Earth Sciences Commons^™

Towards An Integrated Multiscale Simulation Of Turbulent Clouds On Petascale Computers, Lian-Ping Wang, Orlando Ayala, Hossein Parishani, Wojciech W. Grabowski, Andrzej A. Wyszogrodzki, Zbigniew Piotrowski, Guang R. Gao, Chandra Kambhamettu, Xiaoming Li, Louis Rossi

Engineering Technology Faculty Publications

The development of precipitating warm clouds is affected by several effects of small-scale air turbulence including enhancement of droplet-droplet collision rate by turbulence, entrainment and mixing at the cloud edges, and coupling of mechanical and thermal energies at various scales. Large-scale computation is a viable research tool for quantifying these multiscale processes. Specifically, top-down large-eddy simulations (LES) of shallow convective clouds typically resolve scales of turbulent energy-containing eddies while the effects of turbulent cascade toward viscous dissipation are parameterized. Bottom-up hybrid direct numerical simulations (HDNS) of cloud microphysical processes resolve fully the dissipation-range flow scales but only partially the inertial …

Stratigraphy, Sedimentology And Palynology Of The Neogene-Pleistocene(?) Rocks Around Akçaşehir- Tire-İzmir (Küçük Menderes Graben, Western Anatolia), Tahi̇r Emre, Meti̇n Tavlan, Mehmet Serkan Akki̇raz, İsmai̇l İşi̇ntek

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

The basement rocks located in the central part of the southern edge of the Küçük Menderes Graben, around Akçaşehir-Tire are composed of marbles, schists, gneisses and metagabbros of the Ödemiş-Kiraz submassif of the Menderes Massif, and schists, marbles and meta-olistostromes of the Cycladic Complex. The basement is unconformably overlain by Neogene-Quaternary continental sediments. These continental basin fills are comprised of the Ayaklıkırı Formation, the Aydoğdu Formation and alluvium that unconformably overlies them. The Lower-Upper Miocene Ayaklıkırı Formation consists of lacustrine and fluvial deposits. The Plio-Pleistocene (?) Aydoğdu Formation is made up of alluvial fan deposits. Vast plains of alluvium cover …

The Gümüldür Fire Opal: Mode Of Occurrence And Mineralogical Aspects, Zeki̇ye Karacik, Şengül Can Genç, Recep Fahri̇ Esenli̇, Gülteki̇n Göller

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

Five types of silica polymorphs have been identified in dacitic volcanics from the Gümüldür region of western Anatolia, Turkey. Two of them are micro-quartz and disordered cristobalite (opal-C) that occur within the groundmass of the dacitic volcanic rocks. The others are pore-filling opal nodules including mainly massy opal-CT (opal-CTM) and rarely lussatite (opal-CTL) and amorphous opal (opal-A). Red and orange opal nodules are very similar to the gemologically well-known fire opals. Results of structural, chemical and thermal studies of the Gümüldür opals reveal their origin and mode of occurrence. Opal-CTM has gel-like or nano-grain texture and opal-CTL has a fibrous, …

Geology And Correlation Of The Mersin Mélanges, Southern Turkey, Patrice Moix, Laurent Beccaletto, Olivier Masset, Heinz W. Kozur, Paulian Dumitrica, Daniel Vachard, Rossana Martini, Gerard Stampfli

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

Our paper aims to give a thorough description of the infra-ophiolitic mélanges associated with the Mersin ophiolite. We propose new regional correlations of the Mersin mélanges with other mélange-like units or similar series, located both in southern Turkey and adjacent regions. The palaeotectonic implications of the correlations are also discussed. The main results may be summarized as follows: the infra-ophiolitic mélange is subdivided into two units, the Upper Cretaceous Sorgun ophiolitic mélange and the Ladinian-Carnian Hacialanı mélange. The Mersin mélanges, together with the Antalya and Mamonia domains, are represented by a series of exotic units now found south of the …

Short Note On The Use Of Neotectonic And Palaeotectonic Nomenclature, Douwe J.J. Van Hinsbergen

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

The terms 'palaeotectonic' and 'neotectonic' are entrenched in the literature of Anatolian geology, used to subdivide the tectonic history before and after the last major tectonic change, which is frequently linked to the Arabia-Eurasia collision and the onset of westward Anatolian escape along the North Anatolian Fault Zone. This short note, however, illustrates that many different authors use different definitions for the age and cause of onset, and style of 'neotectonics', leading to needless confusion in Turkish geological literature. In addition, in recent years it has become common practice to use the neotectonic period as a stratigraphic correlation tool, leading …

First Records Of Late Devonian Entomozoacean Ostracods In North-Western Turkey, Ati̇ke Nazi̇k, Helga Groos-Uffenorde

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

Entomozoacean ostracods (pelagic socalled fingerprint-ostracods) have recently been observed for the first time in Upper Devonian sediments of the Darlık B Section from the İstanbul region, north-western Turkey. These new assemblages consist of Entomoprimitia nitida, Entomoprimitia sartenaeri, Entomoprimitia concentrica, Franklinella calcarata, Waldeckella erecta?, Rabienella n. sp. c, aff. reichi sensu Rabien & Rabitz 1958, Rabienella reichi, Richterina (Volkina) zimmermanni and Nehdentomis pseudorichterina and can be dated as Late Frasnian Entomoprimitia sartenaeri Zone (= variostriata Zone sensu Rabien 1954). These entomozoacean ostracods indicate a faunal relationship with Germany (Rhenish Schiefergebirge, Harz Mountains, Thuringia), Poland (Holy Cross Mountains), N France-Belgium (Ardennes), Volgo-Ural …

First Report Of A Trilobite In The Carboniferous Of Eastern Pontides, Ne Turkey, Rai̇f Kandemi̇r, Rudy Lerosey-Aubril

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

The pre-Mesozoic basement of the Eastern Pontides consists of a Permo-Carboniferous sedimentary sequence including the Çatalçeşme and Hardişi formations. The Çatalçeşme Formation has yielded rich assemblages of fusulinids, corals, gastropods, brachiopods, bryozoans, algae, conodonts and plants. Hitherto trilobites were unknown from this formation; here we report the discovery of a pygidium from a dark grey limestone bed near the top. Trilobites are a minor component of benthic marine communities during the Late Pennsylvanian, and to our knowledge, the discovery of this pygidium constitutes the first report of their occurrence in deposits of this age in Turkey. The morphological characteristics of …

Integrated Oligocene−Lower Miocene Larger And Planktonic Foraminiferal Biostratigraphy Of The Kahramanmaraş Basin (Southern Anatolia, Turkey), Uğraş Işik, Aynur Hakyemez

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

An integrated biostratigraphical analysis based on the larger and planktonic foraminifera from three sections provides a well-defined zonal scheme of the Oligocene-Lower Miocene successions in the Kahramanmaraş Basin. The planktonic foraminiferal zonation is based on a combination of standard (P) and Mediterranean (MMi) zonal schemes and consists of Turborotalia ampliapertura (P19), Globigerina angulisuturalis-Paragloborotalia opima opima (P21), Globigerina ciperoensis (P22) biozones spanning the Upper Rupelian-Chattian interval and Globoquadrina dehiscens-Globigerinoides altiaperturus (MMi 2a), Globigerinoides altiaperturus-Catapsydrax dissimilis (MMi 2b) and Globigerinoides trilobus (MMi 3) biozones in the Upper Aquitanian-Burdigalian interval. The larger foraminiferal zonation of the studied successions has been established by means …

Geodynamic Significance Of The Early Triassic Karaburun Granitoid (Western Turkey) For The Opening History Of Neo-Tethys, Cüneyt Akal, Osman Ersi̇n Koralay, Osman Candan, Oberhaensli Roland, Fukun Chen

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

The Karaburun Peninsula, which is considered part of the Anatolide-Tauride Block of Turkey, contains clastic and carbonate sequences deposited on the northern margin of Gondwana. The Palaeozoic clastic sequence, which is intruded by the Early Triassic granitoid and tectonically overlies a Mesozoic mélange sequence, can be divided into three subunits: a lower clastic subunit consisting of a sandstone-shale alternation, an upper clastic subunit consisting of black chert-bearing shales, sandstone and conglomerate, and a Permo-Carboniferous carbonate subunit. The lower Triassic Karaburun I-type granitoid has a high initial ^8^7Sr/^8^6Sr ratio (0.709021-0.709168), and low ^1^4^3Nd/^1^4^4Nd ratio (0.512004-0.512023) and \epsilonNd (-5.34 to -5.70) isotopic …

Geology And Tectonic Emplacement Of Eclogite And Blueschists, Biga Peninsula, Northwest Turkey, Firat Şengün, Erdi̇nç Yi̇ği̇tbaş, İsmai̇l Onur Tunç

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

The Biga Peninsula in northwestern Anatolia is a tectonic mosaic, comprising different tectonic units, representing the Sakarya Continent and oceanic assemblages of different origin and ages. The Çamlıca metamorphic association, a member of this orogenic mosaic in the westernmost part of the peninsula, is subdivided into three formations, from bottom to top; the Andıktaşı formation, the Dedetepe formation, and the Salihler formation. Eclogite-facies metamorphic rocks occur as tectonic slices within schist-marble intercalations of the Dedetepe formation. These slices, about 2 km long and 500 m wide, include two different rock types; (i) quartz-mica schists, and (ii) metabasite lenses with eclogite/blueschist …

Morphological And Stratigraphic Investigation Of A Holocene Subaqueous Shelf Fan, North Of The İstanbul Strait In The Black Sea, Seda Okay, Benoit Jupinet, Gilles Lericolais, Günay Çi̇fci̇, Catherina Morigi

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

In 2002, the Bosphorus outlet was mapped using an EM 300 multibeam echo-sounder together with a Chirp sonar system. This survey, carried out on board the Ifremer RV 'Le Suroit' in the frame of the BlaSON project, completes the data previously acquired directly at the mouth of the Bosphorus by Di Iorio et al. (1999) in the frame of a NATO SACLANT Undersea Research project using jointly the NATO RV Alliance, and the Turkish Navy Survey ship 'Çubuklu'. This acoustic imaging has identified a canyon system at the slope and a shallow marine fan, which contains shelf incisions extending the …

Geological, Geomorphological And Archaeoseismological Observations Along The Cibyra Fault And Their Implications For The Regional Tectonics Of Sw Turkey, Volkan Karabacak

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

In this paper, the Cibyra segment of the Fethiye-Burdur Fault Zone (FBFZ) is investigated using direct field evidence, which helps clarify the controversial behaviour of this zone. The remains of the ancient city of Cibyra which is located on the Cibyra Fault provide invaluable data in documenting traces of fault deformations and related palaeoearthquakes. Slickensides on fault planes, deflected stream beds and terraces, fault-parallel elongated ridges along the Cibyra Fault are the clearest surface evidence for left-lateral faulting. Archaeoseismological evidence in the ancient city is consistent with the geological and geomorphological observations along the fault. Based on detailed field observations, …

Geological And Palaeoseismological Evidence For Late Pleistocene−Holocene Activity On The Manisa Fault Zone, Western Anatolia, Çağlar Özkaymak, Hasan Sözbi̇li̇r, Bora Uzel, Hüsnü Serdar Akyüz

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

In West Anatolia near the cities of İzmir and Manisa, the historical occurrence of large earthquakes suggests the presence of important seismogenic faults. However, these faults have yet to be investigated in detail. The Manisa Fault Zone (MFZ) is an active large-scale normal fault system in this area, and thus field observations and palaeoseismological studies of this zone are important for predicting future earthquakes. Hence we sought to document geological and palaeoseismological evidence for Holocene activity on the MFZ. We performed trenching to determine the magnitude and timing of past surface-faulting events using detailed fault-trace mapping, measurements of Upper Pleistocene-Lower …

Early Oligocene Larger Foraminiferal Biostratigraphy Of The Qom Formation, South Of Uromieh (Nw Iran), Mohsen Yazdi Moghadam

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

The marine strata of the Qom Formation south of Uromieh (Baranduz) yielded a moderately diverse larger benthic foraminiferal fauna resembling the fauna already described from European marine sequences. The fauna allowed the author to correlate the larger foraminiferal assemblage of northwestern Iran with the standard shallow benthic zonation. The assemblage is dominated by hyaline and porcellaneous forms including Operculina, Nummulites, Neorotalia, Penarchaias, Victoriella, Peneroplis, Praerhapydionina, Spirolina, Halkyardia, Planorbulina, Dendritina, Borelis and Bullaveolina. This faunal assemblage is also accompanied by coralline alga Subterraniphyllum thomasii. The presence of Nummulites cf. fichteli and N. cf. vascus in the absence of Lepidocyclina allows correlation …

Calcite Cementation Of Sixty-Five-Year-Old Aragonite Sand Dredge Pile, Nathan M. Snyder

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Dredging of the harbor at Stocking Island, Bahamas (23°31'45"N, 75°49'41"W) in 1942 produced four dredge piles of cross-bedded aragonite skeletal sand. The spoils piles are on the leeward (western) shore of the island, where they are subject to minimal wave energy. Collectively they are 350 x 50 m in plan view and 2 m high. The surface is very well cemented, which requires a hammer and chisel for sampling. Samples were collected from six sites at various locations of the dredge pile. Samples were analyzed for both chemical and physical properties using thin-section examination, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, bulk density …

Results Of Archaeogeophysical Surveying At The Great Friends Meeting House In Newport, Rhode Island, John M. Steinberg, Brian N. Damiata, John W. Schoenfelder, Kathryn A. Catlin, Christine Campbell

Andrew Fiske Memorial Center for Archaeological Research Publications

Archaeogeophysical surveys were carried out in October 2010 over a 30 x 50 m grid that was established immediately to the north and west of the north end of the Great Friends Meeting House (GFMH) in Newport, RI. The surveys were conducted using a Geonics EM-38 RT ground conductivity meter and a Malå X3M Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) system that was equipped with 500 and 800 MHz antennas. In addition, a resistance survey was performed over a much smaller central area using a Geoscan RM15 resistance meter. From this work three types of geophysical anomalies have been identified: those associated …

A Gis Investigation Of Regional Geologic Controls On Mercury Deposits In The Southwest Region Of Arkansas, Lindsey Carol Langsdon

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The mercury district of southwest Arkansas, located within Clark, Pike, and Howard counties, contains 77 mapped mercury deposits, primarily in the form of cinnabar, found within the sandstones and shales of the Stanley and Jackfork Formations. The geographic locations of the majority of the deposits tend to form an east-northeast alignment in map view. Utilization of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) tools provided insight to the regional controls on the spatial distribution of the mercury deposits by examining the proposed relationships between mercury deposits and regional faults or changes in lithology, both of which have been suggested (Clardy and Bush, 1976) …

A Supermatrix Analysis Of Genomic, Morphological, And Paleontological Data From Crown Cetacea, Jonathan H. Geisler, Michael R. Mcgowen, Guang Yang, John Gatesy

Wayne State University Associated BioMed Central Scholarship

Abstract

Background

Cetacea (dolphins, porpoises, and whales) is a clade of aquatic species that includes the most massive, deepest diving, and largest brained mammals. Understanding the temporal pattern of diversification in the group as well as the evolution of cetacean anatomy and behavior requires a robust and well-resolved phylogenetic hypothesis. Although a large body of molecular data has accumulated over the past 20 years, DNA sequences of cetaceans have not been directly integrated with the rich, cetacean fossil record to reconcile discrepancies among molecular and morphological characters.

Results

We combined new nuclear DNA sequences, including segments of six genes (~2800 …

Geology Of Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, Matthew M. Crawford, Hanna Hunsberger

Map and Chart--KGS

Cumberland Gap National Historical Park is located in parts of Kentucky, Virginia, and Tennessee. The park was authorized by President Franklin Roosevelt on June 11, 1940, and is now the largest historical park in the National Park System. It contains 24,000 acres along Cumberland Mountain near Ewing, Va., proceeding southwest toward Fern Lake in Tennessee, a distance of approximately 20 miles. The average width of the park is only 1.6 miles.

The park hosts a distinctive range of geologic processes and features. Unique structural geology, caves and karst, surface and groundwater erosion, and mass wasting are just a few of …

Kentucky Landscapes Through Geologic Time, Daniel I. Carey

Map and Chart--KGS

We now understand that the earth’s crust is broken up into a number of plates, some of continental size, and that these plates have been moving— centimeters a year—throughout geologic history, driven by the internal heat of the earth. This movement creates our mountain chains, earthquakes, geologic faults, and volcanoes. The theory of plate tectonics (from the Greek, tektonikos: pertaining to building) attempts to describe the process and helps explain the geology of Kentucky.

The geologic story of the rocks that form Kentucky’s landscape began a half billion years ago when the area was covered by water. Deposits of sand, …

Climate-Mediated Nitrogen And Carbon Dynamics In A Tropical Watershed, Ashley P. Ballantyne, P. A. Baker, S. C. Fritz, B. Poulter

Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences Faculty Publications

Climate variability affects the capacity of the biosphere to assimilate and store important elements, such as nitrogen and carbon. Here we present biogeochemical evidence from the sediments of tropical Lake Titicaca indicating that large hydrologic changes in response to global glacial cycles during the Quaternary were accompanied by major shifts in ecosystem state. During prolonged glacial intervals, lake level was high and the lake was in a stable nitrogen-limited state. In contrast, during warm dry interglacials lake level fell and rates of nitrogen concentrations increased by a factor of 4–12, resulting in a fivefold to 24-fold increase in organic carbon …

Fossil And Contemporary Aerosol Particulate Organic Carbon In The Eastern United States: Implications For Deposition And Inputs To Watersheds, Andrew S. Wozniak, James E. Bauer, Rebecca M. Dickhut

Chemistry & Biochemistry Faculty Publications

Atmospheric particulate matter samples were collected from mid-Atlantic and northeastern U. S. (Virginia and New York, respectively) sites to assess the fossil versus contemporary sources contributing to aerosol organic carbon (OC) and the implications for its deposition to watersheds. Mean particulate matter total OC (TOC) deposition rates (wet + dry deposition) were calculated to be 1.6 and 2.4 mg C m^-2 d^-1 for the Virginia and New York sites, respectively. Wet deposition of particulate TOC was determined to be the dominant depositional mode, accounting for >65% (Virginia) and >80% (New York) of total aerosol TOC deposition. Isotopic mass …

Improved Verification And Analysis Of National Weather Service Point Forecast Matrices, Paul Fajman

Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Verification is the process of determining the quality of forecast information. Office and personal forecast verifications are significantly lacking throughout the National Weather Service for many reasons. The primary reasons are that verification is time consuming, tedious, and monotonous. This research attempted to ease that process by creating new computer procedures to automate the verification process. The new procedures were tested using two years of forecasting data from November 2007 to November 2009 from the Omaha/Valley Weather Forecasting Office to serve as a framework for future verifications. Point Forecast Matrices (PFM) produced by the National Weather Service twice daily and …

Late Devonian Paleontology And Paleoenvironments At Red Hill And Other Fossil Sites In The Catskill Formation Of North-Central Pennsylvania, Edward B. Daeschler, Walter L. Cressler Iii

Earth & Space Sciences Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Correlation Of Sequence Stratigraphic Surfaces Of The Mid-Cretaceous Dakota Group From Subsurface To Outcrop Southern Denver Basin, Colorado., Yaqoub Y Y S M Alsayed Alrefaei

Earth & Environmental Sciences Theses - Archive

The D and J sandstone of the Cretaceous Dakota Group are considered as the major oil and gas producing units within in the Denver Basin. The distribution of these units in the Denver Basin is a sub-basin of the Early Cretaceous Western Interior Basin .These units are well understood within the northern Denver Basin and the linkage between the subsurface units and their equivalents in outcrop in the Front Range is well-established. They have gained less attention in southern parts of the basin and the linkage between the subsurface units and their equivalents in southern outcrop is not yet established. …

Chemostratigraphy And Paleoceanography Of The Mississippian Barnett Formation, Southern Fort Worth Basin, Texas, Usa, James Daniel Hoelke

Earth & Environmental Sciences Theses - Archive

The Mississippian (Visean-Serpukhovian) Barnett Formation is a lithologic unit composed primarily of laminated siliceous mudstone and calcareous siliceous mudstone with significant phosphate and sulfide phases present. The Barnett Formation was deposited in the Fort Worth Basin, a marine foreland basin that formed as a result of the early Ouachita Orogeny from the collision of Laurasia and Gondwana. In this study we used a variety of geochemical methods to provide a detailed assessment of the chemostratigraphy and paleoceanography of the Barnett Formation in the southern end of the Fort Worth Basin in Texas. Various aspects of the Barnett Formation studied include: …

Thermal Maturity And Porosity Development During Catagensis In The Barnett Shale, Fort Worth Basin, Texas, Nathan Glondys

Earth & Environmental Sciences Theses - Archive

Unconventional resource plays are typified by significantly recoverable volumes of thermally mature hydrocarbons (oil, condensate and/or gases) trapped within a low permeability shale formation acting as source, reservoir and seal. These systems pose a scientific and engineering challenge to produce recoverable hydrocarbons from, chiefly due to their low permeabilities. There is growing evidence that secondary porosity in organic gas bearing shales is created during the thermal maturation of kerogen. A better understanding of porosity development during maturation of mobile organics during catagenesis may yield new insight on how we view these systems. A comparative analysis of the gas phase(s), peak …

Chemical Evolution And Residence Time Of Groundwater In The Wilcox Aquifer Of The Northern Gulf Coastal Plain, Estifanos Haile

Theses and Dissertations--Earth and Environmental Sciences

This study aims to integrate groundwater geochemistry and mathematical modeling to determine the dominant geochemical processes and groundwater residence time within the Wilcox aquifer in the northern Gulf Coastal Plain. Groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for major ion chemistry, stable isotopes (¹⁸O, ²H, and ¹³C), and radioisotope ³⁶Cl content. Geochemical modeling enabled the identification of major sources and sinks of solutes in the aquifer. A two-dimensional, finite-difference, numerical model was used to determine the deep groundwater flow rate and transport of ³⁶Cl in the aquifer. Major ion chemistry shows a chromatographic pattern along …

Arsenic Heterogeneity In Aquifer Sediments From West Bengal, India, Emily Eastridge

Theses and Dissertations--Earth and Environmental Sciences

Multiple studies in the Bengal basin have shown that elevated As in groundwater coincides with reduced, relatively dark sediments of Himalayan provenance. In West Bengal state (India), As concentrations > 10 μg/L tend to occur east of the River Bhagirathi-Hoogly, the main distributary of the Ganges. Associations among sediment chemistry and mineralogy for four cores from either side of the Bhagirathi-Hoogly (cores 1 and 2 to the east, 3 and 4 to the west) in Murshidabad district were investigated. Ten sediment samples were collected from each boring at various depths to a maximum of 38 to 43 m. Sediment chemistry was …

Locating Hot Spots Of Fecal Pollution In An Urban Watershed Of Central Kentucky Using Bacteroides 16s Rrna Markers, Tricia L. Coakley

Theses and Dissertations--Earth and Environmental Sciences

The field of molecular fecal source tracking in the water environment has developed rapidly since the first PCR assays for general and host-­‐specific Bacteroides 16s rRNA markers were published. Numerous host-­‐specific molecular markers and PCR assays have been developed, adding greater specificity, sensitivity and quantitative methods to the array of options. The public demand for readying methods for transfer to the commercial lab, so that they may be used to generate data for public utilities, citizen action groups and regulatory agencies, has fueled the development of an entire new research community. These methods, however plentiful, have not found community agreement …