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Full-Text Articles in Environmental Health and Protection

Assessment Of Gnawing Behavior Of Three Rodent Species On Automatic Speed Control Mechanism Diaphragms From Gm Automobiles, Glenn R. Dudderar, Ren-Rong Hou, Scott R. Winterstein Nov 1995

Assessment Of Gnawing Behavior Of Three Rodent Species On Automatic Speed Control Mechanism Diaphragms From Gm Automobiles, Glenn R. Dudderar, Ren-Rong Hou, Scott R. Winterstein

Eastern Wildlife Damage Management Conference: 7th (1995)

General Motors and the A C. Rochester Company, a subsidiary of General Motors (GM), has found that the robber diaphragms on automatic speed control mechanisms (servos) were gnawed by unknown rodents. House mice (Mus musculus), Peromyscus spp., and eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus) were used to test gnawing behavior on 4 kinds of diaphragms. Diaphragms with or without a rodent proof cure formula, which are used by GM, did not influence the gnawing of all test rodent species. Diaphragms with a lubricant (Paricin) were more attractive to gnawing by house mice than diaphragms without a lubricant. Five …

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A Strategy For Integrating Principles And Concepts Of Wildlife Damage Control Into The School Curriculum, Thomas A. Eddy Nov 1995

A Strategy For Integrating Principles And Concepts Of Wildlife Damage Control Into The School Curriculum, Thomas A. Eddy

Eastern Wildlife Damage Management Conference: 7th (1995)

This paper reports an approach to educating today's youth concerning the importance of regulating numbers of wildlife species that threaten property, products and health. The emphases are on preparing teachers to integrate principles and concepts into the existing curricular materials, justifying control measures with ecological understandings and economic is information and dealing effectively with sensitive animal rights issues. Opportunities for integration of specific wildlife damage control topics are suggested for lessons in the life sciences, social sciences, health, language arts and mathematics. Examples of conflict between groups of different opinions about the seriousness of a pest's activities or appropriateness of …

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A Comparison Of Deer Hunter And Farmer Attitudes About Crop Damage Abatement In Michigan: Messages For Hunters, Farmers And Managers, Peter A. Fritzell Jr., Donna L. Minnus, R. Ben Peyton Nov 1995

A Comparison Of Deer Hunter And Farmer Attitudes About Crop Damage Abatement In Michigan: Messages For Hunters, Farmers And Managers, Peter A. Fritzell Jr., Donna L. Minnus, R. Ben Peyton

Eastern Wildlife Damage Management Conference: 7th (1995)

During the last 20 years several states have seen dramatic changes in the size of their white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) populations and also more frequent debates about how the deer resource should be managed. One central area of conflict between stakeholders involved in deer management is the issue of the lethal control of depredating deer, and how and when programs involving lethal control should be implemented. In the last decade, both Michigan farmers and deer hunters have organized special interest groups to express their dissatisfaction with deer population numbers, deer-caused crop losses, and/or the state's crop depredation control …

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Ecosystem Management And Wildlife Management: Compatible Or Conflicting?, David C. Guynn Jr., Greg K. Yarrow Nov 1995

Ecosystem Management And Wildlife Management: Compatible Or Conflicting?, David C. Guynn Jr., Greg K. Yarrow

Eastern Wildlife Damage Management Conference: 7th (1995)

Examples of wildlife-human conflicts include deer-automobile collisions, disease transmission concerns, and damage to various commodities (e. g. agricultural crops, timber production). The extent of these problems is increasing at a time when American's attitudes are shifting emphasis from commodity production to concern for the environment. Ecosystem management has been proposed as a strategy to balance concerns for commodity production and the environment. Ecosystem management, unlike traditional natural resource management, will require management over large areas for long periods of time. This new philosophy of land management requires that the natural resource base be viewed in its entirety, and not as …

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Rodent Damage Control In No-Till Corn And Soybean Production, Ron Hikes Nov 1995

Rodent Damage Control In No-Till Corn And Soybean Production, Ron Hikes

Eastern Wildlife Damage Management Conference: 7th (1995)

In recent years the primary cause of reduced plant stands in no-till crops planted into heavy residue has been small eared rodents called voles (Microtus spp.). Past research has indicated that severe stand reductions (80 to 100 percent) can occur if vole populations in the field exceed 75 per hectare (30 per acre) at planting time. This vole population should be considered intense. If field scouting about 30 days prior to planting reveals at least 12 active vole colonies per hectare (five per acre) an intense population can develop, and damage control measures should be planned. Of all …

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Efficacy Of Shooting Permits For Deer Damage Abatement In Wisconsin, Rick R. Norton, Scott R. Craven Nov 1995

Efficacy Of Shooting Permits For Deer Damage Abatement In Wisconsin, Rick R. Norton, Scott R. Craven

Eastern Wildlife Damage Management Conference: 7th (1995)

The efficacy of out-of-season shooting permits for deer damage abatement in Wisconsin has not been critically evaluated. We used deer damage shooting permits to remove 21 antlerless deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from 7 heavily damaged alfalfa fields to evaluate subsequent impact on crop damage. Volunteer shooters, using permits issued to the landowners, hunted a minimum of 3 nights/week throughout the growth of the third alfalfa crop (Aug. 1 - late Sept.). We calculated the difference between the assessed damage to the second crop (untreated) and the third crop (treated) on treatment and control farms. We found no significant difference …

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From Deer Problem To People Solution: A Case Study From Montgomery County, Maryland, Jonathan S. Kays, Douglas Tregoning Nov 1995

From Deer Problem To People Solution: A Case Study From Montgomery County, Maryland, Jonathan S. Kays, Douglas Tregoning

Eastern Wildlife Damage Management Conference: 7th (1995)

Montgomery County, Maryland, a 495 square-mile area adjacent to Washington, D.C., is a rapidly developing, highly educated suburban community with one of the highest per capita incomes in the nation. There is increasing concern for the growth and impact of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) populations by agricultural interests, resource professionals and residential landowners. The Montgomery County Council assembled a task force of stakeholders to examine relevant information and propose deer management options. The task force report provided detailed information on the county deer situation, 11 management alternatives, and 9 final recommendations. The county parks administrator appointed a staff …

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Bat Exclusion Methods, William H. Kern Jr. Nov 1995

Bat Exclusion Methods, William H. Kern Jr.

Eastern Wildlife Damage Management Conference: 7th (1995)

This publication is intended to serve as a review of currently accepted methods of bat exclusion. Inappropriate house bat control methods are destructive to our decreasing bat populations and often cause additional problems for the building's owner or occupant. These problems include odor from dead bats, infestations of carrion-feeding flies, and increasing human and pet exposure to bats. Appropriate exclusion methods like winter structure modification for cave hibernating bats or one-way excluders using hardware cloth, plastic sheeting, or plastic bird netting are the best ways to protect these beneficial wildlife species and correct situations where humans and bats come into …

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Relationships Between Wild Turkeys And Raccoons In Central Mississippi, Charles D. Lovell, Darken A. Miller, George A. Hurst, Bruce D. Leopold Nov 1995

Relationships Between Wild Turkeys And Raccoons In Central Mississippi, Charles D. Lovell, Darken A. Miller, George A. Hurst, Bruce D. Leopold

Eastern Wildlife Damage Management Conference: 7th (1995)

Reduced trapping and hunting of predators has led to concerns that increased predator densities may aged game species populations. Therefore, we investigated effects of predation on the wild turkey population on Tallahala Wildlife Management Area (TWMA), Mississippi, from 1984-94. We also determined trends in raccoon trapping and hunter harvest in Mississippi. Predation of nests (eggs), nesting hens, and points caused a population decline on TWMA. Most (88°!0) nest failures were caused by predation from 1984-94; raccoons were the dominant predator. Declining raccoon hunter harvest from 1980-94 was correlated with declining hunter effort. Trapping license sales and trapping harvest also declined. …

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Mississippi's Beaver Control Assistance Program, 1989-1994, Philip Mastrangelo Nov 1995

Mississippi's Beaver Control Assistance Program, 1989-1994, Philip Mastrangelo

Eastern Wildlife Damage Management Conference: 7th (1995)

Responding to landowner requests, the 1989 Mississippi Legislature created the Beaver Control Advisory Hoard and mandated it to develop a program which would ensure the control of beaver damage throughout Mississippi. The Advisory Board is comprised of the administrative heads of five state agencies: the Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Parks (chairperson), the Department of Transportation, the Cooperative Extension Service, the Forestry Commission, and the Department of Agriculture and Commerce. In cooperation with the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Animal Damage Control (ADC) program, the Advisory Board developed the Beaver Control Assistance Program (BCAP). …

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The Professional Evolution Of Wildlife Damage Management, James E. Miller Nov 1995

The Professional Evolution Of Wildlife Damage Management, James E. Miller

Eastern Wildlife Damage Management Conference: 7th (1995)

The terns -- wildlife damage management, in lieu of animal damage control, vertebrate pest control, or nuisance animal control -- has become the currently recognized term for an area of wildlife management that a growing number of professionals spend a significant part of their time and/or career working in. The acceptance of this terminology is, however, a part of the continuing evolution of the profession and not simply a name change for political correctness. Admittedly, my purpose is not to validate or beg acceptance of this terminology. Rather, what I hope to do is to justify the underlying premise of …

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Closing Remarks: Seventh Eastern Wildlife Damage Management Conference, James E. Miller Nov 1995

Closing Remarks: Seventh Eastern Wildlife Damage Management Conference, James E. Miller

Eastern Wildlife Damage Management Conference: 7th (1995)

Initially, I want to begin these brief closing remarks by expressing appreciation to Dean Stewart, Phil Mastrangelo, Jim Armstrong, Greg Yarrow, other members of the Program Committee, all of the sponsors, exhibitors, contributors, speakers, and session moderators, and to all of you as participants who helped make this conference successful. As most of you who have ever had the privilege of putting together a conference such as this are well aware, there are always a number of people that are key to the success of the conference who work diligently behind the scenes but are not always recognized. We want …

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A Historical Perspective Of Catfish Production In The Southeast In Relation To Avian Predation, Donald F. Mott, Martin W. Brunson Nov 1995

A Historical Perspective Of Catfish Production In The Southeast In Relation To Avian Predation, Donald F. Mott, Martin W. Brunson

Eastern Wildlife Damage Management Conference: 7th (1995)

Production of aquaculture species, especially catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) in the Mississippi Delta, is a relatively new and expanding industry. Catfish production represents the largest dollar value of the aquaculture industry, accounting for approximately 50% of the entire industry. Mississippi is responsible for 82% of the total U.S. catfish production. Fish-eating bird populations have capitalized on this new food source. Double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax sauritus), great blue herons (Ardea herodias) , and great egrets (Casmerodius albus) are the primary predators on catfish. Cormorant caused losses in excess of $2 million per year have been …

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Extirpation Of A Recently Established Feral Pig Population In Kansas, Chad D. Richardson, Philip S. Gipson, David P. Jones, James C. Luchsinger Nov 1995

Extirpation Of A Recently Established Feral Pig Population In Kansas, Chad D. Richardson, Philip S. Gipson, David P. Jones, James C. Luchsinger

Eastern Wildlife Damage Management Conference: 7th (1995)

Most feral pigs (Sus scrofa) are descendants of domestic swine that have gone wild and their reproduction is uncontrolled by man. A few populations may be descendants of European wild boar or crosses between wild boar and domestic swine. Disease control officials report that 23 states have established populations of feral pigs and the total feral pig population in the United States is probably in excess of 2 million animals. A population of feral pigs was documented in the fall of 1993 on the Fort Riley Military Installation in northeastern Kansas. Biologists from the Fort Riley Natural Resources …

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Can Predator Trapping Improve Waterfowl Recruitment In The Prairie Pothole Region?, Frank C. Rohwer, Pamela R. Garrettson, Ben J. Mense Nov 1995

Can Predator Trapping Improve Waterfowl Recruitment In The Prairie Pothole Region?, Frank C. Rohwer, Pamela R. Garrettson, Ben J. Mense

Eastern Wildlife Damage Management Conference: 7th (1995)

We contrasted nest success for control areas and experimental areas in eastern North Dakota where we employed professionals to trap mammalian nest predators from late March to late July. In 1995, dabbling ducks averaged 53% nest success on four treatment blocks of 4,150 ha each; whereas on four control areas upland nesting ducks averaged 24% success. Diving duck nest success averaged 57% on experimental areas and 29% on control areas. American coot (Fulica americana) nest success also improved on experimental areas, but blackbird nesting and fledging success were not affected by the treatment. In 1994, nest success of …

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Black Bear Damage In The Mississippi Alluvial Valley, Thomas H. White Jr., Catherine C. Shropshire, Mike Staten Nov 1995

Black Bear Damage In The Mississippi Alluvial Valley, Thomas H. White Jr., Catherine C. Shropshire, Mike Staten

Eastern Wildlife Damage Management Conference: 7th (1995)

We surveyed 62 hunting clubs in the batture of the Mississippi River in Arkansas and Mississippi to determine the extent and severity of black bear (Ursus americanus) damage. Bear damage was more prevalent in Arkansas (70.6%) than in Mississippi (11.8%). Damage to deer- stands was most common (43.8%), followed by damage to buildings (22.9%), getting in garbage (12.5%) and damage to wildlife food plots (10.4%). Cost estimates of bear damage averaged approximately $40 per incident over the past 5 years. Most (90.9%) clubs rated bear damage as either a slight nuisance or not important at this time, and …

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Blackbirds And Starlings Killed At Winter Roosts From Pa-14 Applications, 1974-1992: Implications For Regional Population Management, Richard A. Dolbeer, Donald F. Mott, Jerrold L. Belant Nov 1995

Blackbirds And Starlings Killed At Winter Roosts From Pa-14 Applications, 1974-1992: Implications For Regional Population Management, Richard A. Dolbeer, Donald F. Mott, Jerrold L. Belant

Eastern Wildlife Damage Management Conference: 7th (1995)

The surfactant PA-14, registered with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1973 by the federal Animal Damage Control (ADC) program, was used for 19 years (1974-1992) for lethal control of roosting blackbirds (Icterinae) and European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in the United States. In 1992, the ADC program withdrew the registration of PA-14 because of costs required to provide additional EPA-requested data. There were 83 roosts encompassing 178 ha treated with 33,300 L of PA-14 from 1974-1992. An estimated 38.2 million birds (48% common grackles [Quiscalus quiscula], 30% European starlings, 13% red-winged blackbirds [Agelaius phoeniceus …

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Comparison Of Predation Rates On Wild Turkey Hens Between Two Forest Ecosystems In Mississippi, Michael J. Chamberlain, Darken A. Miller, Bruce D. Leopold, George A. Hurst Nov 1995

Comparison Of Predation Rates On Wild Turkey Hens Between Two Forest Ecosystems In Mississippi, Michael J. Chamberlain, Darken A. Miller, Bruce D. Leopold, George A. Hurst

Eastern Wildlife Damage Management Conference: 7th (1995)

Because of increases in predator populations, concern has arisen about effects on wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo ) populations. We examined differences in predation of adult hens between 2 forested areas in Mississippi. Twin Oaks Wildlife Management Area (OAKS), located in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley, is a 2,302 ha tract of mature bottomland hardwood forest surrounded on 3 sides by soybean fields. Tallahala Wildlife Management Area (TWMA) is a 14,410 ha mixed forest in central Mississippi and is part of a large, forested ecosystem. Hens were captured, fitted with transmitters, and monitored by telemetry, 1990-1994 on TWMA (n = …

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The Effectiveness Of A New Mole Repellent For Preventing Damage To Lawns By Eastern Moles, Glenn R. Dudderar, Stacey Tellman, Dale K. Elshoff Nov 1995

The Effectiveness Of A New Mole Repellent For Preventing Damage To Lawns By Eastern Moles, Glenn R. Dudderar, Stacey Tellman, Dale K. Elshoff

Eastern Wildlife Damage Management Conference: 7th (1995)

A new product containing 65% castor oil with the trade name Mole-Med was evaluated for its effectiveness in repelling eastern moles (Scalopus aquaticus) from lawns. Seven lawns in southern Michigan during September, 1993 was selected as preliminary test sites, and the ridges over mole tunnels in the lawns were flattened each day for 3 days. If some existing and new ridges were raised each day, the site was classified as having mole activity and continuing damage. The repellent was then applied according to label directions, and ridges above mole tunnels were flattened as described previously. If no tunnels …

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Evaluation Of The Yard Gard Ultrasonic Yard Protector For Repelling White-Tailed Deer, Paul D. Curtis Nov 1995

Evaluation Of The Yard Gard Ultrasonic Yard Protector For Repelling White-Tailed Deer, Paul D. Curtis

Eastern Wildlife Damage Management Conference: 7th (1995)

Ultrasonic devices are marketed for pest control because some manufacturers believe they possess properties aversive to animals. However, there is little evidence that ultrasound is more aversive to animals than is audible sound. In this study, we examined the efficacy of the Yard Gard ultrasonic device for deterring deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from feeding on apples. Four deer feeding stations were established at private residential properties with a history of deer damage to ornamental plants, so that control (A I and B 1) and experimental (A2 and 132) stations existed at each site. Apples were placed at each feeding …

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Black Bear Damage Management In Washington State, Georg J. Ziegltrum, Dale L. Nolte Nov 1995

Black Bear Damage Management In Washington State, Georg J. Ziegltrum, Dale L. Nolte

Eastern Wildlife Damage Management Conference: 7th (1995)

Black bears (Ursus americanus) foraging on trees can be extremely detrimental to the health and economic value of a timber stand. A supplemental feeding program to reduce bear damage is coordinated by the Washington Forest Protection Association's Animal Damage Control Program (ADCP). A brief overview of the ADCP is provided along with a description of bear damage and the supplemental feeding program. Success of the feeding program is demonstrated by an increasing participation and its general acceptance by the public. Timber producers placed over 400 thousand pounds of pellets in 700 feeding stations this past year.

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Environmental Changes In A Polluted Stream During Winter, Arden R. Gaufin, Clarence M. Tarzwell Jul 1995

Environmental Changes In A Polluted Stream During Winter, Arden R. Gaufin, Clarence M. Tarzwell

United States Environmental Protection Agency: Publications

Year round studies of environmental conditions in Lytle Creek, a stream polluted with organic wastes, were initiated late in 1949, by the Biology Section of the Public Health Service's Environmental Health Center.2 Lytle Creek is a tributary of the Little Miami River which enters the Ohio River at Cincinnati. It is about 11 miles long, and has an average width and depth of 15 feet and 1 foot respectively, during normal summer flows. Widths range from 3 to 35 feet and depths from a few inches to a maximum of 6 feet. Surface runoff comprises the major portion of the …

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A Comparison Of Attitudes Held By Wildlife Damage Managers And Animal Rights Activists, James B. Armstrong, Melissa E. Hutchins Apr 1995

A Comparison Of Attitudes Held By Wildlife Damage Managers And Animal Rights Activists, James B. Armstrong, Melissa E. Hutchins

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

We designed an instrument to measure attitudes about a variety of animal use issues, collect information on animal-related activities, and determine demographic characteristics of the sample. We administered the instrument to 151 Animal Rights Information and Education Service (ARIES) and 150 National Animal Damage Control Association (N ADC A) members. Based on analysis of the data, we concluded that these 2 groups differ greatly on their attitudes about human use of animals. In addition, they differ greatly in background and types of activities in which they participate. Thus, attempts to bring these groups together for discussion must start with the …

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Cue Enhancement Of Lithium-Chloride-Induced Mutton/Sheep Aversions In Coyotes, Ray T. Sterner Apr 1995

Cue Enhancement Of Lithium-Chloride-Induced Mutton/Sheep Aversions In Coyotes, Ray T. Sterner

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

In an enclosure-type study, I investigated the use of odor, auditory, and visual cues to enhance lithium-chloride (LiCl)- induced prey aversion in coyotes (Canis latrans). Eight adult, male, wild-caught coyotes that killed 2 adult sheep during successive daily, 1 -hr trials were assigned to LiCl- and sodium-chloride (NaCl)-bait groups. The 4 LiCl-bait coyotes were sequentially presented with leg-of-sheep and whole-sheep carcasses injected with a 33% LiCl water solution (4.5 ml/kg) 1 -hr daily until bait shy. The 4 NaCl coyotes were exposed to baits and carcasses injected with 25% NaCl/water solution (4.5 ml/kg) for matched trials. Additionally, 2 …

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Resolving Human-Large Felid Conflicts Associated With Protected Areas In India, N.P.S. Chauhan, V.B. Sawarkar, H.S. Pabla Apr 1995

Resolving Human-Large Felid Conflicts Associated With Protected Areas In India, N.P.S. Chauhan, V.B. Sawarkar, H.S. Pabla

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

In India, the past 2 decades of improved wildlife management practices along with rigid legal provisions have resulted in increased populations of the endangered carnivores: tiger (Panthera tigris), lion (Panthera leo), and leopard (Panthera pardus) in protected areas (PAs). Over this time period, human and livestock populations in and around PAs have also increased substantially. Intense human use and commensurate cattle grazing activity in associated forests have invariably lead to confrontation with these carnivores. Incidences of human- and cattle-killing by tiger, lion, and leopard have increased in and around PAs. Ongoing conflicts occur with …

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Environmental Assessment Of Wildlife Damage Control For Wildlife Protection, Michael J. Bodenchuk Apr 1995

Environmental Assessment Of Wildlife Damage Control For Wildlife Protection, Michael J. Bodenchuk

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

Wildlife damage management for the protection of wildlife resources was common in the early days of wildlife management. It may once again become an important endeavor. The Utah Animal Damage Control program has conducted several projects for the protection of specific wildlife species. Case histories of these projects are discussed, and a wildlife damage management program which integrates resources as well as control technologies is presented.

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Predation Of Big Game And Livestock In The Texas Trans-Pecos, S. Kemble Canon Apr 1995

Predation Of Big Game And Livestock In The Texas Trans-Pecos, S. Kemble Canon

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

Predation of livestock and big game remains a matter of concern for ranch managers and operators in the Trans-Pecos. Current evidence indicates that mountain lions (Felis concolor), bobcats (Lynx rufus), and coyotes (Canis latrans) are the primary predators involved, although little information is available on bobcats. A gradual shift from sheep to cattle management has resulted in a corresponding decrease in the intensity of predator control efforts for livestock protection. However, potential lease hunting income has renewed predator control efforts for protection of the 3 primary big game species, pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana), …

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Curbing The Illegal Use Of Pesticides In Predator Control, Jeff Jacoby, Martin Fletcher, Ted Warfield Apr 1995

Curbing The Illegal Use Of Pesticides In Predator Control, Jeff Jacoby, Martin Fletcher, Ted Warfield

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

In June 1993, the Agricultural Products Group of FMC responded to reports of alleged illegal, off-label use of its product Furadan 4F and other pesticide products in baiting and poisoning predators. The target of these reported illegal carcass-baiting incidents were principally coyotes (Canis latrans), which cause significant losses to the sheep industry. The FMC undertook an effort to determine the scope of the problem and how best to address the issue. This included conducting extensive measurable research among sheep ranchers and agrichemical dealers in 4 selected pilot states: Colorado, Montana, South Dakota, and Wyoming. Qualitative interviews were also …

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Research Priorities In Wildlife Damage Management, James E. Miller Apr 1995

Research Priorities In Wildlife Damage Management, James E. Miller

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

Based on a survey of 97 wildlife damage management professionals (60% response rate of 161 mailed questionnaires), field, research, and administrative personnel felt that the top 3 current wildlife damage management (WDM) research needs were: development of more effective and efficient techniques of damage assessment, effectiveness of education and conflict resolution programs on WDM issues, and repellent/aversive techniques. Respondents indicated that human dimensions research related to effectiveness of public education and conflict resolution would be the highest future research need. Large and small mammals were identified as key species groups needing research with preventive methods and aversive agents as practices …

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Wyoming's M-44 Program: An Overview And Assessment Of Private And Commercial Applicators, Henry R. Uhden Apr 1995

Wyoming's M-44 Program: An Overview And Assessment Of Private And Commercial Applicators, Henry R. Uhden

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

Wyoming's legislation funding predator control has progressed from a bounty system, to a mill levy system, to the current fee assessment per head. The Wyoming Department of Agriculture administers an M-44 predator control program for private and commercial applicators' use with livestock depredators. As predatory impacts on livestock have increased, use of M- 44 has also broadened. The M-44 is a mechanical device utilizing a spring-activated ejector, that propels the dry toxicant sodium cyanide into the mouth of the target species when pulled. Death of the animal is accomplished by inhalation of hydrogen cyanide which forms when sodium cyanide comes …

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