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Articles 2611 - 2640 of 2924

Full-Text Articles in Environmental Health and Protection

The Role Of The Pest Control Advisor In Vertebrate Pest Control, James T. Hallett Mar 1976

The Role Of The Pest Control Advisor In Vertebrate Pest Control, James T. Hallett

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

California State legislation as passed in 1971 established the Agricultural Pest Control Advisors Licensing program with the intent of providing agriculture with competent and professional personnel who make pest control recommendations. Today, nearly 4,000 advisors are licensed in California and approximately 1350 are licensed vertebrate pest control advisors. Recent amendments to the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act will add new responsibilities to the advisor by requiring certification of both private and commercial applicators throughout the U.S. beginning in 1977. More than one-half of the vertebrate pest control advisors are employed in agrichemical sales while the remainder are employed by …

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Hazards To Wildlife Associated With Underground Strychnine Baiting For Pocket Gophers, Paul L. Hegdal, Thomas A. Gatz Mar 1976

Hazards To Wildlife Associated With Underground Strychnine Baiting For Pocket Gophers, Paul L. Hegdal, Thomas A. Gatz

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

Under an Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) contract, we evaluated the hazards associated with strychnine baiting for pocket gophers (Geomys bursarius) with the burrow-builder. On the Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge, Minnesota, we treated 662 ha (1638 acres) with 0.5 percent strychnine-treated bait. Treated fields were scattered throughout 10 sections. Control was effective--data from pocket gopher activity plots showed 87.5 ± 5.9 percent reductions in activity. Populations of other small rodents (while quite low) significantly declined on the treated area, but significantly increased on the control area. To measure secondary effects we equipped 36 raptors and 36 mammalian predators with …

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A Philosophy Of Vertebrate Pest Control, Walter E. Howard Mar 1976

A Philosophy Of Vertebrate Pest Control, Walter E. Howard

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

Vertebrate pest problems are foremost economic, political and social rather than biological anomalies. Students are often turned away from vertebrate control, which is applied ecology, by professors who know only theory and do not understand the ecology of man-modified environments. Applied ecologists seeking alternative methods of vertebrate control benefit environment far more than the negative, anti-control approach based on half-truths that are used for self-serving purposes by many protectionist organizations and government leaders in CEQ, EPA and USDI. A healthy ethic, with deep ecological conscience, would be to appreciate the glory of death in nature, for death means life to …

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Closing Remarks—Seventh Vertebrate Pest Conference, Walter E. Howard Mar 1976

Closing Remarks—Seventh Vertebrate Pest Conference, Walter E. Howard

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

On behalf of the Council of the Vertebrate Pest Conference, I thank you all for your very apparent interest in the papers and your cooperation in making the Conference a success. The sophistication of vertebrate pest-control methods has come a long way since our first Conference, in 1962. Our outgoing Chairman, Mr. Charles C. Siebe, has acknowledged the fine contributions to this Conference made by so many, including personnel from the County Agricultural Commissioner Offices in California. And we now acknowledge Charlie's fine leadership for the past two years in this organization, known as the "Vertebrate Pest Conference."

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Food Preferences And Food Location By Pocket Gophers In Idaho, Kenneth E. Hungerford Mar 1976

Food Preferences And Food Location By Pocket Gophers In Idaho, Kenneth E. Hungerford

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

Pocket gophers (Thomomys talpoides) in environmental systems adapted readily to laboratory conditions. The laboratory equipment is described in this paper. Results are reported, including data on food consumption as it varies with the activity patterns of the gopher and the variation between individual gophers. One gopher used an average of 52 g of food per day for a 131-day period, but during an extremely active 17-day period, the gopher consumed approximately its own weight in food each day (75 g).

The experimental setup is described for food location experiments and results indicate that gophers locate their food primarily …

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Design: A Critical Need In Pest-Damage Control Experiments, Charles R. Ingram Mar 1976

Design: A Critical Need In Pest-Damage Control Experiments, Charles R. Ingram

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

The manner in which an experiment is conducted determines the inferences that can be made from the results of the analysis of the experiment. This paper emphasizes the critical need in pest-damage control (PDC) experiments for a detailed planning process (i.e., the design of experiments) by exampling improper designs that prohibit a researcher from making valid inferences about his hypotheses of interest. Emphasis is placed on identification of experimental units, determination of restrictions on the randomization procedure, and specification of treatment forms of pest control materials. A list of some specific actions to strengthen PDC experiments is given.

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Avoidance Of Prey By Captive Coyotes Punished With Electric Shock, Samuel B. Linhart, Jerry D. Roberts, Stephen A. Schumake, Richard Johnson Mar 1976

Avoidance Of Prey By Captive Coyotes Punished With Electric Shock, Samuel B. Linhart, Jerry D. Roberts, Stephen A. Schumake, Richard Johnson

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

Four individually penned coyotes (Canis latrans) that had learned to kill live domestic rabbits for food were presented with one black and one white rabbit during daily 1-hour sessions and punished by a brief, severe shock from a high-voltage collar each time they attacked the black rabbit. One coyote did not learn the color association; after three shocks; it refused to kill either rabbit for 10 days but killed both indiscriminately when retested 4 weeks later. The other three coyotes learned to avoid black rabbits after only three to five shocks and, when repeatedly retested without shock at …

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Local Program Of Bird Damage Control In Salinas Valley, David R. Little Mar 1976

Local Program Of Bird Damage Control In Salinas Valley, David R. Little

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

On behalf of the Monterey County Grape Growers Association, I wish to thank you for inviting us here and giving us a chance to tell the world, so to speak, about our local program of bird control: how we got there, where we are, and where we want to go. First, let me give you a little history of the grape industry in our county.

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Control Of The European Mole, Talpa Eruopaea, M. Lund Mar 1976

Control Of The European Mole, Talpa Eruopaea, M. Lund

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

Common methods for mole control are baiting with earthworms impregnated with thallium sulphate or strychnine, gassing with pellets developing phosphine, and trapping. Seasonal cycles in burrowing activity make it difficult to evaluate results of expensive control campaigns and may give a false impression of efficiency.

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Review And Results Of Sodium Cyanide Spring Loaded Ejector Mechanism (Scslem) Experimental Programs , Raymond W. Matheny Mar 1976

Review And Results Of Sodium Cyanide Spring Loaded Ejector Mechanism (Scslem) Experimental Programs , Raymond W. Matheny

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

Sodium cyanide was cancelled for use in predator control in March 1972 along with strychnine and 1080 mainly because of the indiscriminate use of these poisons which posed an imminent hazard and danger to the environment. After due consideration, the EPA Administrator in January 1974 authorized approval of experimental use permits (under Section 5 of FIFRA as amended) for use of sodium cyanide in the M-44 device (SCSLEM) in order to accumulate information necessary to support registration consideration. Subsequently nine permits were issued for this purpose. In August 1975, a public hearing was held in Washington, D.C. to respond to …

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A Regional Approach To Rodent Control In The San Francisco Bay Area, Earl W. Mortenson, George L. Rotramel Mar 1976

A Regional Approach To Rodent Control In The San Francisco Bay Area, Earl W. Mortenson, George L. Rotramel

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

A federally funded rat control project is being conducted by the Vector Control Section, California State Department of Health in cooperation with local health agencies in the Sari Francisco Bay Area. Four community demonstration areas were selected in urban poverty areas in the region. The objective of each demonstration program is to reduce the rat infestation to a level that will not have significant adverse health or economic effect. Environmental improvement and community participation are emphasized. Concurrent studies are being conducted to determine the status of anticoagulant resistance, the occurrence of rodent-borne diseases, and the significance of rat infestations in …

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Methiocarb For Preventing Blackbird Damage To Sprouting Rice, Donald F. Mott, Joseph L. Guarino, Edward W. Schafer Jr., Donald J. Cunningham Mar 1976

Methiocarb For Preventing Blackbird Damage To Sprouting Rice, Donald F. Mott, Joseph L. Guarino, Edward W. Schafer Jr., Donald J. Cunningham

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

Seed rice was treated with 0.25% methiocarb to test its effectiveness as a blackbird repellent in Vermilion Parish, Louisiana in the spring of 1975. Two replications of 3 treated and 3 untreated plots showed 68% more seedlings in treated plots (2,393) than in untreated plots (1,429). Half as many birds (chiefly redwing blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) were recorded in treated (1.18/mi n) as in untreated plots (2.39/min).

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Pest Bird Damage Control In Cattle Feedlots: The Integrated Systems Approach, Thomas K. Palmer Mar 1976

Pest Bird Damage Control In Cattle Feedlots: The Integrated Systems Approach, Thomas K. Palmer

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

The cattle feedlot affords an ideal habitat for large concentrations of birds. Several species are primarily involved in feed depredations and contamination. The development of an integrated systems approach to control involves the interaction of - human attitude, cultural control practices and application of bird damage control techniques, each of which is a dynamic system in itself.

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Effects Of Bait Formulations On Toxicant Losses And Efficacy, Larry F. Pank Mar 1976

Effects Of Bait Formulations On Toxicant Losses And Efficacy, Larry F. Pank

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

During application by airplane excessive amounts of zinc phosphide were lost from the bait registered to control rat damage in Hawaiian sugarcane. The losses created unnecessary hazards and potentially reduced the efficacy of the control program. In a series of screening tests, alternate adhesives, adhesive concentrations, and bait mixing procedures were evaluated for zinc phosphide retention, acceptance by rats, phosphine residues in sugarcane and operational effectiveness. A formulation was developed that reduced zinc phosphide losses 32% during application, increased acceptance by rats, left residues in sugarcane below the established tolerance and equaled or exceeded the performance of the original formulation.

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Contamination Of Forest Ecosystems By Sodium Fluoroacetate (Compound 1080)*, J.A. Peters Mar 1976

Contamination Of Forest Ecosystems By Sodium Fluoroacetate (Compound 1080)*, J.A. Peters

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

Predictive and conceptual models are used to examine the contamination, toxicology, and residues of sodium fluoroacetate (Compound 1080) in relation to its application in vertebrate pest control programs on forest and pastoral lands.

As a pesticide, the toxin appears to be neither mobile nor persistent. Exceedingly slender opportunities exist therefore for significant contamination of susceptible components of the environment.

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Olfactory Responses Of Deer Mice To Douglas-Fir Seed Volatiles, C. Raymond Record, Rex E. Marsh, Walter E. Howard, Donald J. Stern Mar 1976

Olfactory Responses Of Deer Mice To Douglas-Fir Seed Volatiles, C. Raymond Record, Rex E. Marsh, Walter E. Howard, Donald J. Stern

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

An attempt was made to identify the olfactory cues produced by Douglas-fir seeds which attract deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) to the seeds. The olfactometers used are described, and the merits of different statistical analyses of the data are discussed. The odors produced by whole Douglas-fir seed and by the endosperm were preferred among the fractions tested to date. Deer mice were repelled by Douglas-fir turpentine, cedar oil, and, to a lesser degree, one extract.

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Control Of The Oregon Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus Beldingi Oregonus), Warren C. Sauer Mar 1976

Control Of The Oregon Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus Beldingi Oregonus), Warren C. Sauer

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

Attempts to reduce populations of Spermophilus beldingi oregonus have centered around the application of Compound 10.80 and strychnine baits. Additional population reduction techniques were investigated for possible employment into the squirrel program. Techniques which show much promise are: hand baited chopped gree bait (.01% chlorophacinone) broadcast (10 pounds per acre) and hand baited grain bait with .01% chlorophacinone and .05% fumarin, and bait stations using .01%, .05% chlorophacinone grain bait (100 and 200 foot spacing) and .05% fumarin grain bait (100 foot spacing).

In addition, the concentration of Compound 1080 on chopped green bait can be reduced to 1/4 oz. …

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Operational Aspects Of Successful Ground Squirrel Control By Aerial Application Of Grain Bait, Conrad Schilling Mar 1976

Operational Aspects Of Successful Ground Squirrel Control By Aerial Application Of Grain Bait, Conrad Schilling

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

By County Ordinance the County Agricultural Commissioner has been charged with rodent suppression in Fresno County, California. For nine years personnel from the Agricultural Commissioner's Office have conducted a county operated and funded program of ground squirrel suppression through the use of aerially applied zinc phosphide treated squirrel oat groats. Planning procedures, relative costs and operational aspects of the program are outlined. This technique of ground squirrel suppression has been shown to have many advantages over hand application of rodent baits. No known hazards to non-target wildlife species have been demonstrated.

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Opening Comments—Seventh Vertebrate Pest Conference, Charles C. Siebe Mar 1976

Opening Comments—Seventh Vertebrate Pest Conference, Charles C. Siebe

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

On behalf of the Vertebrate Pest Council, it is my pleasure to welcome you to the Seventh Vertebrate Pest Conference. We are pleased that the American Society for Testing and Materials held its first Symposium on Test Methods for Vertebrate Pest Control and Management Materials in conjunction with our Conference, and we congratulate Symposium Chairman Rex Marsh for the excellent program that was presented. The concerns and challenges of today's society mandate that we be knowledgeable and up-to-date concerning the use of vertebrate pest damage control methods and materials and the impacts of our programs on the environment.

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Criteria For Rodent Bait Selection, W.R. Smythe Mar 1976

Criteria For Rodent Bait Selection, W.R. Smythe

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

World food shortages become more acute each year, and all too often, rodents are present to take their unwarranted share. To counter this, we must refine our rodent control methods to make them more efficient. To this end, correct bait selection is essential. Grain baits must be selected for purity and acceptability. Grain alterations must be carefully controlled, as well as any additives. Multi-ingredient or composition baits must be checked for size, hardness, protein content and additives. The selection of trap baits is critical for the success of trapping program. In general, fresh coconut is the best bait, but on-site …

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Keynote Address—The Role Of Education In Vertebrate Pest Control, Gustav A. Swanson Mar 1976

Keynote Address—The Role Of Education In Vertebrate Pest Control, Gustav A. Swanson

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

Lack of adequate information is emphasized as a major problem in attaining effective control of damage by vertebrate pests, and it is stressed that the problem is widespread in all elements of the public, including those directly involved, like producers and government officials, as well as those only indirectly involved, like the average citizen. A number of specific examples are cited to illustrate the problems of uninformed or inadequately informed publics.

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Anticoagulants—A Problem Of Distribution For The Hawaiian Sugar Industry, Allen H. Teshima Mar 1976

Anticoagulants—A Problem Of Distribution For The Hawaiian Sugar Industry, Allen H. Teshima

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

Current rodent control practices for the Hawaiian sugar industry revolve around the use of single grain baits containing anticoagulants in bait stations and zinc phosphide for aerial applications. Neither type of control programs as they are now applied has been very effective against the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) which is becoming a major problem species for the industry. As a result, we have sought a more effective anticoagulant, to which the Norway rat is more susceptible, and an improved method of bait distribution. With knowledge of the month-to-month variation in the field rodents' gestation rate, a new control …

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The Cost Of Predator Damage Control Using Trapping As The Primary Control Technique, Ronald A. Thompson Mar 1976

The Cost Of Predator Damage Control Using Trapping As The Primary Control Technique, Ronald A. Thompson

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

The justification and economics of the operational animal damage control program in California as conducted by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service are discussed. Emphasis is given to the necessity for use of the steel trap. Nearly 83 percent of the depredators are taken by trapping. Annual agricultural losses due to predation were estimated at $4.7 million in California for Fiscal Year 1975. The projected cost-benefit ratio was 1:3.9.

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The Use Of Aircraft In Predator Control, Dale A. Wade Mar 1976

The Use Of Aircraft In Predator Control, Dale A. Wade

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

Private aerial hunting of predators for protection of livestock began before 1925 in the western United States. Apparently, it was first used in professional control programs in 1942. Inclement weather, dense vegetation and rough terrain are limiting factors and helicopters are more versatile than fixed-wing aircraft. When it can be employed, aerial hunting is unsurpassed as an immediate control method where livestock losses are severe and the need for control is urgent.

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Control Methods For Nuisance Beaver In The Southeastern United States, Edward P. Hill Mar 1976

Control Methods For Nuisance Beaver In The Southeastern United States, Edward P. Hill

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

Strychnine alkaloid baits were consumed by both captive and wild beaver without any apparent hesitation. An approximate minimal acute lethal dose of sodium monofluoro-acetate to beaver of mixed ages and sex was 0.202 mg/kg. Trapping beaver on four study area watersheds in Alabama with No. 330 conibear traps for approximately two weeks in winter during two successive years essentially eliminated beaver. Older individuals were trapped the first year, maturing juveniles and the remaining few adults were trapped the second year, and there was very little reproduction between the trapping periods. Trapping, with its recreational appeal, and income and food potential …

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Pharmacological Review Of Chemicals Used For The Capture Of Animals, Peter J. Savarie Mar 1976

Pharmacological Review Of Chemicals Used For The Capture Of Animals, Peter J. Savarie

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 7th (1976)

A review of the literature reveals that over 60 chemicals have been used for the capture of wild animals, but only 30 of the most widely used chemicals are discussed in the present paper. For practical considerations these chemicals can be classified as being either (l) neuromuscular blocking agents, or (2) central nervous system (CNS) depressants. Some common neuromuscular blocking agents are d-tubocurarine, gallamine, succiny1choline, and nicotine. M99 and its derivatives, phencyclidine, and xylazine are some of the more commonly used CNS depressants. Neuromuscular blocking agents have a relatively rapid onset and short duration of action but they do not …

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Proceedings Of The Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop, F. Robert Henderson Dec 1975

Proceedings Of The Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop, F. Robert Henderson

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

Program Planning Committee

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Prairie Dog Control, A. Orville Sandall Dec 1975

Prairie Dog Control, A. Orville Sandall

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

Before poisons were taken from the market, I had about fifteen years experience working for the Fish and Wildlife Service doing prairie dog control work. Most of this work was done for private landowners and supervising work crews for the Forest Service and B&A.

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Thoughts About Wildlife Damage Control, Raymond W. Matheny Dec 1975

Thoughts About Wildlife Damage Control, Raymond W. Matheny

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

Gentleman, it is my intention today to give you a brief history of EPA and its involvement in predator control, outline basic registration requirements for pesticides, show slides of the use of sodium cyanide capsules in the M-44 ejector mechanism in the experimental use permit programs and comment upon the restrictions set forth in Administrator Train's ORDER of September 16, 1975.

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Ground Squirrels And How To Control Them, Irving J. Mork Dec 1975

Ground Squirrels And How To Control Them, Irving J. Mork

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

The Richardson ground squirrel, otherwise known as the flickertail or gray gopher, is common over most of North Dakota north and east of the Missouri River, although they were never common in the immediate Red River Valley.

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