Sedimentology Commons^™

Along Strike Tectonic Evolution Of The Neogene Bermejo Foreland Basin And Eastern Precordillera Thrust Front, Argentina (30-32ºs), Zoey Catherine Plonka

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

The Bermejo retroarc foreland basin system formed in flexural response to Miocene crustal thickening in the Andean orogenic system, specifically, the eastward propagation of the Precordillera fold-thrust belt and the basement-involved uplift of the Sierras Pampeanas. Previous work in the area has mainly focused on the mechanisms and expression of flat slab subduction and the structural geometry of the basement-involved Sierras Pampeanas and east-vergent Precordillera fold-thrust belt at depth. Much of this work has furthered the understanding of Bermejo basin evolution north of 31ºS, however debate still exists whether the N-S trending Bermejo basin evolved synchronously or asynchronously through time. …

Paleoenvironmental Changes Across The Devonian-Carboniferous Transition, Audrey M. Warren

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

The Devonian-Carboniferous (D-C) transition was a critical interval in earth history, witnessing profound environmental changes associated with plant and animal evolution and extinction. Two first-order mass extinctions occurred leading up to the D-C boundary: the Kellwasser Event at the Frasnian-Famennian (F-F) boundary (~371 Ma) and the D-C boundary Hangenberg Event (~359 Ma). Both events were associated with significant sea level changes and major carbon cycle perturbations, evidenced by widespread deposition of black shale and positive carbon isotope (δ13C) excursions, all of which have been used to correlate these events across the globe. Because preservation of black shale requires anoxic conditions, …

Antler Foreland Basin Evolution Recorded In Detrital Zircon U-Pb Geochronology, James Duncan

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

The Antler orogeny was a Devonian-Mississippian (375-320 Ma) mountain building event that occurred along the western Laurentian margin. The initiation of the Antler orogeny is marked by the emplacement of the Roberts Mountain Allochthon (RMA) that thrust Cambrian-Devonian deep water marine siliciclastic rocks 100 km eastward onto the western Laurentian margin. Shortening related to the Antler orogeny deformed RMA strata and caused a flexural response in the continental crust that resulted in the formation of the adjacent Antler Foreland basin. The paleogeographic history of the RMA strata and tectonic drivers for the Antler orogeny are still debated. Proposed models suggest …

Three-Dimensional (3d) Characterization Of The Middle Ordoovician (Darriwilian) Strata In The Southern Great Basin, Western United States, Uday Mohamed Baheej Kara Ali

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

Carbonates are mostly produced in shallow-marine environments and their deposition is sensitive to water depth changes on carbonate platforms. The water depth in depositional environments of a particular carbonate platform is controlled by the interplay of eustatic sea-level change, tectonic subsidence, platform morphology, and depositional rate. Due to the morphological variations of carbonate platforms in different tectonic settings, facies distribution across carbonate platforms varies significantly even during a single eustatic sea-level cycle. Carbonate platforms developed on passive continental margins are thought to be the most stable platforms and their facies distribution is commonly taken as examples in textbook depositional models. …

Mildly Hydrophobic Biobased Mulch: A Sustainable Approach To Controlling Bare Soil Evaporation, Jesse Lee Barnes, Michael John Nicholl

Geoscience Faculty Research

© 2020 The Authors. Vadose Zone Journal published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Soil Science Society of America Mulching with polyethylene film is the conventional approach to decrease evaporative water loss from agricultural soils, but it is not environmentally sustainable. In this study, a laboratory experiment was conducted to test the potential utility of partially polymerized soybean oil (PSO) coated sands as a surface treatment to reduce bare soil evaporation. Evaporation was tracked for 23.8 d from saturated sand columns treated with a surface layer (1 or 2 cm) of either coated medium sand (MS-PSO) or coated coarse …

Fault Slip And Exhumation History Of The Willard Thrust Sheet, Sevier Fold‐Thrust Belt, Utah: Relations To Wedge Propagation, Hinterland Uplift, And Foreland Basin Sedimentation, W. A. Yonkee, Bryan Eleogram, Michael L. Wells, Daniel F. Stockli, Shari Kelley, D. E. Barber

Geoscience Faculty Research

Zircon (U‐Th)/He (ZHe) and zircon fission track thermochronometric data for 47 samples spanning the areally extensive Willard thrust sheet within the western part of the Sevier fold‐thrust belt record enhanced cooling and exhumation during major thrust slip spanning approximately 125–90 Ma. ZHe and zircon fission track age‐paleodepth patterns along structural transects and age‐distance relations along stratigraphic‐parallel traverses, combined with thermo‐kinematic modeling, constrain the fault slip history, with estimated slip rates of ~1 km/Myr from 125 to 105 Ma, increasing to ~3 km/Myr from 105 to 92 Ma, and then decreasing as major slip was transferred onto eastern thrusts. Exhumation was …

Pacific Southwest United States Holocene Droughts And Pluvials Inferred From Sediment Δ18o (Calcite) And Grain Size Data (Lake Elsinore, California), Matthew E.C. Kirby, William Paul Patterson, Matthew Lachniet, James A. Noblet, Michael A. Anderson, Kevin Nichols, Judith Avila

Geoscience Faculty Research

Records of past climate can inform us on the natural range and mechanisms of climate change. In the arid Pacific southwestern United States (PSW), which includes southern California, there exist a variety of Holocene records that can be used to infer past winter conditions (moisture and/or temperature). Holocene records of summer climate, however, are rare from the PSW. In the future, climate changes due to anthropogenic forcing are expected to increase the severity of drought in the already water stressed PSW. Hot droughts are of considerable concern as summer temperatures rise. As a result, understanding how summer conditions changed in …

Environmental Changes Across The Early Mississippian Carbon Isotope Excursion, Dev Krishna Maharjan

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

The Early Mississippian K–O (Kinderhookian-Osagean) δ13C excursion or TICE (mid-Tournaisian carbon isotope excursion) is characterized by an anomalous carbonate carbon isotope value of ≥5‰ that has been documented from numerous stratigraphic sections across the globe. This δ13C excursion coincides with global cooling and sea-level fall and predicts a significant change in seawater chemistry. However, sulfate sulfur isotope data across the K-O δ13C excursion reported in previous studies seem not to be responsive to the carbon cycle. Likewise, a recent study has documented a unidirectional increase in nitrogen isotopes across this excursion, which is not anticipated considering the amount of organic …

Ediacaran Ocean Redox Evolution, Swapan Kumar Sahoo

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

The relative role that environmental versus intrinsic biological factors played in

shaping the history of life on Earth is a fundamental but unanswered question in the

natural sciences. Most famously, it has been heavily debated if the emergence and

diversification of early animals during the Ediacaran Period (ca. 635–541 Ma) was tied to

a rise in atmospheric-oceanic oxygen levels. Temporally discontinuous geochemical data and patchy fossil record in literature are inadequate to chart the Ediacaran redox history and its causal relationship with the biotic evolution. My PhD study aims for a multiproxy geochemical record within a well-established stratigraphic framework of …

Carbon Isotope Variations Associated With A Middle Ordovician Karstic Unconformity, Patricia Suzanne Williams

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

Large negative carbon isotope (δ¹³C) excursions have been documented from late Neoproterozoic-Paleozoic successions. These δ¹³C excursions have been widely used for regional and global stratigraphic correlation, particularly in strata with limited paleontological and radiometric age controls. Recent studies, however, argued that some negative δ¹³C excursions from stratigraphic record may have been resulted from meteoric/burial diagenesis, which commonly shifts both carbon and oxygen isotopes toward lower values. Testing the diagenetic origin of δ¹³C excursions in stratigraphic successions without independent stratigraphic framework has been difficult because it evolves into circular arguments about stratigraphic completeness …

Thermal Impacts Of Salt On Sandstones And Mudstones In The Lusitanian Basin, Portugal, Brett Perry

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

In order to assess the impact of salt structures on paleotemperatures in adjacent sedimentary rocks, a field based study which quantified thermally driven diagenetic products as a function of distance from salt was undertaken. Several salt diapirs are now exposed at the surface of the Earth within the Lusitanian Basin and offered a unique opportunity to document paleothermal anomalies by studying thermally controlled diagenesis in adjacent, exposed Upper Jurassic rocks. Four transects were chosen within Upper Jurassic rocks that contained both sandstones and mudstones. Quartz cementation and albitization of feldspars, both of which are thermally driven processes, were quantified in …

Detrital Carbonates In A Sequence Stratigraphic Framework: An Example From The Furongian Slope Environment In The Hot Creek Range Of Central Nevada, Leon Taufani

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

An integrated sedimentological study of detrital carbonates of the late Cambrian (Furongian) Hales Limestone in central Nevada was conducted in order to model facies distribution and controlling mechanisms of carbonate gravity-flow deposits. Seven closely-spaced sections and numerous traceable short sections were measured to investigate temporal and spatial changes of detrital carbonates within a high-resolution stratigraphic framework supported by biostratigraphic and carbon isotope chemostratigraphic constraints and by key physical surfaces. Polished slabs and thin section petrographic analysis were used to identify micro- and macro-scale textures and diagenesis.

Ten lithofacies are identified from the Hales Limestone. Lateral tracing of these facies reveals …

The Fluvial Muddy Creek Formation Near Overton, Nevada, Carl Taylor Swenberg

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

The Muddy Creek Formation (MCF) may represent an ancestral Colorado River deposit. To test this hypothesis, I mapped exposures of the MCF within the Virgin River Depression (VRD), a rift basin in the central Basin and Range. This is the first study to analyze fluvial MCF facies and test their viability as ancestral Colorado River deposits.

Mapping, paleocurrent analysis, conglomerate provenance, and architectural elements analysis were used in order to characterize the fluvial MCF near Overton NV. Architectural elements analysis revealed that MCF fluvial facies are most closely associated with those of a high-energy sand-bed braided river system. These results …

Muddy Creek Formation: A Record Of Late Neogene Tectonics And Sedimentation In Southern Nevada, Thomas William Muntean

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

The Late Neogene Muddy Creek Formation (MCF), exposed in the vicinity of Lake Mead in southern Nevada, represents the youngest widespread Cenozoic sedimentary sequence in the region and is the focus of this study. Historically, the MCF has been largely ignored, with limited previous studies providing only regional-scale constraint on the age, stratigraphy, and mode of deposition for the formation; resulting in a data gap for our understanding of the Late Cenozoic tectonic and sedimentological evolution of southern Nevada.

Effects Of Climate Change On Spring Ecosystem Hydroecology As A Guide To Developing Alternative Water Policies, Scott Mensing, Saxon E. Sharpe, Scott Bassett, Don Sada, Jim Thomas

Climate Change Seminar Series (NNE)

Hydroecology: the interface of ecological systems and water which combines the scientific disciplines of hydrology and ecology

Goal: evaluate the hydrologic and climate history using pollen, loss on ignition, total inorganic carbon, and invertebrates from spring sediments in Spring Valley, Eastern Nevada and Snake Valley, Western Utah

Lateral Variability Of Facies And Cycles In The Furongian (Late Cambrian) Carbonate Platform: An Example From The Big Horse Member Of The Orr Formation In Western Utah, U.S.A., Ratna Widiarti

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

Carbonate depositional cycles and sequences have been proposed to be formed by glacioeustatic sea-level changes. This mechanism would be questionable during times of high atmospheric CO2 and negligible continental ice sheets such as the supergreenhouse time in the Furongian (late Cambrian), during which limited glacioeustatic sea-level changes would be expected. A detailed sedimentological study of the Furongian Orr Formation in western Utah is aimed at testing the hypothesis that, under supergreenhouse climate conditions, most meter-scale carbonate cycles may have been formed through autocyclic processes and thus they should be laterally variable. The research was conducted in a small area ( …

Hydrostratigraphy And Allostratigraphy Of The Cenozoic Alluvium In The Northwestern Part Of Las Vegas Valley, Clark County, Nevada, David J. Donovan

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

This investigation was conducted to determine the location, nature, and boundaries of the most permeable unit within the alluvial aquifer material in Las Vegas Valley. It was prompted by declines in specific capacity of about 90% at the Las Vegas Valley Water District's West Central Well Field. It was hypothesized that the decline in specific capacity resulted from dewatering of the most permeable interval of the alluvium. Lithologic descriptions from wells and aquifer test information were analyzed for geologic and hydrogeologic variability. New information, in the form of detailed unpublished lithologic and hydrologic information, was available from twenty water wells …

Depositional Environments And Paleoecology Of The Lower Ordovician Pogonip Group, Opd Unit, Arrow Canyon Range, Clark County, Nevada, Jeffrey K. Donovan

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

The Opd Unit of the Pogonip Group is a slope-forming carbonate sequence that crops out in the Arrow Canyon Range 75 miles north of Las Vegas, Nevada. It is composed mainly of grainstones, packstones, and intraformational conglomerates and also contains Calathium-bearing bioherms composed dominantly of wackestones. These rocks were deposited in a shallow-water, high-energy, subtidal, tropical marine environment. Nuia and Nuia-crinoid shoals developed on this shallow ramp and the area was frequently disturbed by storms.

Calathium-dominated carbonate mudmounds emerged on the Nuia and Nuia-crinoid shoals. Although Calathium dominated the mounds on a macroscopic scale, the mounds …

Desorption Hysteresis In Five Ion Exchanged Montmorillonites, Jerry Paul Fairley

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

It is generally believed that the formation of recalcitrant (slowly desorbing) fractions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in soils is due to diffusion of compounds to sorption sites inaccessible to bulk fluid. The exact nature of these sites, however, is not well understood. In clay minerals, researchers favor two probable areas for the storage of persistent contamination; sites between the clay lamella, or sites with clay particle aggregates.

To test the hypothesis that recalcitrant fractions are formed in interlamellar spaces, a Na/Ca Montmorillonite (Smectite) was ion exchanged with five different cations (K⁺, Na⁺, Ca⁺, …

Late-Holocene Earthflows Of The Willard Playa/Dune Complex, Estancia Valley, New Mexico: A Geomorphic Response To Climatic Change, Kurt A. Goebel

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

Late-middle to late Holocene dune sediment that overlies Pleistocene lacustrine sediment marks the onset of xeric conditions in the Estancia Valley, central New Mexico. Incised into the underlying lacustrine sediments, the modern deflation basins are enclosed by parabolic dunes composed of clay and gypsum derived from the underlying sediment.

Located on the in-facing dune slopes of the deflation basins, the most striking geomorphic feature of this dune complex are numerous elongated scars. These relict scars document a geomorphically distinct earthflow event. Arroyos that cut into flow scars expose eolian earthflow sediment overlying lacustrine deposits. In the zone of depletion, erosional-flow …

Investigations And Research In Nevada By The Water Resources Division, U. S. Geological Survey, 1982-83, Terry Katzer, Otto Moosburner, William D. Nichols

Publications (WR)

The Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, is charged with (1) maintaining a hydrologic network in Nevada that provides information on the status of the State's water resources and (2) engaging in technical water-resources investigations that have a high degree of transferability. To meet these broad objections, 26 projects were active in Nevada during fiscal year 1982 in cooperation with 36 Federal, State, and local agencies. Total funds were $3,319,455, of which State and local cooperative funding amounted to $741,500 and Federal funding (comprised of Geological Survey Federal and cooperative programs plus funds from six other Federal agencies) amounted to …

Provenance And Description Of Landslide Masses, Rainbow Gardens Clark County, Nevada., Joseph R. Parolini

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

A landslide breccia of plutonic and metamorphic rocks located 20 km east of Las Vegas, Nevada is interstratified with the late Tertiary Thumb Formation. Rock types of similar mineral composition to the landslide masses in the Rainbow Gardens are found 60 km to the east in the Gold Butte (Nevada) area. The landslide masses were displaced into their present position by lateral strike-slip motion along either the left-lateral Lake Mead fault system or the right-lateral Las Vegas shear zone. In t.he Rainbow Gardens landslide masses, five plutonic rock types, including rapakivi granite, match rocks from the Gold Butte area, both …

Provenance And Description Of Landslide Masses, Rainbow Gardens, Clark County, Nevada, Joseph R. Parolini

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

A landslide breccia of plutonic and metamorphic rocks located 20 km east of Las Vegas, Nevada is interstratified with the late Tertiary Thumb Formation. Rock types of similar mineral composition to the landslide masses in the Rainbow Gardens are found 60 km to the east in the Gold Butte (Nevada) area. The landslide masses were displaced into their present position by lateral strike-slip motion along either the left-lateral Lake Mead fault system or the right-lateral Las Vegas shear zone. In the Rainbow Gardens landslide masses, five plutonic rock types, including Rapakivi granite, match rocks from the Gold Butte area, both …

Stratigraphic Comparison Of The Precambrian Wyman And Johnnie Formations In The Western Great Basin, California, Johnnie Nathan Moore

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

The Precambrian Johnnie Formation in the Death Valley area and to the south is separable into two facies. The southern facies contains six distinct members: the transitional, quartzite, lower carbonate-bearing, siltstone, upper carbonate-bearing, and Rainstorm members. Dolomite, quartzite, and mudstone characterize the southern facies, as does the presence of the Johnnie oolite. To the north the Johnnie oolite pinches out and the amount of mudstone in the formation increases. The dominantly mudstone northern facies contains local gray limestone lenses closely similar to limestone in the Wyman Formation in the White-Inyo Mountains. Generally outcrops of the northern facies of the Johnnie …

Late Cenozoic Geomorphic History Of Lee Canyon, Spring Mountains, Nevada, John Henry Gucwa

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

Located in the west central portion of Clark County, Nevada, the Spring Mountain Range borders the western edge of the Las Vegas Valley. Within the mountain range, a fault block, there are several canyons whose geomorphic history is closely related to the geomorphic history of the major alluvial fans which flank the mountains. Lee Canyon, which is the study area is one of these canyons. In Lee Canyon is preserved a complex canyon fill which has been subjected to several periods of down-cutting and valley-widening. The details of the canyon's geomorphic history recorded by filling and fill removal has not …

Surficial Geology Of The Las Vegas Quadrangle, Nevada, Charles Edgar Price Jr

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

The Las Vegas 15-minute quadrangle, located in the south part of the state of Nevada, includes about 240 square miles in and around the city of Las Vegas; it is in the basin and range province. The quadrangle includes a broad valley floor that was once a lake bottom, a bordering area of badlands and rolling hills developed in Tertiary and Quaternary deposits, an outer marginal area of alluvial fans, and the surrounding mountains.

The mountains constitute about three per cent of the total land surface and are composed of rock ranging in are from Precambrian to Tertiary. The remainder …