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Articles 1501 - 1530 of 2924

Full-Text Articles in Environmental Health and Protection

Consumption Of Zinc Phosphide-Treated, Bromethalin-Treated, And Untreated Oats By Prairie Dogs At Bait Stations, Dallas R. Virchow, Scott E. Hygnstrom Apr 1991

Consumption Of Zinc Phosphide-Treated, Bromethalin-Treated, And Untreated Oats By Prairie Dogs At Bait Stations, Dallas R. Virchow, Scott E. Hygnstrom

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

Currently, zinc phosphide is the only toxicant registered in bait formulations for controlling prairie dogs (Cynomys spp.). Zinc phosphide-treated oats has been registered as a rodenticide for control of black-tailed prairie dogs (C. ludovicianus) for decades. However, its efficacy and weatherability have been questioned in recent years (Marsh 1987). In contrast, bromethalin is a relatively new acute rodenticide that has been used as an alternative method of control for anticoagulant-resistant commensal rodents (Spaulding and Jackson 1982). Its activity involves the uncoupling of the oxidative phosphorylation process in the central nervous system mitochondria (Van Lier and Ottosen 1981). Both acute and …

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House Sparrow Response To Monofilament Lines At Nest Boxes, Patricia A. Pochop, Ron J. Johnson, Kent M. Eskridge Apr 1991

House Sparrow Response To Monofilament Lines At Nest Boxes, Patricia A. Pochop, Ron J. Johnson, Kent M. Eskridge

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

House sparrow (Passer domesti-cus) nesting activities cause problems in and around structures and in nest boxes intended for other species. Previous studies have shown that house sparrows are selectively repelled from feeding sites by monofilament lines spaced 30 or 60 cm apart. The purpose of this study was to determine house spar-row response to lines spaced about 37 cm apart around nest boxes. One hundred forty-six nest boxes were installed, with lines randomly assigned to 73 boxes. All nest boxes were checked approximately every 5 days for nest materials, eggs, nestlings, and fledglings. Successful clutches were record-ed for nests that …

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Developing A Coordinated Statewide Wildlife Damage Management Research And Extension Education Program, Paul D. Curtis, Daniel J. Decker Apr 1991

Developing A Coordinated Statewide Wildlife Damage Management Research And Extension Education Program, Paul D. Curtis, Daniel J. Decker

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

Dealing with the negative side of human-wildlife interactions has become an increasingly important part of wildlife man-agement. This situation is due to a combina-tion of factors: human population growth and urbanization, patterns of land use associ-ated with human activities, and the increase in abundance of some wildlife species that cause problems for people. A broad consen-sus exists among state wildlife agency staff, state agricultural department staff, wildlife extension specialists, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Animal Damage Control agents, and state Farm Bureau officials that wildlife damage on agricultural lands has increased during the past 30 years, and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) currently …

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A Cultural Method Of Reducing Pocket Gopher Impact On Alfalfa Yield, Bruce A. Jasch, Ronald M. Case, James C. Luchsinger Apr 1991

A Cultural Method Of Reducing Pocket Gopher Impact On Alfalfa Yield, Bruce A. Jasch, Ronald M. Case, James C. Luchsinger

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

Low Input Sustainable Agriculture (LISA) strives to minimize input of agrichemicals for farmers while maintaining profits. Alfalfa fits into this scheme in 2 ways. First, the plains pocket gophers (Geomys bursarius) can reduce yield of alfalfa, thus an effective, economical means of control with minimal environmental impact would be desirable. Second, the increased use of alfalfa in rotation with row crops to increase soil nitrogen may increase pocket gopher problems by increasing their habitat. Our objective was to evaluate a cultural method to control pocket gopher damage, namely, by comparing 2 different varieties of alfalfa. One variety is tap-rooted (Wrangler) …

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Movements Of Deer Mice And House Mice In A Sugarbeet Field In Western Nebraska, Dallas R. Virchow, Scott E. Hygnstrom Apr 1991

Movements Of Deer Mice And House Mice In A Sugarbeet Field In Western Nebraska, Dallas R. Virchow, Scott E. Hygnstrom

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

In fall, 1990 we became involved in a National Pesticide Clearance Inter-regional Research Program (NPCIRP) project to test the efficacy of zinc phosphide in controlling vole (Microtus spp.) damage in sugar beets in Western Nebraska. During the course of the project we observed some rather remark-able short-term movements by deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus). Although mice have the physical capability of moving up to 300 m in 1 hr (Rawson 1964), typical observed-range lengths are much less. Farming practices that affect food availability and cover likely affect small mammal movements (Warburton and Klimstra 1984, Vessey 1987). Average daily movements of white-footed …

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Current Cooperative Activities Between Aphis-Animal Damage Control And The Extension Service, Gary E. Larson Apr 1991

Current Cooperative Activities Between Aphis-Animal Damage Control And The Extension Service, Gary E. Larson

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

The basis of our cooperation is a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) which was signed between the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) and the Extension Service (ES), both agencies of the U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), on May 14, 1987. The purpose of the MOU is to "establish policies and administrative arrangements for a working relationship" between the two agencies and "to provide procedures for planning, coordinating, and developing cooperative vertebrate...programs." The MOU points out that APHIS-Animal Damage Control (ADC) has responsibilities in research, operational, and technical assistance programs, which are authorized by the Animal Damage Control Act …

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Workshop Summary, Scott E. Hygnstrom Apr 1991

Workshop Summary, Scott E. Hygnstrom

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

The Tenth Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop (GPWDCW) was held 15-18 April 1991 at the Cornhusker Hotel in Lincoln, Nebraska. The goal was to provide a forum for individuals involved in the field of wildlife damage management to discuss new ideas and recent advances in ecology, technology, public education, and policy. The format allowed for interaction and exchange on damage control strategies, priority areas for research, and public information and extension activities. The GPWDCW is 1 of 3 national conferences (including the Vertebrate Pest Conference and the Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference) that deal specifically with wildlife damage management.

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Animal Damage Control: Are We Prepared For The Next Century?, Bobby R. Acord Apr 1991

Animal Damage Control: Are We Prepared For The Next Century?, Bobby R. Acord

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

I am pleased to be here with you today to discuss Animal Damage Control (ADC). I am also very pleased to see the number of ADC people attending this conference. It is an important indication of our professionalism. During the past several months, I have spoken to many of our people in ADC to challenge them to think about the future of our program. I have also spoken to many of our cooperators such as livestock organizations and resource management agencies about the same thing. This has been done in an effort to broaden our thinking about animal damage control …

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Welcome, Irvin T. Omtvedt Apr 1991

Welcome, Irvin T. Omtvedt

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

The University of Nebraska is pleased to serve as a co-host for this 10th Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop. We congratulate the planning committee for arranging an excellent program that covers a wide range of important issues and problems relative to wildlife damage management. During the past three years, the University of Nebraska Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources has been actively involved in an intensive strategic planning process and this workshop is symbolic of several of our goals. First of all, we are relying on developing new linkages to better serve our clientele and fulfill our role and …

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Opening Address:, Kenneth R. Bolen Apr 1991

Opening Address:, Kenneth R. Bolen

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

Nebraska is a major agricultural state. Nebraska ranks first in the nation in number of cattle on feed and fed cattle marketed, second in cash receipts from all livestock marketing, first in production of Great Northern beans, popcorn and alfalfa meal, and third in corn production. Agriculture is important to the state's economy. Some economists project that one-half of Nebraska workers depend on agriculture and the many related industries for their employment. The annual value of agricultural production in Nebraska is more than 8 billion dollars. Agriculture and wildlife damage problems often go hand-in-hand. We have problems in agricultural situations …

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Laboratory Study On Bromadiolone: Effectiveness On Prairie Dogs And Secondary Hazards To Domestic Ferrets, Daryl D. Fisher, Robert M. Timm, Richard Poche, Scott E. Hygnstrom Apr 1991

Laboratory Study On Bromadiolone: Effectiveness On Prairie Dogs And Secondary Hazards To Domestic Ferrets, Daryl D. Fisher, Robert M. Timm, Richard Poche, Scott E. Hygnstrom

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

Bromadiolone is a second generation anticoagulant that is currently registered as a toxicant controlling commensal rodents. This laboratory study was conducted to provide us with preliminary information on the effectiveness and secondary hazards of bromadiolone as a prairie dog (Cynomys spp.) toxicant. We planned to use this information to decide on the appropriateness of pursuing field research projects using this compound. For an overview on bromadio-lone, see Poche (1986). This was the second laboratory study we conducted on alternative prairie dog toxicants. The first, on chlorophacinone, was reported earlier (Fisher and Timm 1988). Our desire was not to directly com-pare …

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Implications Of The Animal Rights Movement For Wildlife Damage Management, Alice P. Wywialowski Apr 1991

Implications Of The Animal Rights Movement For Wildlife Damage Management, Alice P. Wywialowski

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

Animal rights advocates are a vocal and active segment of the public who are likely to protest the killing of animals to reduce wildlife-caused damage. Wildlife damage management frequently involves killing damage-causing animals. Most media portrayals of wildlife damage management programs emphasize the killing of wildlife, and so inherently evoke a negative response from the public. The goals of this paper are to help wildlife damage managers better understand animal rights advocates and to suggest possible means to reduce conflicts. To meet these goals, the animal rights movement is placed in a historical perspective with regard to the animal welfare …

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Efficacy Of Strychnine Eggs For Controlling Franklin Ground Squirrels, George H. Matschke, Paul L. Hegdal, Keith J. Andrews, Richard N. Engeman Apr 1991

Efficacy Of Strychnine Eggs For Controlling Franklin Ground Squirrels, George H. Matschke, Paul L. Hegdal, Keith J. Andrews, Richard N. Engeman

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

In February 1985, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) established standards for reregistering strychnine for controlling ground squirrels. One standard required efficacy data on strychnine concentrations below those presently registered with the EPA. The 8.0 mg of strychnine per treated egg currently registered in North Dakota (ND820001) for controlling Franklin ground squirrels (Spermophilus franklinii) on waterfowl production areas (WPA's) was included in this standard. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) decided to maintain the strychnine egg registration because this is the only method available for controlling this species on WPA's. In 1986, the Denver Wildlife Research Center (DWRC) conducted laboratory …

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Prairie Dog Control: A Computer Model For Prairie Dog Management On Rangelands, Mike K. Cox, Scott E. Hygnstrom Apr 1991

Prairie Dog Control: A Computer Model For Prairie Dog Management On Rangelands, Mike K. Cox, Scott E. Hygnstrom

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

Black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) share rangeland with other wildlife and livestock. The use of public grasslands and private pastures continues to intensify because of multiple-use and economic concerns. Countless prairie dog control programs have been conducted to reduce potential conflicts between livestock grazing and black-tailed prairie dogs. There are many questions regarding prairie dog control on rangeland, such as how prairie dog complexes effect livestock grazing, how quickly or slowly complexes expand and contract, and the cost-effectiveness of prairie dog control when associated with livestock grazing. An interactive computer model was written in BASIC for IBM-compatible personal computers to …

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Landscape Plants, Forest Trees, And Crops Most Resistant To Mammal Damage: An Overview, Rex E. Marsh Apr 1991

Landscape Plants, Forest Trees, And Crops Most Resistant To Mammal Damage: An Overview, Rex E. Marsh

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

To capitalize on mammal-resistant plants, several approaches may be taken. The most common is to select crops not highly prone to mammal damage (i.e., resistant crops). If a generally susceptible crop is to be grown, the more resistant varieties or cultivars of that crop can be selected, if known. An approach that has not received the attention it warrants is the selection of parent stock with resistant characteristics and the selective breeding of useful species to develop strains, hybrids, or cultivars with improved mammal resistance. For several reasons, this latter approach shows the most promise for forest tree species. It …

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Vertebrate Impacts On Oak Regeneration In California: A Review Of Management Options, Robert H. Schmidt, Robert M. Timm Apr 1991

Vertebrate Impacts On Oak Regeneration In California: A Review Of Management Options, Robert H. Schmidt, Robert M. Timm

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

Hardwoods occupy about 25% of the total forest area in California (Bolsinger 1988). Predominant among the hardwoods are oaks (Table 1). Over the past 10 years, concerns have been raised about the ability of some oak woodland stands to replace themselves. These concerns have focused on 2 distinct management dilemmas. The first involves the gradual loss of oak woodland acreage due to human activities. These activities often involve some type of conversion, such as the clearing of trees for rangeland improvement, production agriculture, or residential development (Schmidt and Tietje 1987). The rapid increase in California's population means more pressure on …

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Incidence Of Urban Vertebrate Pest Problems In The Greater Omaha, Nebraska Area, Dennis M. Ferraro Apr 1991

Incidence Of Urban Vertebrate Pest Problems In The Greater Omaha, Nebraska Area, Dennis M. Ferraro

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

Human interactions with wildlife and vertebrate pest species are a common occurrence in metropolitan areas. There are a number of common encounters, however, each urbanized location has unique prob-lems. Additionally, within each metropolitan area there is a gradient of encounters based on localized habitats, urban intensity, and length of urbanization. Information obtained from public inquiries directed to the Uni-versity of Nebraska-Extension in Douglas County, Nebraska were used to compile a review of these interactions in the Omaha, Nebraska metropolitan area (Table 1). Data were collected from May to December 1990. Approximately 25% of all "pest" inquiries concerned vertebrate species. In …

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Registration List -- 10th Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Apr 1991

Registration List -- 10th Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

Includes all participants, their institutions, addresses, and phone numbers.

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Adc Program Compliance With The National Environmental Policy Act, Guy E. Connolly Apr 1991

Adc Program Compliance With The National Environmental Policy Act, Guy E. Connolly

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) conducts a national, cooperative Animal Damage Control (ADC) program for the protection of American agriculture and other resources from wildlife damage. Like all Federal governmental activities, APHIS-ADC must comply with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969, as amended. This law directs Federal agencies to analyze the environmental impacts of major Federal actions, incorporate environmental considerations into decision making, and generally to mitigate adverse environmental impacts due to governmental activities. NEPA also established the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) to promulgate regulations for implementing the procedural …

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Effectiveness Of Nylon Lines For Deterring Rock Doves From Landing On Ledges, William F. Andelt, Kenneth P. Burnham Apr 1991

Effectiveness Of Nylon Lines For Deterring Rock Doves From Landing On Ledges, William F. Andelt, Kenneth P. Burnham

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

Abstract: The effectiveness of 74-kg, white, twisted nylon twine was evaluated for deterring rock doves (Columba livia) from landing on ledges at Colorado State University's Hughes Stadium in a controlled experiment during 1990. One, 2, and 3 lines were stretched 8 cm in front and 12 cm above (1 line), 8 and 18 cm above (2 lines), and 5, 12, and 18 cm above (3 lines) the ledges. The proportion of successful landings to attempted landings was reduced from 0.99 (0 lines) to 0.23 (1 line), 0.13 (2 lines), and 0.10 (3 lines). The number of pretreatment landings per ledge …

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Lines To Selectively Repel House Sparrows From Backyard Feeders, Kimberly K. Kessler, Ron J. Johnson, Kent M. Eskridge Mar 1991

Lines To Selectively Repel House Sparrows From Backyard Feeders, Kimberly K. Kessler, Ron J. Johnson, Kent M. Eskridge

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

House sparrow {Passer domesti-cus) flocks are often disliked at backyard feeding stations because they use space and food intended for other species. Monofila-ment lines, spaced 30 or 60 cm apart, have been shown to repel house sparrows from certain feeders, but responses of many back-yard bird species to lines are unknown. Three experiments were conducted at 2 sites during winter and repeated in spring using feeders with and without lines. Four pole-mounted feeders were used at each site, with an 80-cm-diameter tray on the ground below each feeder. Two feeders at each site were controls (C) without lines and 2 …

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Perceptions About Crop Yields And Losses To White-Tailed Deer On Farms Surrounding Gettysburg National Military Park, Gary M. Vecellio, Gerald L. Storm, Richard H. Yahner Mar 1991

Perceptions About Crop Yields And Losses To White-Tailed Deer On Farms Surrounding Gettysburg National Military Park, Gary M. Vecellio, Gerald L. Storm, Richard H. Yahner

Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference: 5th (1991)

Our objectives were to determine the perceptions of farm operators concerning crop yields, and effects of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on crop lands surrounding Gettysburg Park. The survey consisted of 4 multiple-choice and 5 fill-in questions. Questions were developed to gauge land area planted and harvested by crop type, relative severity of impacts to crops by 8 wildlife species, and amount of crop production lost to deer. Questions were also included to quantify perceptions on the 5-year trend in deer numbers, respondent's wishes for future deer numbers, and the number and type of people permitted to hunt deer …

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Frontmatter & Table Of Contents Mar 1991

Frontmatter & Table Of Contents

Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference: 5th (1991)

PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTH EASTERN WILDLIFE DAMAGE CONTROL CONFERENCE

Edited by
Paul D. Curtis
Michael J. Fargione
James E. Caslick
Editorial Assistance: Carol Rundle

October 6-9,199 1
Sheraton Inn and Conference Center
Ithaca, New York

Sponsored by:
Cornell Cooperative Extension, Cornell University
Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University
National Animal Damage Control Association
New York State Renewable Resources Extension Program
New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets
New York Chapter, The Wildlife Society
New York Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit
SUNY-College of Environmental Science and Forestry
United Conservation Alliance
USDA-APHIS -Animal Damage Control
USDA-Extension Service-Natural Resources and Rural …

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Use Of Livestock Protection Collars To Protect Sheep And Goats, Murray T. Walton Mar 1991

Use Of Livestock Protection Collars To Protect Sheep And Goats, Murray T. Walton

Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference: 5th (1991)

The sodium monofluoroacetate (Compound 1080) Livestock Protection Collar is selective for individual predators attacking the throat of sheep or goats and is especially useful in taking coyotes (Canis latrans). However, fears of secondary and nontarget poisonings have resulted in restrictions on their use. They are registered for use in the United States only to kill coyotes. To satisfy U.S. Environmental Protection Agency requirements, the Texas Department of Agriculture provides training and testing for certifying collar applicators, and has monitored collar use from 1988 through 1990. During this period, 59 licensed applicators, 6 collar pools, and the Texas Animal …

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Minimizing Deer Damage To Forest Vegetation Through Aggressive Deer Population Management, Raymond J. Winchcombe Feb 1991

Minimizing Deer Damage To Forest Vegetation Through Aggressive Deer Population Management, Raymond J. Winchcombe

Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference: 5th (1991)

Controlled hunts were used annually between 1976-90 on the Mary Flagler Cary Arboretum in southeastern New York to control deer (Odocoileus virginianus) population expansion and prevent over-browsing of forested and landscaped areas. The primary objective of the hunts was to remove sufficient numbers of adult female deer each year to stabilize herd growth and minimize browsing pressure. Hunters had to register early, attend a preseason meeting, pass a shooting proficiency test, apply for a deer management permit, and pay a fee. Spring browse-use surveys, using several tree species as an index to browsing pressure, showed low use through …

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Bear Damage To Agriculture In Wisconsin, Laine R. Stowell, Robert C. Willging Feb 1991

Bear Damage To Agriculture In Wisconsin, Laine R. Stowell, Robert C. Willging

Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference: 5th (1991)

Black bear (Ursus americanus) are common in northern Wisconsin. The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR) has established a population goal of 6,000 bears across 46,361 km2 of bear range. Bear damage to agriculture occurred for over 50 years, and various strategies have been used to address these problems. Bear damage to agricultural c and livestock became eligible for reimbursement by the state in 1939. The legislature terminated this program in 1980 in fate of a new program that placed greater emphasis on damage prevention than on compensation. Since 1984, WDNR has bear damage primarily through abatement practices …

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The Need And Difficulty Of Bringing The Pennsylvania Deer Herd Under Control, Gary W. Witmer, David S. Decalesta Feb 1991

The Need And Difficulty Of Bringing The Pennsylvania Deer Herd Under Control, Gary W. Witmer, David S. Decalesta

Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference: 5th (1991)

The Pennsylvania white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)herd has increased dramatically in the last several years despite greatly increased harvests. The high statewide deer density (11+ deer/kmz) causes serious losses to agricultural production, forest regeneration, and diversity of forest flora and fauna. High deer numbers are associated with an exceptional number of vehicle-deer accidents, and is implicated in the rapid increase in the incidence of Lyme disease in humans. Countless efforts to reduce deer densities locally and statewide (extended antlerless harvest seasons and special farm hunts) are not solving the damage problem. Other solutions should be considered, such as increasing …

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Status Of Coyotes And Coyote Depredations In Pennsylvania, Gary W. Witmer, Arnold Hayden Feb 1991

Status Of Coyotes And Coyote Depredations In Pennsylvania, Gary W. Witmer, Arnold Hayden

Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference: 5th (1991)

The coyote (Canis latrans) population in Pennsylvania has grown in the last several decades to about4,000. It continues to grow, despite a known annual harvest of more than 850 animals. There is a growing concern about the effects of coyotes on game and livestock populations. We discuss known and potential coyote-human conflicts in Pennsylvania and propose a program of depredation prevention and control. To be successful, the program requires cooperation, funding, research, educational materials, and training workshops.

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Agricultural Producers' Estimates Of Wildlife Causing Damage Eastern States, Alice P. Wywialowski, Robert H. Beach Feb 1991

Agricultural Producers' Estimates Of Wildlife Causing Damage Eastern States, Alice P. Wywialowski, Robert H. Beach

Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference: 5th (1991)


The U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and National Agricultural Statistics Service (MASS) conducted a nationwide survey of agricultural producers to determine what proportion of producers were sustaining losses caused by wildlife and which wildlife species were believed to be responsible for the damage. The survey was conducted in August 1989 for the USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Animal Damage Control (ADC). Results are based on useable responses received from 5,085 farmers in the eastern United States. The results presented here may differ from a previous press release by NASS because losses and animals causing losses were determined …

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Citizen Task Force On Deer Management, Mike Hall Feb 1991

Citizen Task Force On Deer Management, Mike Hall

Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference: 5th (1991)

In spring 1990, as part of an intensified effort to involve the public in wildlife management decisions, the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) and Cornell Cooperative Extension (CCE) implemented a new public input program. Citizen task forces were organized in 15 deer (Odocoileus virginianus) management units (DMUs) across the state. The task force purpose was to choose a desired deer population level for their particular DMU.

DEC and CCE designed task forces to include a broad range of interests, in order to balance the viewpoints of various groups affected by deer. CCE agents and DEC …

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