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Full-Text Articles in Environmental Health and Protection

The Effects Of Canada Goose Grazing On Winter Wheat: An Experimental Approach, Hubert A. Allen Jr., David Sammons, Russell Brinsfield Sep 1985

The Effects Of Canada Goose Grazing On Winter Wheat: An Experimental Approach, Hubert A. Allen Jr., David Sammons, Russell Brinsfield

Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference: 2nd (1985)

The effects of grazing winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) by Canada geese (Branta canadensis) was assessed in 3 fields during 2 years of experimentation at the Wye Research and Education Center, Queenstown, Maryland. Randomly placed wire enclosures prevented goose grazing on 11.1 m sq. control plots. Grazed plots were marked in each field soon after the geese migrated in March. Grazed plots had consistently lower yields than un-grazed plots with mean differences ranging from 0-13%. The differences were related to the intensity of grazing. Other parameters, including mean weight per seed, mean number of seeds per spike, …

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Comparisons Of Strychnine And Zinc Phosphide In Prairie Dog Control, H. Todd Holbrook, Robert M. Timm Sep 1985

Comparisons Of Strychnine And Zinc Phosphide In Prairie Dog Control, H. Todd Holbrook, Robert M. Timm

Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference: 2nd (1985)

Efficacy and safety are primary considerations in registration and use of toxicants for vertebrate pest control. Strychnine (0.5%) and zinc phosphide (2%) are currently registered by EPA for prairie dog control, but continued registration is uncertain. Two percent zinc phosphide bait has been suspected of producing lower and more erratic results than strychnine bait. In our study in western Nebraska in fall 1984, indices based on changes in burrow activity showed no difference in efficacy (P=0.66) or variability (P=0.7) of control for strychnine and zinc phosphide, however neither toxicant consistently gave effective control of blackballed prairie dogs. Costs for proper …

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The Whooping Crane Cross-Fostering Experiment: The Role Of Animal Damage Control, Roderick C. Drewien, Stephen H. Bouffard, Desmond D. Call, Richard A. Wonacott Sep 1985

The Whooping Crane Cross-Fostering Experiment: The Role Of Animal Damage Control, Roderick C. Drewien, Stephen H. Bouffard, Desmond D. Call, Richard A. Wonacott

Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference: 2nd (1985)

Predator losses of endangered species in reintroduction programs are unacceptable because of the scarcity of the species and the major commitment of staff time and funds. When the whooping crane (Grus americana) cross-fostering experiment (experiment) at Grays Lake National Wildlife Refuge (Grays Lake), Idaho was proposed in 1972, animal damage control (ADC) was considered unnecessary. Sandhill crane (G. canadensis tabida) nest success was high and coyotes (Canis latrans) and red foxes (Vulpes Vulpes) were uncommon. Canids increased by the mid-1970's destroying whooping crane eggs and chicks. An ADC program initiated in 1976 …

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Dispersing Blackbird-Starling Roosts With Helium-Filled Balloons, Donald F. Mott Sep 1985

Dispersing Blackbird-Starling Roosts With Helium-Filled Balloons, Donald F. Mott

Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference: 2nd (1985)

Large (120 cm diameter) helium-filled balloons (2-10 per ha of roost) tethered about 8 m above the vegetation were effective in dispersing blackbirds and starlings from roosting sites. Bird population estimates before, during, and after balloon exposure showed that the balloons frightened the birds and caused most of them to abandon the roost. Roosting bird numbers at each of 5 test roost sites (0.3 to 1.7 ha) were reduced an average of 82% (min-max 47-100%) during 3 to 4 evenings of balloon exposure. Winds >16 km/h during the study made it difficult to keep the balloons aloft and not entangled …

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Apparent Efficacy Of Bird Aircraft Strike Hazard Programs At Four Naval Air Stations, Thomas C. Walker, C. Willard Bennett Sep 1985

Apparent Efficacy Of Bird Aircraft Strike Hazard Programs At Four Naval Air Stations, Thomas C. Walker, C. Willard Bennett

Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference: 2nd (1985)

The Department of the Navy implemented its present mandatory bird-aircraft strike reporting system in 1981. Reported bird-aircraft strikes have increased each year, presumably due to increased awareness and compliance with regulations. Four Naval air stations implementing bird-aircraft strike hazard reduction programs in 1984 reported 57-78% fewer strikes in 1984 than in 1983.

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Commercial Wildlife Pest Control Permits
—An Alternative Approach—, Gerard W. Wendt Sep 1985

Commercial Wildlife Pest Control Permits—An Alternative Approach—, Gerard W. Wendt

Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference: 2nd (1985)

The Pennsylvania Game Commission has, throughout our existence, tried many new approaches to solve our wildlife/ human conflicts. In recent years, the District Game Protector has been plagued with calls requesting help with nuisance wildlife, especially in the high population urban areas. While the law provides for methods of dealing with deer and bear which cause damage to crops and related materials, little is included to simplify the situation created by small mammal wildlife pests. With limited manpower available, which has been further complicated as a result of the Supreme Court ruling regarding the Fair Labor Standards Act and overtime …

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Air Force Problems With Birds In Hangars, Timothy J. Will Sep 1985

Air Force Problems With Birds In Hangars, Timothy J. Will

Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference: 2nd (1985)

The Air Force's Bird-Aircraft Strike Hazard (BASH) Team has been dealing with bird hazards to aircraft for over ten years, primarily through awareness programs, direct assistance to military bases, and through R&D aimed at world-wide BASH reduction. As with any problem where a biological system (in this case, birds) is involved, diversification is important in developing solutions. The BASH Team has recommended a variety of methods for working with hazards from birds. One area of particular concern is the nuisance of pest birds in hangars. These structures are extremely alluring to birds, which seek the roof-supporting I-beams and bars for …

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Role Of The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency In Wildife Damage Control, William W. Jacobs Sep 1985

Role Of The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency In Wildife Damage Control, William W. Jacobs

Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference: 2nd (1985)

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is the Federal agency in charge of pesticide registration,. Therefore, EPA has ultimate regulatory authority over the pesticide compounds used for wildlife damage control.

Pesticides are regulated under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)o Pesticides may be cleared for use in the United States under Sections 3, 5, 18, and 24(c) of FIFRA.

Section 3 contains provisions for full federal registration,. Products registered under Section 3 may be used throughout the country, subject to conditions and limitations of use specified on the product label and State requirements. To be registered under Section 3, …

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Role And Responsibilities Of Agencies For Wildlife Damage Control, Hal S. Atkinson Jr. Sep 1985

Role And Responsibilities Of Agencies For Wildlife Damage Control, Hal S. Atkinson Jr.

Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference: 2nd (1985)

The wildlife resources of the State belong to the people of the state as a whole. The Wildlife Resources Commission is charged with the stewardship of these resources and is empowered by general statute to promulgate those regulations deemed necessary to accomplish this charge.

The Commission administers a management program designed to maintain wildlife populations at acceptable levels from both the sportsman's and landowners perspective. However, at times, both game and non-game species are involved in various conflicts with our human population. Our general statutes allow an owner or lessee of property to take without prior state approval any wildlife …

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Relationship Between Seasonal Changes In Forage Quality And Feeding Patterns In Meadow Voles (Microtus Pennsylvanicus), Ronald J. Brooks, Stephen A. Struger Sep 1985

Relationship Between Seasonal Changes In Forage Quality And Feeding Patterns In Meadow Voles (Microtus Pennsylvanicus), Ronald J. Brooks, Stephen A. Struger

Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference: 2nd (1985)

Forage analyses revealed that mowed orchards provide a relatively high quality forage to meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus), especially in the fall. Mowed forage was characterized by significantly higher protein and moisture content and significantly lower acid and neutral detergent fibre and lignin than forage from an abandoned orchard. Energy and fat were not significantly affected by mowing.. However, vole numbers declined markedly in mowed regions in comparison to undisturbed areas. Voles preferred to inhabit areas with dense cover even though vegetative dieback had occurred. Voles did not exhibit any distinct preference for either cracked corn (rodenticide carrier agent) …

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Estimating Cost-Effectiveness Of Controlling Animal Damage To Conifer Seedlings, David S. Decalesta Sep 1985

Estimating Cost-Effectiveness Of Controlling Animal Damage To Conifer Seedlings, David S. Decalesta

Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference: 2nd (1985)

A model for determining the benefit-cost ratio of controlling damage by vertebrate pests to conifer seedlings requires knowledge of the amount, distribution, and duration of animal damage, reduction in damage associated with control, costs of control, methodology and value of trees at harvest. Because control costs occurring in the present must be compared with savings recovered decades later in the future, the model incorporates procedures for discounting or adjusting future monetary benefits into present net worth valuations,, The model allows forest managers to evaluate a wide range of damage costs and savings accruing from use of various control techniques. The …

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An Evaluation Of Visual And Auditory Electronic Devices To Repel Deer, R. Blake Roper, Edward P. Hill Sep 1985

An Evaluation Of Visual And Auditory Electronic Devices To Repel Deer, R. Blake Roper, Edward P. Hill

Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference: 2nd (1985)

An electronic device that emitted auditory and visual stimuli was evaluated for repelling deer from hardwood plantations and soybean fields in Southwest Alabama from February 1976 through March 1978. Repellent effectiveness in hardwood plantations and in soybean fields was determined by comparing browsing damage on areas treated with the repellent stimuli against damage on control areas.

No difference (P < 0.05) was detected in browsing damage between treated and control areas in either hardwood plantations or soybean fields. Browsing damage on soybeans continued when electronic stimuli were combined with electric fences, human scent rags, and periodic shooting, demonstrating the high degree of adaptability of the white-tailed deer as they attempt to utilize an available food supply.

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Wildlife Damage Control - The Role And Responsibility Of The U.S. Fish And Wildlife Service, Leroy W. Sowl Sep 1985

Wildlife Damage Control - The Role And Responsibility Of The U.S. Fish And Wildlife Service, Leroy W. Sowl

Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference: 2nd (1985)

The doctrine of State ownership of wildlife was a part of the body of English common law transplanted to these shores by the original English settlers. The Crown conveyed ownership of many natural resources, and included wildlife in the patents it issued to the proprietors of plantations and colonies. When the provinces became States, they inherited ownership of wildlife.

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Economic And Environmental Impacts Of Beavers In North Carolina, David K. Woodward, Robert B. Hazel, Brian P. Gaffney Sep 1985

Economic And Environmental Impacts Of Beavers In North Carolina, David K. Woodward, Robert B. Hazel, Brian P. Gaffney

Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference: 2nd (1985)

In 1984, a postal survey of landowners and managers was conducted in North Carolina concerning the presence of beavers (Castor canadensis) on their property. Major objectives of the survey were to determine: (1) current distribution and relative abundance of beavers in North Carolina, (2) the economic and environmental impacts from an apparently increasing beaver population, and (3) landowner attitudes toward these increasing populations. Of the 1,069 questionnaires returned, data was compiled from 456 landowners (43 percent) who confirmed the presence of beaver activity on their property during 1983. A significant increase in beaver numbers and distribution has occurred throughout much …

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Session Moderators Sep 1985

Session Moderators

Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference: 2nd (1985)

Session Moderators

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Livestock Guarding Dogs Protect Domestic Sheep From Coyote Predation In Kansas, William F. Andelt Dec 1984

Livestock Guarding Dogs Protect Domestic Sheep From Coyote Predation In Kansas, William F. Andelt

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

Sheep (Ovis cries/ producers were surveyed in Kansas to determine the efficacy of livestock guarding dogs (Canis familiaris) for protecting sheep from coyote (Canis latrans) predation. The majority of producers rated their guard dogs' predator control performance as good or excellent, indicating. that the dogs reduced their reliance on other control methods and substantially reduced monetary losses.

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Success In Rat Control In Kuwait, K.S. Al-Sanei, T.M. Zaghloul, A.M. Salit, M.T. Omar, M.M. Balba Sep 1984

Success In Rat Control In Kuwait, K.S. Al-Sanei, T.M. Zaghloul, A.M. Salit, M.T. Omar, M.M. Balba

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 11th (1984)

The preliminary rat survey prior to the actual attack phase of Rat Control Program in Kuwait revealed an infestation rate with the Norway rat, Rattus norveqicus, in buildings ranging between 32.7% and 70.7%. The comparatively high infestation was observed in 92.5% of Kuwait buildings. Moreover the infestation reached 99% in certain districts of the country. This high infestation was associated with an increase in rat-borne diseases particularly murine typhus, salmonellosis, rat-bite fever and certain parasitic diseases.

A programme for rodent control in Kuwait was initiated through a political decision by the cabinet which gave the full responsibility of rodent …

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Hazards To Golden-Mantled Ground Squirrels And Associated Secondary Hazard Potential From Strychnine For Forest Secondary Pocket Gophers, R. Michael Anthony, Gerald D. Lindsey, James Evans Sep 1984

Hazards To Golden-Mantled Ground Squirrels And Associated Secondary Hazard Potential From Strychnine For Forest Secondary Pocket Gophers, R. Michael Anthony, Gerald D. Lindsey, James Evans

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 11th (1984)

Radio telemetry and capture-recapture techniques were used to evaluate the hazards to golden-mantled ground squirrels ( Spermophilus lateralis) from hand baiting with 0.5% strychnine-treated for western pocket gophers (Thomomys mazama) on conifer plantations in eastern Oregon. Toxicology data were collected on field-killed and caged ground squirrels and on caged mink (Mustela vison, great horned owls (Bubo virginianus), and red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis). Ground squirrel populations were reduced 50% to 75% following underground baiting for pocket gophers. Maximum amount of strychnine found in cheek pouches and carcass of a field-killed golden-mantled ground …

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Commingling Of Norway And Roof Rats With Native Rodents, Rex O. Baker Sep 1984

Commingling Of Norway And Roof Rats With Native Rodents, Rex O. Baker

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 11th (1984)

The ecology of plague relies on the intermixing (commingling) of animal hosts and their ectoparasites. There has been a noticeable increase in commingling of rats and ground squirrels in Southern California in recent years. This paper discusses this phenomenon in Los Angeles and Orange Counties, where it occurs, how it results from man's activities, and the ecology of varying locations. The role of fleas as vectors of plague and the intermixing of fleas between hosts are discussed. Action to reduce the incidence of commingling and the threat of plague to the urban society is addressed.

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Efficacy Of Three Anticoagulant Rodenticides For The Control Of Poison-Shy Rattus Rattus, Devendra Bhardwaj, Ishwar Prakash Sep 1984

Efficacy Of Three Anticoagulant Rodenticides For The Control Of Poison-Shy Rattus Rattus, Devendra Bhardwaj, Ishwar Prakash

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 11th (1984)

House rats (Rattus rattus) which do not consume a lethal dose of zinc phosphide develop poison-shyness after a single exposure. The surviving poison-shy rats cannot be baited again with zinc phosphide for about three months. Poison-shy rats were separately given anticoagulant baits (brodifa-coum 0.005%, coumatetralyl and warfarin 0.025%) in no-choice tests. The first two anticoagulants were found to be the most efficient ones. It was observed that those R. rattus which had consumed 56.7 mg/kg or more zinc phosphide died sooner (P < 0.05 to 0.1) after anticoagulant poisoning when compared with normal rats. It is conjectured that prothrombin inhibition is accelerated in the liver of poison-shy R. rattus due to the action of phosphine present in the earlier ingested sublethal dose of …

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Preliminary Investigations Of The Effectiveness Of Trimethacarb As A Bird Repellent In Developing Countries, R.L. Bruggers, P. Sultana, J.E. Brooks, L.A. Fiedler, M. Rimpel, S. Manikowski, N. Shivanarayan, N. Santhaiah, I. Okuno Sep 1984

Preliminary Investigations Of The Effectiveness Of Trimethacarb As A Bird Repellent In Developing Countries, R.L. Bruggers, P. Sultana, J.E. Brooks, L.A. Fiedler, M. Rimpel, S. Manikowski, N. Shivanarayan, N. Santhaiah, I. Okuno

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 11th (1984)

Preliminary information on the effectiveness of trimethacarb as a bird repellent on broadcast seed and ripening crops was obtained during 1982 and 1983 from studies in Haiti, India, the Philippines, Bangladesh, Mali, and the United States. R50 and LD50 determinations for nine pest bird species to cereal crops in these countries indicated birds were not as sensitive to trimethacarb as to the avian repellent methiocarb. Rice and millet seed germination was not inhibited at 0.125 and 0.25% treatment levels. Wheat seed germinated well at treatments of ≤0.5% in Bangladesh. Sorghum seed did not germinate as well at any treatment level. …

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Repellent Or Aversive Chemicals In Sheep Neck Collars Did Not Deter Coyote Attacks, Richard J. Burns, Guy E. Connolly, Richard E. Griffiths Jr. Sep 1984

Repellent Or Aversive Chemicals In Sheep Neck Collars Did Not Deter Coyote Attacks, Richard J. Burns, Guy E. Connolly, Richard E. Griffiths Jr.

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 11th (1984)

Since 1974 the Fish and Wildlife Service has studied a "toxic collar" to poison coyotes that attack collared sheep and goats. The collar patent (McBride 1974) indicates that the same collar could deliver chemicals to repel coyotes, thus saving both the coyote and the livestock.

This report summarizes our experience with nonlethal tests of collars. During collar tests with 10 different toxicants, 21 coyotes received sublethal doses followed by aversive behavior or potentially aversive reactions. The subsequent predation history of these coyotes was examined for prey-avoidance. After a sublethal test, all coyotes killed lambs or kids in about 40 days, …

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Vole Control In Field Crops, Jerry P. Clark Sep 1984

Vole Control In Field Crops, Jerry P. Clark

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 11th (1984)

There are five species of meadow voles found in California. The two that are most economically important are Microtus californicus and Microtus montanus. Meadow vole populations are extremely cyclic, reaching a peak every four to six years. During these periods when the vole population is increasing in numbers, damage to crops like alfalfa, artichokes, potatoes, and sugar beets can occur. The best time to survey for vole activity is before the crop is planted. The grower or farm operator should look for vole activity in grassy borders around the crop or along roadsides and ditch bank areas. Snap-trapping may …

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Conference Participants Sep 1984

Conference Participants

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 11th (1984)

The Conference totaled 409 registered attendees. The participants came from 30 states, the District of Columbia, and 15 other countries: Bangladesh, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Germany (Federal Republic of), Hong Kong, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Nigeria, Tanzania, United Kingdom, and Zimbabwe. Students from Egypt and Taiwan were also in attendance. The wide representation from the United States and from countries throughout the world contributed to the success of the Conference by providing a highly diversified group for the exchange of ideas and information.

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Performance Of Sodium Cyanide Ejectors, Guy Connnolly, Gary D. Simmons Sep 1984

Performance Of Sodium Cyanide Ejectors, Guy Connnolly, Gary D. Simmons

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 11th (1984)

Performance of three models of sodium cyanide (NaCN) ejectors was evaluated at Port O'Connor, Texas, early in 1982. M-44s, M-50s, and coyote getters were test-pulled and reset at 7-day or 21-day intervals for 42 days. Each pull was recorded as good if, in our judgment, it would have taken a coyote. Based on 402 to 430 test pulls of each ejector model, the percentages of good pulls were 40% for M-50s, 73% for M-44s, and 99% for coyote getters. M-44s with shortened plungers performed better than standard M-44s.

Most pulls of M-50s resulted in ejection failure due to corrosion between …

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Nuisance Bats: Current Technology In Their Management And Control, Robert L. Corrigan Sep 1984

Nuisance Bats: Current Technology In Their Management And Control, Robert L. Corrigan

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 11th (1984)

Managing nuisance bat colonies can be accomplished via exclusion (bat-proofing) or in limited cases via the use of repellents. Exclusion is emphasized as the first and most desirable approach providing it is also practical. New products and devices have recently become available which may significantly aid in making exclusion programs more possible and practical. Repellents such as lights, fiberglass batting and various improvised mechanical devices may all have some utilization. Controlling nuisance bats can be accomplished via the use of toxicants and trapping, although there is considerable opposition from many bat researchers towards the use of toxicants. Toxicants that have …

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Woodpeckers: A Serious Suburban Problem?, Scott R. Craven Sep 1984

Woodpeckers: A Serious Suburban Problem?, Scott R. Craven

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 11th (1984)

Damage to homes and buildings caused by woodpeckers is a widespread and locally severe problem in vertebrate pest control. This paper describes the distribution, characteristics, and impacts of woodpecker damage as determined by questionnaires, interviews, and published accounts. Woodpecker damage results from territorial behavior, feeding, or nesting activity. Some plywood and cedar are especially vulnerable. Average loss per incident is about $300, although some cases result in much greater losses. Disturbance and aggravation are also important factors. Abatement measures include scare devices, structural modification, chemical treatment of the siding, and shooting or trapping (with a permit). Success is variable. Recommendations …

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Keynote Address—Politics Of Pesticides, David H. Dietz Sep 1984

Keynote Address—Politics Of Pesticides, David H. Dietz

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 11th (1984)

The politics of pesticides is a rather humorless topic, as I'm sure most of you know. I've always been told that when you start an address or make a speech you ought to have some kind of humor, if for no other reason that you at least get your audience to listen to you for two minutes during any presen-tation. For those of you that may be members of the Audubon Society or members of the Sierra Club, I'll, in advance, make my apologies for the joke I'm about to tell. It's not really meant as a put down if …

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Rat Control In Alberta, Michael J. Dorrance Sep 1984

Rat Control In Alberta, Michael J. Dorrance

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 11th (1984)

A rat control program, administered and coordinated by Alberta Department of Agriculture, has kept Alberta essentially free of Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) since 1950. A control zone, 29 x 600 km, along the eastern border prevents rats from moving into Alberta from the east. Sporadic rat infestations within the interior of Alberta are reported by concerned citizens and eradicated by government personnel. Strong support for the program by citizens and local governments was developed through public education and information. The program has been successful for a variety of reasons including geography, climate, legislation, availability of warfarin, the relatively …

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Opening Remarks—Eleventh Vertebrate Pest Conference, Dell O'Clark Sep 1984

Opening Remarks—Eleventh Vertebrate Pest Conference, Dell O'Clark

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 11th (1984)

On behalf of the Vertebrate Pest Council, it is my pleasure to welcome all of you to Sacramento and to the 11th Vertebrate Pest Conference. The first Vertebrate Pest Conference was held 22 years ago here in Sacramento in 1962. The conference is now over two years into its third decade of existence. In all this time, the basic goals of the Conference have not changed; that is, to provide a basis for dissemination of information on vertebrate pests and their control. Some things have changed in these 22 years, most of which have been for the good. The first …

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