Geology Commons^™

Hydrology Of A Large, Closed Arid Watershed As A Basis For Paleohydrological And Paleoclimatological Studies In The Mojave River Drainage System, Southern California, Yehouda Enzel

Earth and Planetary Sciences ETDs

A physical link between anomalous, present-day atmospheric circulation patterns over the North Pa1cific Ocean, extreme storms in southern California, the largest floods of record and lake stands in the Mojave River watershed in the Mojave Desert is demonstrated by analyzing hydrologic and climatic data. This link is then used as a modem analog to interpret hydroclimatic conditions during the latest Quaternary recorded in lake deposits in the Silver Lake playa, the terminal basin of the of the Mojave River.

The Mojave River filters out small to medium floods by discharge loss through infiltration into the alluvial aquifer and allows only …

Hillslope Processes On Late Quaternary Cinder Cones Of The Cima Volcanic Field, Eastern Mojave Desert, California, Claire Estelle Renault

Earth and Planetary Sciences ETDs

Four basaltic cinder cones of the cima volcanic field were studied in an attempt to understand the geomorphic and volcanic processes involved in the constructional and degradational evolution of late Quaternary cinder cones in an arid climate. Modern hillslope processes were mapped on cone slope and soil and subsurface stratigraphy were documented in the surrounding debris-apron deposits. In addition, morphometric parameters shown to be sensitive to cinder cone age (Dohrenwend et al., 1986) were measured on the four cinder cones to evaluate previous studies which estimated the relative or absolute age of cinder cones based only on morphologic changes in …

Quaternary Alluvial Sequence Of The Upper Pecos River And A Tributary, Glorieta Creek, North-Central New Mexico, Paul Arthur Karas

Earth and Planetary Sciences ETDs

Quaternary alluvial deposits preserved on terraces along the Pecos River and a tributary, Glorieta Creek, provide a record of the evolution of these two drainages. Alluvium deposited by the Pecos River can be subdivided into six units on the basis of relative topographic position and degree of soil development on original surfaces. Deposits consist of thin (1 to 10m) veneers on scattered strath terrace remnants. Only four Quaternary alluvial units have been identified along Glorieta Creek. Alluvium deposited by this stream forms nearly continuous fill terraces of thickness equal to or greater than the Pecos River alluvium. Alluvial deposits of …

Geology And Petrogenesis Of Ash-Flow Tuffs And Rhyolitic Lavas Associated With The Gila Cliff Dwellings Basin-Bursum Calder Complex, Southwestern New Mexico, Sheila June Seaman

Earth and Planetary Sciences ETDs

The Mogollon-Datil volcanic field of southwestern New Mexico was the site of extensive mid-Tertiary felsic volcanism. The Bursum caldera-Gila Cliff Dwellings basin is a volcanic complex in which stratigraphic and compositional relationships between eruptive units are controversial. Uncertainties associated with the complex include the relative ages of the two overlapping structures, the caldera of origin of ash-flow tuff which fills the Gila Cliff Dwellings basin, and the reconciliation of stratigraphic and chemical relations between volcanic units. A stratigraphic, structural, paleomagnetic, and petrologic study of six ash-flow tuff and lava units has contributed data to several problems concerning the geologic history …

Long-Term Tributary Adjustments To Base-Level Lowering, Northern Rio Grande Rift, New Mexico, Keith Irvin Kelson

Earth and Planetary Sciences ETDs

ABSTRACT

Late Cenozoic (post-3.6 Ma) entrenchment of the Rio Grande in northern New Mexico formed a gorge over 200 m deep and induced different types of fluvial adjustments on two adjacent tributaries. Rio Hondo (drainage area 181 km2 ) has a concave-up long-profile and flows in a narrow valley containing six Quaternary strath terraces with parallel long-profiles grading to the Rio Grande. In contrast, Rio Pueblo de Taos (drainage area 1080 km2 ) has a convex-up long-profile and flows in a wide valley containing four strath terraces which do not grade to the Rio Grande. Although smaller in drainage area, …

The Virginius Vein Ore Deposit, Northwestern San Juan Mountains, Colorado: A Study Of The Mineralogy, Structure, And Fluid Inclusions Of An Epithermal Base-Metal And Silver Vein In A Volcanic Environment, Berton Woodward Coxe

Earth and Planetary Sciences ETDs

The Virginius ore deposit, Ouray and San Miguel Counties, Colorado, yielded 14.5 million oz of silver between 1880 and 1912. The deposit consists of several quartz, base-metal, and silver mineralized fissures which is hosted by Tertiary volcanic rocks of the San Juan volcanic field and was deposited in fractures radial to the northwest margin of the Silverton caldera.

Four stages of mineralization have been recognized: (I) quartz, galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, and argentiferous tetrahedrite; this stage comprises a bulk of the total vein material and all of the silver; (II) rhodonite, rhodochrosite, quartz, magnetit, galena, chalcopyrite, and pyrite; this stage is …

Dynamics Of Clastic Sedimentation And Watershed Evolution Within A Low-Relief Karst Drainage Basin, Mammoth Cave Region, Kentucky, John D. Pickle

Earth and Planetary Sciences ETDs

The hydrology and sedimentology of the Mill Hole drainage basin, a low-relief karst system in the Mammoth Cave Region, Kentucky, depend upon the interactions of surface and groundwater drainages and the distribution of lithologies within the basin. This basin is characterized by sinking streams in the headwaters (Glasgow Uplands) draining into cave rivers beneath the sinkhole-pocked plain (sinkhole plain), which, in turn, flow beneath a sandstone-capped upland (Chester Cuesta) and emerge at base-level springs. Karst windows expose the subterranean drainage within the Chester Cuesta.

Geology And Petrochemistry Of Ultramafic And Orbicular Rocks, Zuni Mountains, Cibola County, New Mexico, Ellen E. Lambert

Earth and Planetary Sciences ETDs

Field mapping, petrography, mineral and whole-rock chemistries have been completed on Precambrian ultramafic and orbicular rocks occurring in the Zuni Mountains, New Mexico. These rock types are surrounded by felsic igneous and metasedimentary rocks, including quartz-feldspar gneiss, quartz monzonite aplite, gneissic quartz monzonite and metarhyolite.

Two small orbicular rock outcrops occur along the contact between quartz-feldspar gneiss and gneissic quartz monzonite. Dark-green, hornblende-actinolite orbicules, having curving crystals of amphibole concentrically arranged about a central point, are set in a pink, quartz monzonite matrix. Many orbicules have been broken or deformed into irregular ellipsoids.

Metamorphosed ultramafic rocks, exhibiting original igneous textures, …

Selected Shallow Electrical Resistivity Surveys At Volcano Cliffs, Bernalillo County, And Warm Springs, Sandoval County, New Mexico, Sidney S. Brandwein

Earth and Planetary Sciences ETDs

To help assess the applicability of shallow electrical resistivity measurements in New Mexico, two diverse areas in northwestern New Mexico were chosen as electrical resistivity survey sites: Volcano Cliffs and Warm Springs.

Volcano Cliffs, 15 km northwest of Albuquerque, is an area of Pleistocene volcanic activity which manifested itself in cinder cones and basalt flows. At Volcano Cliffs five different electrode configurations were employed to test the horizontality and derive the thicknesses and resistivities of the three geoelectric units present. All electrode configurations yielded reliable results. The ambiguities presented by the principle of equivalence were successfully treated. The first geoelectric …

Quaternary Geology Of Chaco Canyon, Northwestern New Mexico, David Waxham Love

Earth and Planetary Sciences ETDs

The overall purpose of studying the Quaternary geology of Chaco Canyon is to develop an understanding of how the geomorphic system in the Chaco drainage evolved and how it presently operates. This dissertation has several subsidiary purposes; (1) to describe and relate modern sedimentary features and facies (which are likely to be preserved in the alluvial fill of the canyon) to modern geomorphic processes, (2) to use the results from the study of modern sediments to interpret exposures of alluvium in Chaco Canyon in order to reconstruct past environments, (3) to develop conceptual models of the geologic subsystems of the …

Geology Of The Eastern Part Of The Regina Quadrangle, Sandoval And Rio Arriba Counties, New Mexico, Margaret Anne Merrick

Earth and Planetary Sciences ETDs

The Regina quadrangle is located in Sandoval and Rio Arriba Counties, New Mexico, along the boundary between the northwestern margin of the Nacimiento uplift and the east-central San Juan Basin. The uplift is composed of a core of Precambrian rocks overlain by a veneer of Mississippian through Triassic sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks ranging in age from Jurassic to Tertiary are upturned along the margin of the San Juan Basin.

The Precambrian rocks in the area are primarily granite to granodiorite gneiss with xenoliths of mafic and felsic metavolcanic rocks and metasedimentary rocks. These rocks have undergone greenschist facies metamorphism. Late …

Provenance Study Of The Westwater Canyon And Brushy Basin Members Of The Morrison Formation Between Gallup And Laguna, New Mexico, Ruben Martinez

Earth and Planetary Sciences ETDs

The objective of this investigation is to study the provenance of the Westwater Canyon and Brushy Basin Members of the Morrison Formation between Gallup and Laguna, New Mexico. The coarse, subarkosic Westwater Canyon Member is separated from the quartzitic sandstones of the underlying Recapture Member by an unconformity that provides a recognizable datum for correlation and a definite base for the Westwater Canyon Member.

The very pale orange, cliff-forming Westwater Canyon Member consists of Oto 137 m of very coarse- to very fine-grained, poorly sorted, subrounded to angular, arkosic to quartzitic sandstone with numerous lenses of arkosic granules and pebbles …

Petrogenesis Of Orbicular Rock, Tijeras Canyon, Sandia Mountains, New Mexico, Kathleen Affholter

Earth and Planetary Sciences ETDs

A new occurrence of orbicular rock is located in the Sandia Granite at W. long. 106° 25' 30", N. lat. 35° 04' 55" close to the granite-gneiss contact near Tijeras Canyon, Sandia Mountains, New Mexico. The orbicules, set in an aplite-pegmatite granitic matrix, have magmatic and metamorphic cores surrounded by a white plagioclase shell and one or two salmon-colored potassium feldspar shells. The outcrop occurs in two dike-like masses with thicknesses of 1 to 4 m trending N. 5° W. and N. 35° E. for exposed lengths of 16m and 46 m, and is surrounded by biotite syenodiorite and biotite …

Geology Of The Cerro Del Grant Area, Rio Arriba County, North-Central New Mexico, John Richmond Lawrence

Earth and Planetary Sciences ETDs

The present study undertook the geologic mapping and investigation of the stratigraphy, structural geology, igneous petrology and mineral resources of the Cerro del Grant area, a 75- (190 ) region near Coyote, Rio Arriba County, north-central New Mexico. The area is situated at the junction of three geologic provinces: the Chama platform, the Española Basin of the Rio Grande rift, and Jemez volcanic field.

Sedimentary rocks include 2,500 ft (830 m) of sandstone, shale, conglomerate and limestone of Late Triassic to Quaternary age. These strata are unconformably overlain by several hundred feet of mafic, intermediate and rhyolitic lavas which make …

Petrogenetic Properties Of Chondrules In Unequilibrated H-, L-, And Ll-Group Chondritic Meteorites, James Leslie Gooding

Earth and Planetary Sciences ETDs

The physical properties (size, shape, mass, density, surface morphology), bulk chemical composition (by nondestructive instrumental neutron activation analysis), texture, and phase compositions (by electron microprobe analysis) have been determined for each of 141 individual chondrules separated from a total of 11 different H-, L-, and LL-group chondritic meteorites of Van Schmus-Wood petrologic types 3 and 4. In addition, physical properties have been determined for 75 other chondrules from the same chondrites. The chondrites studied are comparatively unaltered and unequilibrated and include Tieschitz (H3), Dhajala (H3, 4), Ochansk (H4), Weston (H4), Hallingeberg (L3), Saratov (L4), Tennasilm (L4), Chainpur (LL3), Semarkona (LL3), …

Rubidium-Strontium And Related Studies Of The Salado Formation, Southeastern New Mexico, Joseph K. Register Jr.

Earth and Planetary Sciences ETDs

The Salado Formation, a member of the Ochoa Series, is a bedded salt deposit which is found in the Delaware Basin southeastern New Mexico and west Texas. It is comprised primarily of halite and sylvite with minor amounts of sulfate minerals. Rubidium-strontium age determinations of the evaporite minerals in the Salado indicate an age of final equilibration of 214 15 m.y. This age is fairly consistent with the geologic age of the formation, precluding substantial alkali-alkaline earth migration since deposition. Polyhalite and anhydrite samples from the Salado give / values of about .7078, which are consistent with reported valued for …

Oxygen Isotopic Analysis Of Silicates And Oxides Using Both Bromine Pentafluoride And Fluorine Gas As Reagents, Harold Roy Northrop

Earth and Planetary Sciences ETDs

In recent years the preferred analytical procedure for the extraction of oxygen from silicates and oxides for oxygen isotope analysis has been the oxidation of the samples with either fluorine (F2) or bromine pentafluoride (BrF5) to produce oxygen. Several standards are available for monitoring the extraction procedure, and one in particular (NBS-28) is used in many laboratories. The oxygen-18 oxygen-16 ratios obtained for NBS-28 vary by as much as one permil between laboratories. The major cause of this variation lies in the extraction procedure used. Extraction of oxygen from iron bearing minerals and whole rocks (and minerals containing certain other …

The Matrix Of Unequilibrated Ordinary Chondrites: Implications For The Origin And Subsequent History Of Chondrites, Gary Robert Huss

Earth and Planetary Sciences ETDs

The matrices of fourteen unequilibrated (type 3 and 3, 4) ordinary chondrites (all witnessed falls) were analyzed using transmitted and reflected light microscopy, electron microprobe analysis, and instrumental neutron activation analysis. The matrix is defined as the fine-grained silicate material between chondrules, chondrule fragments, other distinct silicate grains, and Fe-Ni and troilite grains. It makes up about 13 percent of each meteorite. Although all meteorites in this study have been altered to some extent since their formation, those with least alteration indicate that the unaltered matrix had submicron grain size, a clastic texture, and was friable even though interstitial pore …

Geology Of The Galisteo Formation, Hagan Basin, New Mexico, Timothy Walker Gorham

Earth and Planetary Sciences ETDs

In north-central New Mexico the Hagan basin contains the thickest (261 to 1,295 m) and least deformed section of the Eocene Galisteo Formation. The Galisteo unconformably overlies sandstone and carbonaceous shale of the Mesaverde Group (Upper Cretaceous) and provides a record of late Laramide (Eocene) tectonics in this part of the Rocky Mountains.

The Galisteo Formation contains a complex fluvial sequence of abundant red to green mudstone, with varying amounts of red to white laterally continuous and discontinuous sandstone, and buff to white conglomeratic sandstone. Sedimentary structures and facies relationships in seven coarse-grained Galisteo members indicate that the Galisteo Formation …

The Geology And Blueschist Petrology Of The Western Ambler Schist Belt, Southwestern Brooks Range, Alaska, Craig Joseph Nelsen

Earth and Planetary Sciences ETDs

The western Ambler Schist Belt is located in the southern Brooks Range of Alaska and is defined in this study as that part of the Brooks Range schist belt which contains abundant bimodal volcanic, volcaniclastic and related carbonate sediments. The schist belt appears to be the basinal part of Middle Devonian through Mississippian shelf-slope-basin sequence. To the south of the schist belt are upper Paleozoic-Mesozoic (?) ophiolite overlain by Cretaceous greywackes and calc-alkalic intrusives and related extrusives. These two distinct terrains are juxtaposed along a suspected continental suture, the Angayucham-Cosmos Hills-Jade Mountain belt, on with a minimum of 115 km …

Geochemistry Of Andesites And Related Rocks, Central-Northern Rio Grande Rift, New Mexico, Charles J. Zimmerman

Earth and Planetary Sciences ETDs

Similarities in the petrography, whole rock and mineral chemistries, trace element abundances, and initial Sr ratios of 1-5 MY andesitic through rhyolitic rocks erupted in the central-northern Rio Grande rift, New Mexico allow for their study as a single calc­alkalic volcanic suite. Ti-rich ferroan pargasites and pargasitic hornblendes found in some of these lavas and their inclusions indicate that hornblende is a stable phase from lower crustal/upper mantle to near-surface pressure conditions and may be important in controlling the generation and fractionation of this andesitic suite. Andesitic rocks from Cerro Tome, Cerro de Los Lunas, Cerros del Rio, and the …

Bulk Composition, Mineralogy, And Petrology Of Chondrules In Type H3 To H6 Chondrites, Gayle Elizabeth Lux

Earth and Planetary Sciences ETDs

Chondrules in thin' sections of 18 different H3 to H6 group chondrites were analyzed by 100 µm broad beam electron probe techniques. Chondrule textures, crystal, and chondrule sizes were determined microscopically. Results indicate a decrease in variance or standard deviation from chondrules of petrologic types 3 to 6 of FeO, MgO, TiO₂, MnO, K₂O, and P₂0₅ content. Mean TiO₂ and Cr₂O₃ content decrease from petrologic types 3 to 6 and mean FeO, Al₂O₃, CaO, and Na₂O increase slightly from lower to higher petrologic …

Geology And Mineralogy Of Cave Nitrates, Carol A. Hill

Earth and Planetary Sciences ETDs

ABSTRACT

Southeastern saltpeter caves have temperatures between 10-15° C and humidities between 90-99%. Saltpeter sediments are alkaline (pH= 6-9), dry and porous (moisture = 5-10 wt. %) and non-organic (low levels of compost, guano and animal remains); sediments have nitrate concentrations ranging between 0.01-4.0 wt. %, low total nitrogen (0.08-0.13 wt. %) and relatively low phosphorous (0.1-1.4 wt. %). Lixiviated cave sediments regenerate in nitrate in several years. Areal extent of cave nitrate is uniform; vertical concentration is in the top few meters of sediment. Nitrate is a minor constituent in sulfate speleothems (up to 1 wt. %). Surface and …

Petrology And Structure Of Precambrian Rocks In The Bosque Peak Quadrangle, North Manzano Mountains, Central New Mexico, Duncan L. Edwards

Earth and Planetary Sciences ETDs

Precambrian metamorphic rocks in a part of the North Manzano Mountains, New Mexico, underwent regional synkinematic greenschist facies metamorphism. Abundant green hornblende in greenstones and muscovite, chlorite, and biotite in metapelites tentatively suggest p4 kb and TC during metamorphism. The greenstones were probably derived from basic volcanic rocks; the metapelites were probably derived from shales, siltstones, clay-rich sandstones, cherts (7), and mature quartz sandstones.

The oldest exposed rocks are the Moyos metasediments, a sequence of phyllites and schistose grits that is lithologically transitional to a younger greenstone complex of mostly aphanitic greenstone with intercalated phyllites and metasiltstones and intrusive metadiorite. …

A Petrographic And Chemical Study Of Axinite And Scapolite Occurrences In The White Oaks Mining District, Lincoln County, New Mexico, Karen Ricciardi

Earth and Planetary Sciences ETDs

The purpose of this thesis is to report and discuss the chemistry and petrology of the axinite and scapolite occurrences in the White Oaks mining district, Lincoln County, New Mexico. Sampling, reconnaissance field geology, chemical analysis of rock samples, petrographic studies, and unit-cell d terminations for axinite and scapolite were completed for this investigation. The data was used to determine the conditions of formation for the axinite and scapolite.

The axinite is found in small pods, or nodules, of marble near the contact with the syenite-monzonite porphyry stock. The variety of axinite is ferroaxinite which occurs with calcite, actinolite, and …

Geology Of The Cerros Del Rio Volcanic Field, Santa Fe, Sandoval, And Los Alamos Counties, New Mexico, Jayne Christine Aubele

Earth and Planetary Sciences ETDs

The Cerros del Rio volcanic field is located about 10 km west of Santa Fe, New Mexico and southeast of the Jemez Mountains volcanic complex. The field lies on the Jemez- La Bajada constriction which separates the Española and the Albuquerque-Belen basins of the Rio Grande rift. At this point the rift is laterally offset 30 km. Approximately 180 sq km were mapped for this study. The northwestern map boundary parallels White Rock Canyon, a 300 m gorge which has been cut by the Rio Grande within the past 1 m. y. About 60 vents were discovered in the area, …

Precambrian Geology And Ore Deposits Of The Pecos Mining District, San Miguel And Santa Fe Counties, New Mexico, William Duncan Riesmeyer

Earth and Planetary Sciences ETDs

The Precambrian terrane north of Pecos, New Mexico, contains meta­volcanic and metasedimentary rocks. The subaqueous volcanic rocks are of bimodal composition (basalt-rhyolite). Volcanism was cyclic; three partial or complete cycles are exposed in the study area. A cycle con­sists of basal basalt, overlying rhyolite and a cap of banded iron form­ation. The chemical characteristics of the volcanic rocks are similar to those of several modern island arcs, suggesting the Pecos volcanic sequence may represent a portion of a similar Precambrian system.

Diverse structural elements in the study area. are related to four periods of deformation: 1) a Precambrian compressional event, …

Uranium And Other Trace Element Geochemistry On The Hopi Buttes Volcanic Province, Northeastern Arizona, Catherine E. Sullivan

Earth and Planetary Sciences ETDs

The Hope Buttes volcanic province lies on the southwestern flank of the Black Mesa Basin in northeastern Arizona. Over 200 diatremes occur in this region. The diatremes fill funnel-shaped vents with maar-craters at the surface. They were formed by phreatomagmatic eruptions along existing northwest-southeast fractures during mid-Pliocene time. Anomalous concentrations of uranium occur in at least 20 of the diatremes. The diatremes and dikes which feed them are composed of monchiquite, a feldspar-free lamprophyre containing analcite, and limburgite, a lamprophyre with or without feldspar in a glassy matrix. The presence of zeolites, serpentine, calcite filling fractures, and the high Fe …

Experimental Permeability Studies At Elevated Temperature And Pressure Of Granitic Rocks, Jared Michael Potter

Earth and Planetary Sciences ETDs

Permeability of quartz monzonite from the Los Alamos hot-dry-­rock geothermal well GT-2 was experimentally measured as a function of pressure and temperature. Permeability apparatus slightly modified from that developed by Brace and others (1968) was used in the experiments. Flow rate through the sample was measured using a transient pressure decay method. When combined with the physical characteristics of the sample and several system parameters, this flow rate yielded permeability (k). Permeability of the GT-2 rocks from depths of 8580 ft and 9522 ft behaves like Westerly granite for changes in effective confining pressure. However permeability of these rocks behaves …

A Petrochemical Characterization Of Certain Dsdp Subaqueous Basalts And Andesites From The Indian Ocean, John Lee Berkley

Earth and Planetary Sciences ETDs

Thirty-eight samples of Indian Ocean subaqueous basalt and andesite recovered by the Deep-Sea Drilling Program (DSDP) were analyzed by the following methods: (1) standard petrographic analysis, (2) electron microprobe analysis of major minerals, (3) bulk-rock analyses for major, minor, and trace elements, including eight rare earth elements (REE), and (4) determination of 87Sr/86Sr by mass spectroscopy. A varied suite of basement igneous rocks was studied, including (1) abyssal tholeiites, (2) ferrobasalts, (3) oceanic andesites, (4) transitional basalts (high-Al basalts), and (5) trachybasalts.