …
Mythology Of Vertebrate Pest Control, William D. Fitzwater
Mythology Of Vertebrate Pest Control, William D. Fitzwater
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)
Controlling vertebrate species obnoxious or even dangerous to them has been a concern of the human species through the evolutionary process. Early measures were often based on religious, superstitious, and biologic fantasies. While modern control measures are better biologically founded, there still remains an aura of mythology around many accepted by the public today. Examples are given of some of them: toxicants, electromagnetics, ultrasonics, and repellents for deer, moles, and raccoons.
Front Matter And Contents
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)
Proceedings of the FOURTEENTH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE
The Status Of The Steel Trap In North America, James H. Glass
The Status Of The Steel Trap In North America, James H. Glass
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)
This paper will discuss strides taken to limit or eliminate use of the leghold trap and will explore recent trends in the animal rights movement's attack on fur and traps. A current legislative effort in Ohio, which seeks to protect wearers of fur and other animal products, as well as retailers, will be examined. Finally, the outlook as to what the future holds for the anti-trap debate and what we must do as responsible conservationists is discussed.
Seedling Damage And Mortality Of Conifer Plantations On Transitory Ranges In Northern And Central Idaho, Russell T. Graham, James L. Kingery
Seedling Damage And Mortality Of Conifer Plantations On Transitory Ranges In Northern And Central Idaho, Russell T. Graham, James L. Kingery
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)
A combination of factors are responsible for mortality in conifer plantations. Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) were planted on 3 transitory ranges in northern and central Idaho. These plantations were followed closely (sampling up to 7 times per year) for 6 years recording the causes of mortality and damage to the tree seedlings. Pocket gophers (Thomomys spp.) killed the most trees (71%) while nonanimal causes killed 21%. Elk (Cervus elaphus) and deer (Odocoileus spp.) killed a maximum of 9%, and cattle (Bovine spp.) killed a maximum of 4%. Pocket gophers caused the most reduction …
Required Use Of Protective Bait Stations In The U. S., William W. Jacobs
Required Use Of Protective Bait Stations In The U. S., William W. Jacobs
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)
Beginning in the 1960s, labels for federally registered commensal rodenticides have been required to bear a statement to the effect that the baits are to be contained in "tamper-proof bait boxes" when used in locations accessible to children and nontarget animals. Faced with ample evidence of noncompliance with the letter and spirit of this portion of the label, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a policy statement (PR Notice 83-5) and scheduled public hearings on matters pertaining to bait stations and nontarget exposure incidents involving rodenticides. EPA's findings indicate that, while some clarifications of its policies might be …
State Of The Art Telemetry Equipment Appropriate For Vertebrate Pest Control Research, Barbara C. Kermeen
State Of The Art Telemetry Equipment Appropriate For Vertebrate Pest Control Research, Barbara C. Kermeen
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)
Constant developments in technology, both materials and methods, allow smaller and smaller animals to be radio-tracked for longer periods of time than was previously possible. Developments in electronic component miniaturization and battery chemistry are primarily responsible for this advancement. Approximately 30 years of field-use of radiotelemetry techniques have led to innovative procedures and uses of materials for the application of transmitters to animals. New technology such as satellite telemetry and recapture collars are only in their infancy and are not, at this time, appropriate for use in vertebrate pest research. Sophistication in receiving systems also allows more accurate and more …
Acquired Strychnine Tolerance By Pocket Gophers, Ling Ling Lee, Walter E. Howard, Rex E. Marsh
Acquired Strychnine Tolerance By Pocket Gophers, Ling Ling Lee, Walter E. Howard, Rex E. Marsh
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)
Four adult female Botta's pocket gophers (Thomomys bottae) that had survived many normally potentially lethal doses of strychnine alkaloid in another experiment (Lee 1986) were examined further. These individuals freely consumed 0.5% strychnine bait, and 3 of them also 1% strychnine bait, for long periods without dying, whether or not nontoxic alternate bait was present. After 1 gopher (#5) was taken off its 1% strychnine wheat diet for 44 days, it lost its physiological tolerance to strychnine and died the first day when again exposed to a free choice of nontoxic and 1% strychnine wheat. It consumed only …
Effects Of Field Vertebrate Pest Control On Nontarget Wildlife (With Emphasis On Bird And Rodent Control), E.E. Littrell
Effects Of Field Vertebrate Pest Control On Nontarget Wildlife (With Emphasis On Bird And Rodent Control), E.E. Littrell
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)
Vertebrate pest control measures may have an impact on nontarget wildlife. Bird and rodent control programs using avicides and rodenticides in California have been, and are currently being, examined by the California Department of Fish and Game on a routine basis. Each pesticide used has its deleterious side effects. This paper reviews these side effects and suggests possible future impacts which could be expected.
Reproduction And Population Structure Of Pocket Gophers (Thomomvs Bottae) From Irrigated Alfalfa Fields, Susan C. Loeb
Reproduction And Population Structure Of Pocket Gophers (Thomomvs Bottae) From Irrigated Alfalfa Fields, Susan C. Loeb
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)
Pocket gophers were collected from irrigated alfalfa fields (IRR) and non-irrigated fallow fields (NIRR) in Davis, California, for 2 years. Reproduction was continuous in IRR fields with very little seasonal variation in reproductive activity. In contrast, reproduction in NIRR fields occurred primarily during the rainy season (winter and spring). Females in IRR fields produced approximately twice as many litters per year (3.6-3.9) as females in NIRR habitats (1.7). The high reproductive potential of adult females in IRR fields coupled with the early age of sexual maturity among young females suggests that population recovery after control measures is likely to be …
Urban Animal Damage Control In California, John R. Maestrelli
Urban Animal Damage Control In California, John R. Maestrelli
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)
Requests for assistance, monetary losses attributed to wildlife, and numbers of wild animals removed from urban areas in California increased significantly between 1982 and 1989. Five species of wildlife are responsible for the majority of complaints received from the public. Because of the inherent problems associated with animal damage control in densely populated urban areas, specialized control equipment and techniques such as cage traps, crossbows and night vision goggles are utilized by U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, Animal Damage Control (USDA-APHISADC) personnel. Urban ADC programs help educate a large segment of the population about the need …
Microencapsulation Of Rodenticides, Rex E. Marsh
Microencapsulation Of Rodenticides, Rex E. Marsh
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)
Microencapsulation materials and techniques have advanced significantly over the past two decades. Encapsulation techniques are now used in a wide range of products from drugs to perfumes and food fragrances. As an industry, microencapsulation had its beginning in the research laboratories of National Cash Register (NCR) in Dayton, Ohio, in the late 1930s. It came into commercial use in 1954 when carbonless copy paper was introduced on the market. The entire field has made enormous progress since that time. Microencapsulation and other associated controlled- release technology play an important role in time-release pesticides, giving them a delayed or longer action …
An Examination Of The Browsing Animal Problem In Australian Eucalypt And Pine Plantations, Thomas L. Montague, David C. Pollock, Wendy Wright
An Examination Of The Browsing Animal Problem In Australian Eucalypt And Pine Plantations, Thomas L. Montague, David C. Pollock, Wendy Wright
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)
The severity and extent of browsing damage to pine and eucalypt plantations and possible solutions are examined. Twenty-six percent of all trees surviving 9 months after planting were browsed yet only six percent had more than 50% of foliage damaged. The most common form of damage was for the foliage to be browsed or the tree bitten off with browsing damage implicated in the mortality of the 24% of trees that died. No difference in the extent of damage between Pinus radiata and eucalypts was detected. Slight differences between three Eucalypt species and two ages of seedlings were detected; however, …
Bird Problems In New Zealand–Methods Of Control, Peter C. Nelson
Bird Problems In New Zealand–Methods Of Control, Peter C. Nelson
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)
New Zealand horticulturists are experiencing increasing damage to a variety of crops from a number of introduced bird species. With the advent of the increasing problem there is a need for carefully planned control operations most of which, by necessity, will be carried out by the growers themselves. This means that a variety of baits and toxins is currently being evaluated for control purposes. Growers are being trained in the use of those toxins as well as how to get more effective use from a range of bird-scare devices. Control agencies continue to carry out control of certain bird species …
Vertebrate Pests Of Beekeeping, John M. O'Brien, Rex E. Marsh
Vertebrate Pests Of Beekeeping, John M. O'Brien, Rex E. Marsh
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)
Information concerning vertebrate pests of beekeeping was gathered from state and provincial apiary inspectors through a questionnaire. Forty-eight states and 9 provinces responded. Additional pest information has been assembled from published articles. Bears represent the major vertebrate pest based on severity of damage to colonies. Total estimated losses reported amounted to $623,000 annually. Loss estimates for the various pest species are probably grossly underestimated because many states with problems could not or did not provide loss estimates. Skunks and house mice represent the next most important species from a damage point of view, with annual damage averaging $423,050 and $100,450, …
Red-Winged Blackbird And Starling Feeding Responses On Corn Earworm-Infested Corn, Flavian H. Okurut-Akol, Richard A. Dolbeer, Paul P. Woronecki
Red-Winged Blackbird And Starling Feeding Responses On Corn Earworm-Infested Corn, Flavian H. Okurut-Akol, Richard A. Dolbeer, Paul P. Woronecki
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)
We examined the feeding behavior of red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) and European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) on ears of corn (Zea mavs) artificially infested with corn earworms (Helicoverpa zea). In 30-minute aviary tests, redwings and starlings directed 39 to 79% more feeding responses to ears of corn with worms than to ears without worms but they damaged the same proportion of ears with and without worms. In 3-hour aviary tests and a field evaluation, birds damaged more ears with worms than without worms. In spite of more feeding responses directed to ears with …
Responses Of Captive Coyotes To Chemical Attractants, Robert L. Phillips, F. Sherman Blom, Richard M. Engeman
Responses Of Captive Coyotes To Chemical Attractants, Robert L. Phillips, F. Sherman Blom, Richard M. Engeman
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)
Seasonal responses of captive coyotes (Canis latrans) to 9 chemical attractants (W-U lure, TMAD, SFE, FAS, CFA, artificial smoked fish flavor, artificial beef liver flavor, yeast autolysate and decanoic acid) were evaluated. Twenty-six additional attractants were tested only during the summer. W-U lure and FAS produced the greatest total response times from coyotes during all seasons of the year. FAS and smoked fish flavor evoked the most lick-chew-bite and pulling behaviors during the summer and have potential for improving the performance of M-44 devices in warm weather.
Keynote Address--Thoughts On The Future Of Vertebrate Pest Management, Russell F. Reidinger Jr.
Keynote Address--Thoughts On The Future Of Vertebrate Pest Management, Russell F. Reidinger Jr.
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)
I greatly appreciated the invitation to attend this Conference, and to share some thoughts on the future of vertebrate pest management in the form of a Keynote Address. In making the presentation, I will dwell mostly on a single document. This document is entitled “Strategic Plan for Animal Damage Control,” and became available in December 1989, from the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). The document is one of the products from a strategic planning process that began in APHIS about 2 years ago, and continues today. The process began at the highest level of …
An Evaluation Of Fencing To Exclude Pocket Gophers From Experimental Plots, Terrell P. Salmon, Robert H. Schmidt, Rex E. Marsh
An Evaluation Of Fencing To Exclude Pocket Gophers From Experimental Plots, Terrell P. Salmon, Robert H. Schmidt, Rex E. Marsh
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)
We evaluated the ability of underground fencing to exclude pocket gophers (Thomomys bottae) from experimental plots planted with alfalfa. Fencing extending 61 cm below and 91 cm aboveground, with a 15.2-cm lip bent 90 degrees inward at the bottom, did not prevent marked and unmarked gophers from escaping, invading, or moving among six adjacent plots. Complete underground screening, in combination with gopher control, may be the only technique which ensures the complete exclusion of gophers from experimental and ornamental plots.
Rodent Damage To Hawaiian Sugarcane, Mark E. Tobin, Robert T. Sugihara, Asher K. Ota
Rodent Damage To Hawaiian Sugarcane, Mark E. Tobin, Robert T. Sugihara, Asher K. Ota
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)
Rattus norvegicus, R. exulans, and R. rattus cause extensive damage to Hawaiian sugarcane. This paper gives an overview of the problem and briefly summarizes the history of rodent control on Hawaiian sugarcane plantations. Current baiting practices with zinc phosphide may favor the proliferation of R. norvegicus, and more effective control methods are needed for this species. A cooperative research and development program by the Denver Wildlife Research Center and the nonprofit Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association is described.
A Comparison Of Three Traps For Removal Of Columbian Ground Squirrels, W. Daniel Edge, Sally L. Olson-Edge
A Comparison Of Three Traps For Removal Of Columbian Ground Squirrels, W. Daniel Edge, Sally L. Olson-Edge
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)
A study to determine the relative effectiveness of three trap types for Columbian ground squirrel (Spermophilus columbianus) removal was conducted during May and July 1985 in Missoula County, Montana. A Two-way Analysis of Variance was used to test for differences in reduction of burrow activity between conibear, box, and live traps versus controls. All trap types significantly reduced ground squirrel activity when compared to the controls for each month, but no trap type was significantly more effective than the others. Ground squirrels are more easily caught in July; trapping during both months is recommended for maximum reduction in …
Black Bear Feeding On Second Growth Redwoods: A Critical Assessment, Gregory A. Giusti
Black Bear Feeding On Second Growth Redwoods: A Critical Assessment, Gregory A. Giusti
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)
Black bear (Ursus americanus) feeding on coastal redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) has been documented for several years. Quantitative analysis of the feeding damage has not been done. Feeding damage was analyzed on six belt transects in two drainages of the Smith River, Del Norte County, California. Bears are selecting trees of specific d.b.h. classes and not feeding on the size class most abundant. Damage estimates are presented for number of trees per hectare and percentage of stands that are impacted by bear feeding. A proposed approach to bear management is presented with emphasis on a multi-management approach.
Day-Glo® Fluorescent Particles As A Marker For Use In M-44 Cyanide Capsules, Richard J. Burns, Guy E. Connolly, Peter J. Savarie
Day-Glo® Fluorescent Particles As A Marker For Use In M-44 Cyanide Capsules, Richard J. Burns, Guy E. Connolly, Peter J. Savarie
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)
Tracerite®, the chemical marker used in M-44 cyanide capsules, contains cadmium which the Environmental Protection Agency identified as an inert ingredient of toxicological concern. An alternative nontoxic marker was identified and tested. In a weathering test, capsules with Day-Glo® performed as well as those containing Tracerite, and presence of potassium chloride in the capsules did not improve capsule function. Day-Glo was further tested by allowing captive coyotes to discharge M-44s containing sodium cyanide and various colors of Day-Glo. Twelve of 13 coyotes that died or were euthanized soon after recovering from sublethal doses had obvious marks in their mouths for …
An Evaluation Of Drc-2698 Treated Baits For Reducing Blackbird Populations Associated With Sunflower Damage, John L. Cummings, Edward W. Schafer Jr., Donald J. Cunningham
An Evaluation Of Drc-2698 Treated Baits For Reducing Blackbird Populations Associated With Sunflower Damage, John L. Cummings, Edward W. Schafer Jr., Donald J. Cunningham
Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)
From 30 August to 18 September 1985, sunflower and corn mixed baits (75% sunflower meats and 25% cracked corn) treated with 1.50% CAT, (N-(3-chloro-4-methylphenyl)acetamide) were evaluated for reducing blackbird populations near Churchs Ferry, North Dakota. Baits were applied on baiting lanes in sunflower fields with an electric seeder mounted on an all-terrain cycle. Three noncommercial (decoy) sunflower fields were baited with CAT-treated baits diluted 1:9 with similar mixture of untreated bait at a rate of 50 lbs/lane acre (9.3 total treated acres). Based on total bait consumption, the estimate of blackbirds killed by the CAT treatment ranged from 13,266 to …