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Articles 781 - 810 of 1657
Full-Text Articles in Earth Sciences
Effect Of Clay Content On Shear Strength Of Loess, Wang Li, Li Xi'an, Hong Bo, Du Shaoshao, Zhang Hangbo, Zhao Ning
Effect Of Clay Content On Shear Strength Of Loess, Wang Li, Li Xi'an, Hong Bo, Du Shaoshao, Zhang Hangbo, Zhao Ning
Coal Geology & Exploration
The experimental research about effect of different clay content on shear strength of loess was carried out to reveal the influence of clay content on shear strength and its microscopic mechanism, and then a scientific basis for engineering practice of loess was provided. Self-made wet sieve device under negative pressure was applied to screen loess samples with different clay content. Different clay content of the loess samples were made to the same dry density, but with different moisture content using static pressure method, and then were taken direct shear test. The results show that with the increase of moisture content, …
Feasibility Test Of Roof Resistivity Monitoring For Super-High Mining Face, Lu Jingjin, Li Deshan, Wang Bingchun
Feasibility Test Of Roof Resistivity Monitoring For Super-High Mining Face, Lu Jingjin, Li Deshan, Wang Bingchun
Coal Geology & Exploration
The failure of roof overburden is one of the main reasons for water inrush in mining working face. Roof resistivity monitoring by mine electrical method can be used to detect overburden failure dynamically. However, roof resistivity monitoring for super-high mining face has many problems, such as audio electromagnetic signal by conventional methods is difficult to penetrate through wide working face, burying of roof monitoring electrodes is difficult, monitoring electrode in the roof of air return lane is hard to protect, and so on. In order to solving these problems, feasibility study of roof resistivity monitoring for super-high mining face is …
Reasonable Length Of Working Face 11-101 During Mining Above Confined Aquifer In Tuanbai Mine, Li Gang, Zhang Kai, Su Junhui, Wang Jinbo
Reasonable Length Of Working Face 11-101 During Mining Above Confined Aquifer In Tuanbai Mine, Li Gang, Zhang Kai, Su Junhui, Wang Jinbo
Coal Geology & Exploration
The working face 11-101 of Tuanbai coal mine in Huozhou, Shanxi Province is exploited above aquifer. In order to prevent floor water inrush accidents during mining, research combination of elasto-plastic theory, on-site measurement and numerical simulation was carried out to analyze the development rule of failure depth of the floor, then the reasonable length of the mining face under this condition was determined. The result shows that with the advancement of working face, the bottom plate of lagging working face is stretched and destroyed at about 6 m behind the lagging working face, and the bottom plate has a wedge …
Experiment On Methane Displacement In Coalbed By Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, Wu Di, Liu Xueying, Sun Keming, Xin Liwei, Miao Feng
Experiment On Methane Displacement In Coalbed By Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, Wu Di, Liu Xueying, Sun Keming, Xin Liwei, Miao Feng
Coal Geology & Exploration
Using self-made experimental system, experiments were performed on coal samples to study supercritical CO2 seepage, adsorption and CH4 displacement by supercritical CO2. Experimental results show that permeability and adsorption of supercritical CO2 in coal increase with CO2 pressures. Pressures and temperatures of CO2 influence the values of displaced CH4. Values of displaced CH4 increase by average 0.076 cm3/g and sweep efficiency rises by 17%-23% with the CO2 pressure increasing from 8 MPa to 12 MPa, while displacement volume decreases linearly. With the temperature rising by 10℃, sweep …
The Seepage Characteristics Of A Single Well Dewatering From An Unconfined Aquifer Bottom, Li Yang, Wang Wenxue, Xiao Hang, Sun Yi, Wang Yun, Di Mengna
The Seepage Characteristics Of A Single Well Dewatering From An Unconfined Aquifer Bottom, Li Yang, Wang Wenxue, Xiao Hang, Sun Yi, Wang Yun, Di Mengna
Coal Geology & Exploration
Dewatering from an aquifer bottom for drain and depressurization is one common method to ensure safety mining. This method is significantly different from pumping from the ground. In order to study the seepage characteristics of the dewatering hole(well), the seepage characteristics of a single well dewatering from an unconfined aquifer bottom was taken as an example and studied using numerical simulation method. The results show that when lw<lc, the pore water pressure above the dewatering well is greater than zero, which presents the rule of increasing first then decreasing from bottom to top, and the seepage …
Quantitative Quality Evaluation Of Seismic-While-Mining Data, Qin Si, Cui Weixiong, Wang Wei
Quantitative Quality Evaluation Of Seismic-While-Mining Data, Qin Si, Cui Weixiong, Wang Wei
Coal Geology & Exploration
A seismic-while-mining(SWM) monitoring system laid in a working face of an underground coalmine will continuously generate tremendous amount of SWM data. When a coalmine cutting machine cuts coal seam actively, the SWM data will be of high correlation, and when it is not, the SWM data will be of low correlation or even no correlation at all. Based on this characteristic, a method for automatically and quantitatively evaluating the quality of SWM data was proposed. Using this method to process SWM data from a coal mine in Inner Mongolia, the result showed that this method can recognize the correlation peak …
Development And Application Of Software In Seismic While Mining Data Processing, Wang Baoli
Development And Application Of Software In Seismic While Mining Data Processing, Wang Baoli
Coal Geology & Exploration
The seismic while mining detection technology with coal cutter as seismic source in coal face is the key to accurately know the geological conditions of mining, improve the detection accuracy of geological anomaly structure in coal face, and realize unmanned intelligent mining or with few people. It has broad application prospects.The conventional seismic data processing software can not meet the requirements of real-time, continuous and large data volume for seismic while mining data. By analyzing the requirement of seismic while mining detection technology for data processing software(SWM), a framework of hierarchical and multi-task data processing software is proposed. The components …
Auxiliary Outburst Prevention Techniques By Surface Pre-Drainage For Coalbed Exposed In Tunnel And Mine Shaft, Zhang Dongliang
Auxiliary Outburst Prevention Techniques By Surface Pre-Drainage For Coalbed Exposed In Tunnel And Mine Shaft, Zhang Dongliang
Coal Geology & Exploration
How to expose an outburst-prone coal seam safely and efficiently in tunnel and mine shaft is always a subject to study continuously in outburst prevention, surface coalbed gas pre-drainage is an effective approaches for outburst prevention. Based on the analysis of outburst mechanism in tunnel and mine shaft and the core task of outburst prevention, the characteristics and adaptability of the outburst prevention techniques by surface pre-drainage are studied. Practical engineering application shows that the gas content and pressure in coal exposure area can be effectively reduced using surface pre-drainage well by cavern completion or hydraulic fracturing, the stress or …
Study On Sediment Environment And Rock Mechanics Characteristics Of The Delta Plain Of Jurassic Coalfield In Northern Shaanxi, Wang Haijun, Ma Liang
Study On Sediment Environment And Rock Mechanics Characteristics Of The Delta Plain Of Jurassic Coalfield In Northern Shaanxi, Wang Haijun, Ma Liang
Coal Geology & Exploration
Delta plain sedimentary environment is one of the coal-forming environments of the coal resources of Jurassic coalfield in northern Shaanxi. In order to get the rock mechanics parameters and characteristics of coal seam roof in different environments and to further investigate the relationship between the sedimentary environments and the rock mechanics characteristics, firstly from the analysis of the regional sedimentary environments, then by using techniques such as accurate core description, sedimentary structural analysis, facies analysis of geophysical logging, the microfacies were recognized, the sedimentary microfacies types of roof and their combination characteristics were classified. Later, rock samples of different lithology …
Diffusion Ability Of Contaminants Of Coal Gangue Leachate In Geosynthetic Clay Liners, Dong Xingling, Dong Shuning, Zhou Zhenfang, Wang Qiangmin, Liu Ji
Diffusion Ability Of Contaminants Of Coal Gangue Leachate In Geosynthetic Clay Liners, Dong Xingling, Dong Shuning, Zhou Zhenfang, Wang Qiangmin, Liu Ji
Coal Geology & Exploration
To verify the feasibility of geosynthetic clay liners(GCL) as liners material for coal gangue impoundment, diffusion tests were conducted with vertical double reservoir method to determine the diffusion ability of heavy metals(Zn2+、Mn2+) and sulfate from coal gangue leachate in GCL-S(Sodium-activated bentonite), and POLLUTE V7 based on finite layer method was used to draw the fitting curve of pollutant changing with time in the diffusion device, which calculated the diffusion coefficient of contaminants in GCL. The data show that the diffusion coefficient in GCL was lower than that in compacted clay liners, so GCL could control the …
Occurrence Regularity Of Uppermost Minable Coal Seams And Their Harmful Level Of Mining In Yushen Mining Area, Li Zhixue, Shen Xiaolong, Li Mingpei, Wang Hongsheng
Occurrence Regularity Of Uppermost Minable Coal Seams And Their Harmful Level Of Mining In Yushen Mining Area, Li Zhixue, Shen Xiaolong, Li Mingpei, Wang Hongsheng
Coal Geology & Exploration
In order to study the occurrence regularity of uppermost mining coal seams and the damage degree of Salawusu Formation aquifer caused by mining in Yushen mining area, occurrence characteristics of the uppermost mining coal seams was analyzed, and spatial distribution law and combination of the uppermost mining coal seams overlying strata, the development law of the water flowing fractured zone based on the ratio of rock and loading thickness and mining height, and the damage degree of the Salawusu Formation aquifer caused by coal seam mining. The damage degree of the Salawusu Formation aquifer was divided into four kinds of …
Detection Electric Field Control Strategy For Advanced Scanning Detection Of Focusing Multipoint Current Sources In Coal Mine Roadway, Liu Zhimin, Meng Cairu, Li Bing, Han Lei, Pan Yue
Detection Electric Field Control Strategy For Advanced Scanning Detection Of Focusing Multipoint Current Sources In Coal Mine Roadway, Liu Zhimin, Meng Cairu, Li Bing, Han Lei, Pan Yue
Coal Geology & Exploration
In order to realize the effective detection of electric field focusing depth and deflection angle scanning of focusing multipoint current sources in coal mine roadway, and accurately grasp its variation, according to the advanced scanning detection mechanism, Gauss theorem and two different methods were used to solve the integration process and derive the electric field line equation of a uniformly charged linear electrode with finite length. The electric field line equation of coplanar multi-electrode layout is induced and deduced through using its spatial distribution symmetry. By changing focusing shielding current ratio coefficient, this paper calculates the boundary line equation of …
Table Of Contents, The Editors
The Development Of Seismic-While-Mining Detection Technology In Underground Coal Mines, Cheng Jianyuan, Qin Si, Lu Bin, Wang Baoli, Wang Ji
The Development Of Seismic-While-Mining Detection Technology In Underground Coal Mines, Cheng Jianyuan, Qin Si, Lu Bin, Wang Baoli, Wang Ji
Coal Geology & Exploration
The explosive source of underground seismic exploration in coal mines is greatly affected by the control of pyrotechnics and cannot realize the monitoring and early warning of dynamic geological disasters in coal mining. Seismic-while-mining(SWM) is a new technique based on shearer as a seismic source underground. The paper reviewed the research status of SWM technique at home and abroad, introduced the SWM's principle and its unique advantages. According to some pilot experiments of SWM, the results show that the shearer can be used as a seismic source because it has the character of strong excitation energy, wide frequency band, safety, …
Method Of Transparent Working Face Based On Dynamic Detection Of Cross Hole Seismic Subdivision, Lu Bin
Method Of Transparent Working Face Based On Dynamic Detection Of Cross Hole Seismic Subdivision, Lu Bin
Coal Geology & Exploration
Transparent working surface is an important part of intelligent coal mining. It provides detailed geological structure information of working face for intelligent coal mining. This paper proposes a working surface exploration method based on segmented and dynamic cross-hole seismic, which can realize progressive fine detection of coal working face. The method is a new development with seismic while mining, which is using the coal cutter as seismic source. The main idea is to image the working face segmented by deploying some detectors in a series of horizontal holes parallel to the long wall. The method performs fine imaging on the …
Simulation Of Seismic-While-Mining With Shearer As Source Of Fully Mechanized Mining Face, Jin Dan
Simulation Of Seismic-While-Mining With Shearer As Source Of Fully Mechanized Mining Face, Jin Dan
Coal Geology & Exploration
In order to analyze the wave field characteristics of seismic-while-mining data excited by coal cutter as seismic source, forward simulation was used to calculate seismic data. We transform the cutting mode of spiral drum and the stress of drum into the force function of seismic source, which is added to the wave equation in the form of load distribution at different time and location. Wave equation is solved by high-order staggered-style finite difference method. Finally, the seismic data obtained by numerical simulation show that shear wave energy is very strong and press wave energy is very weak in the wave …
Study On Noise Attenuation Of Seismic While Mining, Liu Qiang
Study On Noise Attenuation Of Seismic While Mining, Liu Qiang
Coal Geology & Exploration
In view of the closure of the environments and the high requirements of safe production of underground coal mine, the explosive source has many limitations in the operation of seismic exploration of coal mine, and the coal shearer as the source can avoid many inherent shortcomings of the source of explosives, has the advantage of real-time detection of the internal structure and the stress of the working face without affecting the normal operation of the mining face. However, as the energy generated by the shearer is much smaller than that of the explosive source, the quality of the collected signal …
Development Of Data Acquisition And Control Software For Seismic Monitoring With Mining, Duan Jianhua, Wang Yunhong, Wang Baoli
Development Of Data Acquisition And Control Software For Seismic Monitoring With Mining, Duan Jianhua, Wang Yunhong, Wang Baoli
Coal Geology & Exploration
Seismic monitoring with mining can continuously detect and real-time predict geological anomalies in front of work, it has become a research hotspot in recent years, but at present, there is no equipment that can carry out seismic monitoring with mining in coal mine.Therefore, the development of seismic monitoring equipment with mining has become a top priority. In order to solve this problem, based on the MFC development framework, a set of seismic monitoring data acquisition software is developed. A three-month joint survey was carried out indoors and outdoors, and a three-month comprehensive trial operation was carried out in Yanjiao Coal …
Productivity Prediction Of Hypotonic Cbm Test Well In Jiaozuo Mining Area Under Hydraulic Fracturing, Wang Zhirong, Yang Jie, Chen Lingxia, Guo Zhiwei
Productivity Prediction Of Hypotonic Cbm Test Well In Jiaozuo Mining Area Under Hydraulic Fracturing, Wang Zhirong, Yang Jie, Chen Lingxia, Guo Zhiwei
Coal Geology & Exploration
In order to explore the permeable mechanism and the output law after fracturing of CBM in the "three soft" coal seam(soft coal, soft roof and soft bottom) of Jiaozuo under hydraulic fracturing, Based on the permeable model of reservoir fracture, considering the influence of fracture porosity on permeability after fracturing, a reservoir fracture penetration model was established, the application and analysis of the test well was carried out to obtain the characteristics of pressure cracks such as length, width, permeability and reservoir parameters after fracturing. Through the comprehensive analysis of isothermal adsorption curves and historical fitting, the recovery rate of …
Genesis And Geochemical Characteristics Of Coalbed Methane From Taiyuan Formation In Sijiazhuang Mine Field Of Yangquan Mining Area, Yu Zhenfeng, Hao Chunsheng, Yang Changyong, Yao Jinbao, Wang Wei, Ji Changjiang
Genesis And Geochemical Characteristics Of Coalbed Methane From Taiyuan Formation In Sijiazhuang Mine Field Of Yangquan Mining Area, Yu Zhenfeng, Hao Chunsheng, Yang Changyong, Yao Jinbao, Wang Wei, Ji Changjiang
Coal Geology & Exploration
In order to study the geochemical characteristics and the genesis of CBM of Sijiazhuang mine field in Yangquan mining area, the in-site desorption test of coal core samples from the main gas-producing seams(seams 8, 9 and 15) from Permo-Carboniferous Taiyuan Formation was carried out systematically, gas samples were collected to conduct component and carbon isotope analysis. The results indicated that the gas content of seam 8 was higher than that of seam 9, on the plan the gas content of seam 15 was uneven, in some parts there was almost no gas. During the whole desorption, the gas component content …
The Matching Of Gas Production Curve Characteristic And Reservoir Conditions In Vertical Coalbed Methane Wells, Han Wenlong, Wang Yanbin, Liu Du, Chang Hong, Ding Tao
The Matching Of Gas Production Curve Characteristic And Reservoir Conditions In Vertical Coalbed Methane Wells, Han Wenlong, Wang Yanbin, Liu Du, Chang Hong, Ding Tao
Coal Geology & Exploration
The matching of coalbed methane(CBM) production curve type and geological conditions directly affects the gas production. Based on dividing gas production curves types of vertical CBM wells in the southern block of Shizhuang in Qinshui basin over 4 years, the characteristics of gas production curve were analyzed. The matching of gas production curve with reservoir parameters was further analyzed. The paper discovered and divided the gas production curve into four types:type of fast rising of single peak, type of stable rising of single peak, bimodal type of being low later and bimodal type of being high later. The original permeability, …
Application Of Sec Dynamic Reserves Evaluation Method In Coalbed Methane Field: A Case From Hancheng Block In Ordos Basin, Yi Wei, Xiong Xianyue, Cao Yimin, Ding Rong
Application Of Sec Dynamic Reserves Evaluation Method In Coalbed Methane Field: A Case From Hancheng Block In Ordos Basin, Yi Wei, Xiong Xianyue, Cao Yimin, Ding Rong
Coal Geology & Exploration
At present, all the SEC reserves evaluation of coalbed methane fields uses dynamic assessment methods. In the process of evaluation, the parameters and calculation results are various. In order to solve this problem, this paper takes the Hancheng block in Ordos basin as an example, a series of evaluation methods adapted to the production characteristics of coalbed methane have been comprehensively applied, optimizing various parameters, and summarizing the law of decline. The results show that geological units are divided according to tectonic conditions, and on this basis, evaluation units are divided according to development effect, which can objectively and reasonably …
Prediction Of The Height Of Water Flowing Fractured Zone Under Subcritical Mining Based On Dimensional Analysis, Lou Gaozhong, Guo Wenbing, Gao Jinlong
Prediction Of The Height Of Water Flowing Fractured Zone Under Subcritical Mining Based On Dimensional Analysis, Lou Gaozhong, Guo Wenbing, Gao Jinlong
Coal Geology & Exploration
In order to accurately predict the height of water flowing fractured zone under subcritical mining, mining thickness M, mining depth H, inclined length of working face L, dip angle of coal seam α, overburden mechanical properties R, overburden structure characteristics S were selected as the main influencing factors on the height of water flowing fractured zone under subcritical mining. Dimensionless relations between the height of water flowing fractured zone and M, H, L, α, S were established by dimensional analysis. Based on 30 sets of measured data, the optimal function relation of dimensionless relation was …
Ga_Svm_Adaboost Model For Prediction Of Earthquake-Induced Sandy Soil Liquefaction, Mao Zhiyong, Huang Chunjuan, Lu Shichang
Ga_Svm_Adaboost Model For Prediction Of Earthquake-Induced Sandy Soil Liquefaction, Mao Zhiyong, Huang Chunjuan, Lu Shichang
Coal Geology & Exploration
In order to predict the liquefaction of sand, the seismic intensity, groundwater level, covering thickness, standard number, average particle size, landform, soil quality and inhomogeneity coefficient are selected as influencing factors. Genetic algorithm(GA) is used to optimize the parameters of support vector machine(SVM) by using correlation analysis and factor analysis model, and combining with Adaboost iterative algorithm, the GA_SVM_Adaboost model for predicting the liquefaction of sand is established. 329 sets of survey data of sandy liquefaction site in Tangshan earthquake were used to train the model, and 68 samples of sandy liquefaction data were predicted by using the good model. …
Development Of High Temperature Borehole Inclinometer, Qu Zhaogui, Gong Mingmao, Zhou Ce, Wang Guangzhai
Development Of High Temperature Borehole Inclinometer, Qu Zhaogui, Gong Mingmao, Zhou Ce, Wang Guangzhai
Coal Geology & Exploration
In the detection of high-temperature and high-pressure dry heat rock drilling location trajectory, the instrument has some problems, such as poor performance, poor stability, low measurement accuracy and large energy consumption. A set of high temperature borehole inclining device is designed to solve the problem of high temperature and high pressure measurement deviation and temperature measurement. Adopt high temperature resistant components, design control and measurement circuit. Automatic intermittent power supply is adopted to reduce heat dissipation and power consumption. The design of heat preservation pipe and pressure detection pipe is carried out by using ANSYS finite element software to conduct …
Experimental Study On The Influence Of Well Inclination Angle Of Coalbed Methane Well On The Cementation Strength Of Cement-Formation Interface, Gu Jun, Li Linwei, Sun Dexing
Experimental Study On The Influence Of Well Inclination Angle Of Coalbed Methane Well On The Cementation Strength Of Cement-Formation Interface, Gu Jun, Li Linwei, Sun Dexing
Coal Geology & Exploration
In order to control the problem of water channeling in the process of coalbed methane(CBM) production, based on the self-designed test device and method, the test data of the shear strength at cement-aquiclude interface (CAI) is obtained under the conditions of well inclination of 0°, 30°, 60° and 90°. The mechanism of the influence of inclination angle on the shear strength at CAI is analyzed. The results show that the shear strength at CAI decreases with the increase of the inclination angle. The reason is that as the inclination angle increases, the upper part of the mud cake ring becomes …
Application Of Wire Line Coring Technique In Overburden Drilling, Li Baijun, Zou Run, Guo Chao
Application Of Wire Line Coring Technique In Overburden Drilling, Li Baijun, Zou Run, Guo Chao
Coal Geology & Exploration
In order to improve the drilling efficiency of two oil and gas geological survey wells "Jitaodi 1" and "Ji Bai Di 1" in Baicheng area of Jilin Province, wireline coring technique was applied in overburden drilling. Based on the lithological characteristics of the drilled strata, combined with the technological characteristics of core extraction by lifting the drill pipe and wireline core extraction, by designing the bit, drilling flushing fluid and by improving drilling procedure parameters, drilling tool nozzle flow channel, the wireline coring drilling method has been successfully applied in drilling overburden strata(about 1 100 m thick). Compare with the …
Rethinking Map Literacy And An Analysis Of Quantitative Map Literacy, Ming Xie
Rethinking Map Literacy And An Analysis Of Quantitative Map Literacy, Ming Xie
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Maps are increasingly being used in traditional and virtual media, and civic discourse on political, social, and environmental issues, among others, is more and more becoming influenced by them. The often-used expression of a “picture tells a 1000 words” has never been so apt in our progressively more visual world. Despite this increased role and importance of maps, map literacy, as a field of research, remains rather underdeveloped. This is especially so for thematic maps, the very type of map that is finding increasing currency in discourse. As part of this under-developed nature of map literacy, the quantitative skills used …
Beyond Static Benchmarking: Using Experimental Manipulations To Evaluate Land Model Assumptions, William R. Wieder, David M. Lawrence, Rosie A. Fisher, Gordon B. Bonan, Susan J. Cheng, Christine L. Goodale, A. Stuart Grandy, Charles D. Koven, Danica L. Lombardozzi, Keith W. Oleson, R. Quinn Thomas
Beyond Static Benchmarking: Using Experimental Manipulations To Evaluate Land Model Assumptions, William R. Wieder, David M. Lawrence, Rosie A. Fisher, Gordon B. Bonan, Susan J. Cheng, Christine L. Goodale, A. Stuart Grandy, Charles D. Koven, Danica L. Lombardozzi, Keith W. Oleson, R. Quinn Thomas
Faculty Publications
Land models are often used to simulate terrestrial responses to future environmental changes, but these models are not commonly evaluated with data from experimental manipulations. Results from experimental manipulations can identify and evaluate model assumptions that are consistent with appropriate ecosystem responses to future environmental change. We conducted simulations using three coupled carbon-nitrogen versions of the Community Land Model (CLM, versions 4, 4.5, and—the newly developed—5), and compared the simulated response to nitrogen (N) and atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) enrichment with meta-analyses of observations from similar experimental manipulations. In control simulations, successive versions of CLM showed a poleward increase in …
Hourly Precipitation Climatology Of The Southeast United States, Vincent Brown
Hourly Precipitation Climatology Of The Southeast United States, Vincent Brown
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Precipitation changes are one of the most important potential outcomes of a warming climate because of how essential it is to society and ecosystems. Sub-daily precipitation time series provide more information on precipitation characteristics, particularly frequency, intensity, and duration compared to daily data. In a series of four peer-reviewed manuscripts, this research investigates sub-daily precipitation characteristics from a climatological perspective. The first study introduces a climatology of hourly precipitation for four first-order weather stations across Louisiana, explores possible changes in the hourly precipitation distribution, and links winter Gulf of Mexico sea surface temperatures to the frequency of hours with precipitation. …