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Articles 751 - 780 of 2924
Full-Text Articles in Environmental Health and Protection
The Relationship Of Military Aircraft Activity To Raptors In Central Labrador, Dawn K. Laing, David M. Bird, Tony E. Chubbs, Maj. Gary Humphries
The Relationship Of Military Aircraft Activity To Raptors In Central Labrador, Dawn K. Laing, David M. Bird, Tony E. Chubbs, Maj. Gary Humphries
Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada Joint Annual Meeting: 5th (2003)
Central Labrador is a notable breeding area for Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) and Bald Eagles (Haliaetus leucocephalus). It is also the location of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization’s (NATO) Low level Training Area (LLTA) for fighter aircraft, covering an area of approximately 130,000 km2 over Labrador and north-eastern Québec. Currently, military aircraft based in Goose Bay, Labrador annually conduct 5,000-7,000 sorties and are permitted to conduct up to 18,000 per flying season (DND 1995). The interaction between the two is frequently fatal for the bird and potentially so for the aircraft and pilot. Since the early 1990s, the Department of National …
Application Of Gis Technologies To Wildlife Management At Dfw Airport, Edwin E. Herricks, Jonathan R. B. Fisher, Curt Kuehner, Michael J. Hovan
Application Of Gis Technologies To Wildlife Management At Dfw Airport, Edwin E. Herricks, Jonathan R. B. Fisher, Curt Kuehner, Michael J. Hovan
Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada Joint Annual Meeting: 5th (2003)
As part of a continuing FAA research program in wildlife hazard assessment and management at airports, a GIS Technical Element – DFW was developed for the Wildlife Hazard Advisory System (WHAS). For the DFW GIS data layers were obtained from public sources and supplemented with airport specific information. Data themes were developed to support general analysis of wildlife habitat on the AOA and adjacent airport property, and analysis was extended to a distance of 25 miles from the airport to accommodate all aircraft in high risk airspace. Over 10,000 wildlife report records were integrated with data on birdstrikes and runway …
A Model For Assessing Bird Strike Risk At Proposed New Airports, Jenny Bell, Niall H. K. Burton, Richard Walls, Andy J. Musgrove, Mark M. Rehfish, John Allan, George Wattola
A Model For Assessing Bird Strike Risk At Proposed New Airports, Jenny Bell, Niall H. K. Burton, Richard Walls, Andy J. Musgrove, Mark M. Rehfish, John Allan, George Wattola
Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada Joint Annual Meeting: 5th (2003)
There are many criteria which need to be assessed when carrying out site selection for new airport developments. One of those which should be assessed is prospective bird hazard and bird strike risk – unfortunately, this is rarely considered as a factor. One reason for this may be the lack of available methodology for such work. This paper presents the methodology used during a recent hazard assessment for a proposed new airport for London. The methodology builds on previously described risk assessment techniques, which were developed for operational airports. It allows an assessment of the likelihood of bird strikes to …
Gis And Wildlife Management Activities At Airports, Shelley Gray
Gis And Wildlife Management Activities At Airports, Shelley Gray
Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada Joint Annual Meeting: 5th (2003)
Wildlife observations collected over time at a US Air Force Base (AFB) have been visually displayed through Geographic Information System (GIS) technology. By continuing to expand upon the capabilities of GIS, USDA Wildlife Services has been able to manage the Seymour Johnson AFB airfield and surrounding areas in a practical manner. A Wildlife Hazard Assessment of the AFB used GIS to clearly display the location of birds and mammals observed on the airfield. Baseline themes of natural features (i.e. rivers, woodlands, etc.) were related to wildlife observations to determine areas requiring management. Additionally, GIS has been a useful tool to …
Memorandum Of Agreement Between The Federal Aviation Administration, The U.S. Air Force, The U.S. Army, The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, The U.S. Fish And Wildlife Service, And The U.S. Department Of Agriculture To Address Aircraft-Wildlife Strikes
Other Bird Strike and Aviation Materials
The signatory agencies know the risks that aircraft-wildlife strikes pose to safe aviation. This Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) acknowledges each signatory agency’s respective missions. Through this MOA, the agencies establish procedures necessary to coordinate their missions to more effectively address existing and future environmental conditions contributing to aircraft-wildlife strikes throughout the United States. These efforts are intended to minimize wildlife risks to aviation and human safety, while protecting the Nation’s valuable environmental resources.
Scwds Briefs: Volume 19, Number 2 (July 2003)
Scwds Briefs: Volume 19, Number 2 (July 2003)
Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study: Publications
• CWD Surveillance in the Southeast: The discovery of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in wild deer remote from the historic endemic area in Colorado and Wyoming has fueled concerns among wildlife agencies over the distribution of the disease.
• Monkeypox Introduced with Exotic Pets: During June and July 2003, 72 suspected human cases of monkeypox were reported in Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, Ohio, and Wisconsin (37 confirmed).
• SARS: In February 2003, a new coronaviral disease known as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) gained international attention as it spread to 32 countries around the world.
• Florida Fish and Wildlife …
Scwds Briefs: Volume 19, Number 1 (April 2003)
Scwds Briefs: Volume 19, Number 1 (April 2003)
Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study: Publications
• USDA’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) announced the availability of $4 million to state wildlife management agencies for chronic wasting disease (CWD) surveillance and management.
• New Info on Captive Cervids and CWD: including excerpts from "Summary of a Statewide Audit and Inspection of Wisconsin's Captive White-tailed Deer Farms" prepared by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.
• New developments since the last CWD update in January 2003 issue: a mule deer buck taken by a hunter on Diamond Mountain near Vernal, Utah, tested positive for CWD. An elk on a Manitowoc County, Wisconsin, farm tested positive …
Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery 2003 Annual Report
Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery 2003 Annual Report
Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery: Annual Reports
Wolves (Canis lupus) in the Northern Rocky Mountain states (Idaho, Montana and Wyoming) continue to increase in distribution and numbers (Figures 1, 5). Estimates of wolf numbers at the end of 2003 were 368 wolves in the Central Idaho Recovery Area, 301 in the Greater Yellowstone Recovery Area, and 92 in the Northwest Montana Recovery Area for a total of 761 (Figure 1, Table 4a). By state boundaries, there were an estimated 345 wolves in the state of Idaho, 234 in Wyoming and 182 in Montana (Table 4b). Of approximately 94 groups of two or more wolves, 51 …
Tws Wildlife Damage Management Working Group Newsletter: Spring 2003 – Volume 10(1)
Tws Wildlife Damage Management Working Group Newsletter: Spring 2003 – Volume 10(1)
TWS Wildlife Damage Management Working Group Newsletter
Forward; Recent Working Group Activities; Note From The Treasurer; Note From The Editor; Announcements; Application For Membership / The Wildlife Society
Tws Wildlife Damage Management Working Group Newsletter: Vol. 10, Issue 2 Fall 2003
Tws Wildlife Damage Management Working Group Newsletter: Vol. 10, Issue 2 Fall 2003
TWS Wildlife Damage Management Working Group Newsletter
Forward ; Working Group Annual Meeting Minutes ; 2003 Wildlife Damage Management Working Group Board Member Ballot; News And Announcements; Executive Board Candidates; Application For Membership / The Wildlife Society
Scwds Briefs: Volume 18, Number 4 (January 2003)
Scwds Briefs: Volume 18, Number 4 (January 2003)
Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study: Publications
• The Latest on chronic wasting disease (CWD): Wisconsin, Illinois, Colorado, South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska, Saskatchewan
• The Wildlife Society (TWS) recently published a technical review and draft position statement on the confinement of wild ungulates within fenced enclosures--"Biological and Social Issues Related to Confinement of Wild Ungulates."
• Exotic Newcastle disease (END) was confirmed in backyard poultry flocks in southern California on October 1, 2002.
• Southern Tick-Associated Rash Illness (STARI): In the northeastern United States, Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, is maintained in nature through a cycle involving the white-footed mouse and other rodents …
A Progression Of Avian Radar Studies At Airfields, Edward J. Zakrajsek, Carolyn Matkovich, Andreas Smith
A Progression Of Avian Radar Studies At Airfields, Edward J. Zakrajsek, Carolyn Matkovich, Andreas Smith
Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada Joint Annual Meeting: 4th (2002)
We used our Mobile Avian Radar Systems on two different projects this past year. A study at Robins Air Force Base, Georgia, used the old configuration, with a vertical-scanning radar and our image-processing technique. A study at Vancouver International Airport, B.C. used the new configuration with both vertical and surveillance radars and our new radar data processing technique. The Robins study was a preliminary assessment of seasonal bird-hazards, especially regarding the altitude distribution of birds near the airfield. Data was collected. The Vancouver study was a preliminary survey and system evaluation for the development of a real- time, dedicated Airport …
Progress Report On Development Of A Terminal Area Bird Detection And Monitoring System Using The Asr-9, Seth Troxel, Beth Echels, Will Pughe, Mark Weber
Progress Report On Development Of A Terminal Area Bird Detection And Monitoring System Using The Asr-9, Seth Troxel, Beth Echels, Will Pughe, Mark Weber
Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada Joint Annual Meeting: 4th (2002)
Lincoln Laboratory has been tasked by the FAA to investigate utilization of existing terminal area surveillance radars as the basis for a real-time, automated bird hazard advisory system for the immediate airport vicinity. With its on-airport siting and rapid scan rate, the ASR-9 is a logical choice as the primary sensor for the Terminal Avian Hazard Advisory System (TAHAS). Using multi-dimensional image processing and fuzzy logic techniques, a bird-flock detection module that operates on ASR-9 data has been developed and was described at last year's conference. Refinements to the flock detection module are ongoing. Recent efforts have focused on detection …
Advances In Radar Technology For Bird Strike Risk Assessment, T. Adam Kelly, Ronald Merritt, Ronald L. White, Mark Howera, Timothy West
Advances In Radar Technology For Bird Strike Risk Assessment, T. Adam Kelly, Ronald Merritt, Ronald L. White, Mark Howera, Timothy West
Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada Joint Annual Meeting: 4th (2002)
Since the 2001 BSC meeting in Calgary, Geo-Marine, Inc. has made dramatic advances in the development of avian radar systems. The Mobile Avian Radar System (MARS) has undergone major revisions. New radar processor cards provide the computer workstations with higher resolution data than was previously possible. The system now incorporates both horizontal- and vertical-scanning radars. The vertical scanning radar antenna now includes a shield to reduce side-lobe interference. Significant improvements have been made in ground clutter and weather reduction algorithms. The system has been tested for use in real-time monitoring of bird hazards on airports. GMI is currently working with …
Strides In Bird Hazard Control At Entebbe International Airport, Gloria Korabo Bitebekezi
Strides In Bird Hazard Control At Entebbe International Airport, Gloria Korabo Bitebekezi
Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada Joint Annual Meeting: 4th (2002)
The location of Entebbe International Airport within the Entebbe peninsula bird sanctuary would make it one of the most bird-strike prone airports in the world. However the airport actually has a relatively clean strike record. Since 1998, the number of bird strike incidents that caused damage to aircraft has been on the decline. This paper illustrates the methods used at Entebbe International Airport and their effectiveness in controlling different species of birds.
Evaluation And Mitigation Of Bird Hazards In Ex-Vaso De Texcoco: The Proposed Site Of A New International Airport For Mexico City, Edward C. Cleary
Evaluation And Mitigation Of Bird Hazards In Ex-Vaso De Texcoco: The Proposed Site Of A New International Airport For Mexico City, Edward C. Cleary
Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada Joint Annual Meeting: 4th (2002)
If Mexico is to meet increasing demands for air travel, a new international airport for Mexico City must be constructed. At the request of the Secretaria de Comunicaciones y Transportes (SCT), we evaluated Ex-Vaso de Texcoco (EVT), one of several sites considered for construction of the new airport, to determine if birds would pose an unacceptable risk to aircraft. Aerial (by helicopter) and ground surveys were conducted on 6 occasions during fall and winter from 1996-2002 to census birds and evaluate aquatic habitats at EVT and other locations in the Valley of Mexico. Total populations estimates for waterfowl and shorebirds …
The Evolution Of Transport Canada’S Wildlife Management And Planning Program, Bruce Mackinnon, Kristi Russell
The Evolution Of Transport Canada’S Wildlife Management And Planning Program, Bruce Mackinnon, Kristi Russell
Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada Joint Annual Meeting: 4th (2002)
As a follow-up to a paper presented at International Bird Strike Committee meeting #23 in 1996, discussing Transport Canada’s emphasis on education and awareness programs as a means to reduce bird hazards to aircraft, this paper will describe significant changes that have occurred in Canada since that time. The 1994 Government of Canada National Airports Policy led to the devolution of Canada’s major airports. Private sector airport authorities now operate these airports and Transport Canada’s focus has shifted from management by policy to one of regulatory oversight. In addition to building on the awareness program that was in place in …
Aspects Of The Feeding Ecology Of Avifauna At An Inland Airport, South Africa, Ordino Kok, Lettie Kok
Aspects Of The Feeding Ecology Of Avifauna At An Inland Airport, South Africa, Ordino Kok, Lettie Kok
Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada Joint Annual Meeting: 4th (2002)
Bloemfontein airport, situated in the central Free State, experiences the greatest number of bird-aircraft collisions at South African airports, relative to its (low) air traffic. In an attempt to rectify the situation, aspects of the feeding ecology of birds presenting a potential hazard at the airport were investigated. Plant surveys indicated that the study area can be classified as a dry Cymbopogon – Themeda veld type in a relatively good condition. Using 270 pitfall traps over a continuous period of 15 months, it was established that more than twice as many ground-living invertebrates, mainly insects, occurred in grass kept permanently …
Potential Of Grass-Endophytes As A Bird Deterrent: Concept Testing With Canada Geese, Chris G. L. Pennell, Phil Rolston
Potential Of Grass-Endophytes As A Bird Deterrent: Concept Testing With Canada Geese, Chris G. L. Pennell, Phil Rolston
Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada Joint Annual Meeting: 4th (2002)
Problems caused by birds in the agricultural, horticultural, recreational and the aviation industries are escalating world wide as man develops environments that are attractive to birds. Chemical repellents, bird scarers, and exclusion netting are being used to keep birds away by taste, fright and containment. Habitat management using grasses with selected endophytes may be a new tool for minimizing bird nuisance problems in these industries. Canada geese (Branta Canadensis) were offered selected ryegrass/endophyte Neotyphodium lolli seed and herbage to examine the effects of known endophyte alkaloids on their feeding behavior in 2000-2001. Forty geese were captured annually, contained …
Management Of Rodent Populations At Airports, Gary W. Witmer, Jessica Dewey
Management Of Rodent Populations At Airports, Gary W. Witmer, Jessica Dewey
Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada Joint Annual Meeting: 4th (2002)
Birds pose serious hazards at U.S. airports. Raptors are hazardous to aircraft safety due to their size, hunting behavior, and hovering/soaring habits. Abundant food sources, open space, and availability of perches at or near airports contribute to ideal hunting opportunities for many raptors. The ability to directly manage raptor populations is limited by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. Reduction of small mammal populations at an airport may decrease raptor populations in the area and therefore, reduce the risk that raptors pose to aircraft. Rodents can be managed by population management or by habitat management. Reduction of small rodent populations can …
Conducting An Economical Wildlife Hazard Assessment Using A Wildlife Incursion Log (Poster), Elizabeth Rogers, David Tiller
Conducting An Economical Wildlife Hazard Assessment Using A Wildlife Incursion Log (Poster), Elizabeth Rogers, David Tiller
Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada Joint Annual Meeting: 4th (2002)
Small and moderate-sized airports face increasing financial constraints. A need for a wildlife hazard assessment can represent a real financial hardship. We describe how a wildlife incursion log maintained by airport personnel can provide an economical means of assessing wildlife hazards in a rural landscape. Using such a log with records for 208 days, we created a relational database that could be analyzed with simple summary statistics. Using the incursion log, we examined seasonal shifts in average daily incursions (such as increased sandhill cranes in the spring), persistent year- round presence of some species (such as American crow), and the …
Compliance With Wildlife Hazard Regulations: An Air Carrier’S Perspective, Vern Berry
Compliance With Wildlife Hazard Regulations: An Air Carrier’S Perspective, Vern Berry
Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada Joint Annual Meeting: 4th (2002)
As a safety professional at Evergreen International Airlines, I have first-hand experience of the damage caused by wildlife. Seven major bird strikes have cost Evergreen approximately $20 million in damages and lost revenue over a 5-year period. These events often occurred during critical phases of flight. For example, one Evergreen B-747 suffered severe damage to engine and pylon structure with subsequent loss of control during climb. You cannot train for every possible aircraft failure induced by bird strikes. The time will come, with or without the collection of additional bird-strike statistics, when damage from a bird strike will exceed the …
Mandatory Strike Reporting: The Time Has Come, Paul Eschenfelder
Mandatory Strike Reporting: The Time Has Come, Paul Eschenfelder
Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada Joint Annual Meeting: 4th (2002)
The reporting of wildlife collisions with aircraft in almost all places, worldwide, is voluntary. As a result data with which to design, manufacture and operate aircraft to mitigate this hazard is poor. Voluntary reporting of strikes has resulted in data collection rates in the USA of around 20%, and only about 9% of the reported strikes contain complete data on bird species. Aviation manufacturers also agree that collection of strike data is difficult, incomplete and without an industry best practice. Air carriers, when research is done, are amazed to find that strike rates may be eight times higher than their …
Development And Maintenance Of Airport Wildlife Hazard Mitigation Website For The Faa And Its Use As A Communication Tool, Archie M. Dickey, Allen R. Newman
Development And Maintenance Of Airport Wildlife Hazard Mitigation Website For The Faa And Its Use As A Communication Tool, Archie M. Dickey, Allen R. Newman
Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada Joint Annual Meeting: 4th (2002)
The Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA) William J. Hughes Technical Center has contracted with Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University-Prescott to develop and maintain a website dealing with a variety of issues and concerns related to wildlife and aviation. Our goal is to increase the transfer of information among biologists and the aviation community regarding the nature of wildlife hazards to aircraft and methods for reducing these hazards. The site has an on-line wildlife strike report form (FAA Form 5200-7) which also enables users submitting strike reports to access information on wildlife management, bird identification, FAA guidelines, and strike statistics. A query system has …
Influence Of The Bash Phase Ii Program On Reduction Of Birdstrikes To Air Mobility Command Aircraft, Brian D. Oswalt
Influence Of The Bash Phase Ii Program On Reduction Of Birdstrikes To Air Mobility Command Aircraft, Brian D. Oswalt
Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada Joint Annual Meeting: 4th (2002)
The purpose of the proposed study was to examine the reduction of birdstrikes to aircraft during the Bird Aircraft Strike Hazard (BASH) Phase II flight restriction periods and their affect on Air Mobility Command (AMC) and the U.S. Air Force (USAF). This study sampled the entire population of AMC airfields with BASH Phase II flight restrictions. The test period consisted of damaging birdstrike data collected 5 years before BASH Phase II operations began (1991-1995), and the years during BASH Phase II (1996-2000). It was hypothesized that since the implementation of BASH Phase II flight restrictions, there had been no significant …
Bird Hazard Control Program At Panama Airports, Esteban Godinez
Bird Hazard Control Program At Panama Airports, Esteban Godinez
Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada Joint Annual Meeting: 4th (2002)
ICAO Bird Information System (IBIS) has been conduced at Panama airports since 1996. Bird strike notifications, technical reports as well as wildlife control procedures have been developing as essential roles of the National Bird Hazard Committee and its Wildlife Limitation Programs. Sixty-four (64) bird strikes with different aircraft were recorded and sent to ICAO so far, while an additional 154 collisions (71%) were not reported to ICAO because of the failure to determine the aircraft involved. Among the birds struck at airports, the most outstanding species are the common barn owl (Tyto alba) and the black vulture (Coragyps …
The Brazilian Civil Aviation Department (Dac) And Bird Strike Control In Brazil, Jandrisson Gurgel Do Amaral Jr.
The Brazilian Civil Aviation Department (Dac) And Bird Strike Control In Brazil, Jandrisson Gurgel Do Amaral Jr.
Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada Joint Annual Meeting: 4th (2002)
The subject addressed in this paper is the participation of Brazilian Civil Aviation Department (DAC), and more specifically the Air Accident Investigation and Prevention Division (DIPAA) in the efforts regarding civil aircraft bird strike control in Brazil. In order to successfully achieve this intent, this paper will briefly introduce the recordings of civil aircraft bird collision registered in Brazilian Civil Aviation Department, reported by the civil aviation community (airliners, air operators, airport staff, general aviation personnel, ATC, etc.). In addition, the paper will outline the dimension of the bird strike hazard encountered by the civil fleet operating in Brazilian skies …
Efficacy Of Aircraft Landing Lights In Stimulating Avoidance Behavior In Birds, Bradley F. Blackwell, Glen E. Bernhardt
Efficacy Of Aircraft Landing Lights In Stimulating Avoidance Behavior In Birds, Bradley F. Blackwell, Glen E. Bernhardt
Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada Joint Annual Meeting: 4th (2002)
A potential non-lethal technique to reduce bird-aircraft collisions, aircraft-mounted light, has been considered for nearly 3 decades, but has received no formal research as to its efficacy. We tested the hypothesis that during daylight hours birds exposed to an approaching vehicle exhibiting pulsing landing lights would react more quickly than birds experiencing an on-coming vehicle with non-pulsing (steady) or no lights (control). We used the PulseliteTM system (Precise Flight, Inc., Bend, Oregon, USA), an early recognition lighting system that allows an aircraft pilot to pulse the landing, taxi, or forward-facing recognition lights, and 2 General Electric sealed-beam 250-W aircraft …
Effects Of Location And Phase Of Flight On The Behavioral Responses Of Birds To Aircraft: Preliminary Observations, T. C. Kelly, M. J. A. O'Callaghan, P. D. Bourke, L. Buurma, R. Bolger
Effects Of Location And Phase Of Flight On The Behavioral Responses Of Birds To Aircraft: Preliminary Observations, T. C. Kelly, M. J. A. O'Callaghan, P. D. Bourke, L. Buurma, R. Bolger
Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada Joint Annual Meeting: 4th (2002)
Based on an earlier classification of avoidance movements shown by birds to moving aircraft (Kelly et al. 2001), we have studied the evading maneuvers of the rook (Corvus frugilegus) in relation to the phase of flight of air traffic at Dublin Airport, Ireland. The percentage of individuals which did not show avoidance movements was almost identical for approach/landing and take-off /climb-out movements. However, the nature of the avoiding-response in relation to the phase of flight was different. Thus 78% of responses were “Simple” in the approach/landing flight phase whereas only 5% were in this category during take-off. On …
Translocating Common Nighthawks At Mcconnell Air Force Base, Kansas To Reduce Aircraft Strikes, John L. Cummings, Patricia A. Pochop, James E. Davis, Darryl L. York
Translocating Common Nighthawks At Mcconnell Air Force Base, Kansas To Reduce Aircraft Strikes, John L. Cummings, Patricia A. Pochop, James E. Davis, Darryl L. York
Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada Joint Annual Meeting: 4th (2002)
McConnell Air Force Base (MAFB) experiences a unique bird/aircraft hazard problem with migrating common nighthawks (Chordeiles minor) from August-October. Nighthawks are the most commonly struck species at MAFB, representing about 38% of total reported bird/aircraft strikes and 82% of the strikes from August-October. Factors that contribute to an over abundance of nighthawks on MAFB are: abundant foraging opportunities in close proximity to the airfield, available roosting habitat for nighthawks on and around the airfield, the lack of a Bird Aircraft Strike Hazard program to address nighthawks, and the location of MAFB on a nighthawk migration route. Approaches for …