Earth Sciences Commons^™

The R/V Meteor Cruise Leg M44/1 In February 1999 In The Sea Of Marmara: The First Multibeam Bathymetric Study And Analysis Of Methane In Sediment And Water Columns, İsmai̇l Kuşçu, Peter Halbach, Maik Inthorn, Thomas Kuhn, Richard Seifert

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

During the first leg of R/V Meteor cruise M44 in February 1999, geoscientific studies in two areas in the Sea of Marmara were carried out. The studies mainly focused on cool fluid and gas (mainly methane) emanations in the deepest zones of the Sea of Marmara along the northern strand of the North Anatolian Fault Zone, which were particularly expected because of the availability of fault zones as a preferential pathway for fluid migration. Fluids and gases both within the pore water and the benthic water were investigated through long cores and water samples to reveal their relationship with the …

Timing Of The Quaternary Elazığ Volcanism, Eastern Turkey, And Its Significance For Constraining Landscape Evolution And Surface Uplift, Ali̇ Seyrek, Rob Westaway, Malcolm Pringle, Sema Yurtmen, Tuncer Demi̇r, George Rowbotham

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

The eastern part of the Anatolian plateau in eastern Turkey has experienced dramatic landscape evolution in the Late Cenozoic, surface uplift having been associated with the disruption of former lake basins and the development of the modern high-relief landscape, incised by the upper reaches of the River Euphrates and its major tributary, the Murat. Overall, the altitude of the plateau decreases gradually westward, and it has been assumed that uplift on any given timescale has varied regionally in a similar manner. However, using the Ar-Ar method, we have dated an episode of basaltic volcanism around the city of Elazığ to …

Thematic Set: Active Tectonics And Earthquake Hazard Of Western Anatolia -- Preface, Hasan Sözbi̇li̇r, Serdar Akyüz, Erhan Altunel, Hali̇l Gürsoy

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

No abstract provided.

Isostatic Compensation In Western Anatolia With Estimate Of The Effective Elastic Thickness, Oya Pamukçu, Ayça Yurdakul

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

Isostasy is concerned with how the crust and mantle adjusts to shifting loads of limited spatial and temporal dimensions. By analysing the frequency content of gravity and topography data, it has been possible to determine the compensation scheme of a region. In this study, the compensation mechanism of the Western Anatolia, which has dynamic loads, was investigated by isostatic response functions. Effective elastic thickness in Western Anatolia region was estimated based on admittance and coherence between gravity and topography data. The two most reliable indicators of lithospheric strength are the focal depth distribution of earthquakes and relation of gravity anomalies …

Earthquake Hazard Of The Aegean Extension Region (West Turkey), Orhan Polat, Elçi̇n Gök, Doğuser Yilmaz

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

West Turkey, one of the most seismically active regions of Turkey, has been analysed to reveal seismic hazard by using fractal behaviour, seismic quiescence z- and Gutenberg-Richter b-parameters. Starting from raw earthquake catalogue, we performed completeness analysis on recorded events, and a final catalogue, could be accepted as homogeneous, was obtained. According to the results obtained from the Frequency-Magnitude Distribution (FMD), seismic activity rates (b- and z-values) and fractal correlation dimension, we detected three anomalous zones throughout the Aegean Extension Region (AER). These are: (1) Çandarlı Bay and Bergama-Zeytindağ Fault Zone, (2) İzmir fault and Orhanlı Fault Zone, and (3) …

In Memoriam Jean Philippe Marcoux, A.M. Celal Şengör

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

No abstract provided.

Stratigraphic And Structural Evidence For Fault Reactivation: The Active Manisa Fault Zone, Western Anatolia, Çağlar Özkaymak, Hasan Sözbi̇li̇r

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

In this paper, we aim to present stratigraphic and structural evidence for fault reactivation that is linked with evolution of the western part of the Manisa fault zone - a major range-bounding fault that is geomorphologically expressed as a trace of north-facing scarps bounding the southern margin of the Manisa basin which is subsidiary to the Gediz Graben. We identify that the Manisa fault zone, at its western end, consists of three fault segments which are en échelon arranged in left step. Each segment is identified as steep topographic scarps visible on topographic maps and in landsat images. Fault scarps …

Holocene Sediment Magnetic Properties Along A Transect From Isafjardardjup To Djupall, Northwest Iceland, Sarah M. Principato, J.T. Andrews, J. Hardardottir, J.S. Stoner

Environmental Studies Faculty Publications

Holocene changes in terrestrial provenance and processes of sediment transport and deposition are tracked along a fjord-to-shelf transect adjacent to Vestfirdir, Iceland, using the magnetic properties ofmarine sediments.Magnetic susceptibility (MS) profiles of 10 cores (gravity and piston) were obtained onboard using a Bartington MS loop. Remanent magnetizations were measured at 1-cm intervals from u-channel samples taken from six cores on a cryogenic magnetometer. Between six and nine alternating field demagnetization steps were used to isolate the characteristic magnetization directions. The chronologies of the cores used in this study were determined from AMS14 C dates on mollusks and foraminifera and contrained …

Composition, Microstructures, And Petrophysics Of The Mozumi Fault, Japan: In Situ Analyses Of Fault Zone Properties And Structure In Sedimentary Rocks From Shallow Crustal Levels, Angela J. Isaacs, James P. Evans, Peter T. Kolesar, Tsuyoshi Nohara

Geosciences Faculty Publications

[1] We characterize the chemical, microstructural, and geophysical properties of fault-related rock samples from the 80–100 m wide Mozumi fault zone, north central Honshu, Japan. The fault is exposed in a research tunnel 300–400 m below the ground, and we combine geological data with borehole geophysical logs to determine the elastic and seismic properties of the fault zone. Detailed mapping within the tunnel reveals that the fault zone consists of two zones of breccia to foliated cataclasites 20 and 50 m thick. Two narrow (tens of centimeters wide) principal slip zones on which most of the slip occurred bound the …

The Ampullinid Gastropod Globularia (Swainson 1840) From The Late Thanetian-Early Ilerdian Kırkkavak Formation (Polatlı-Ankara) Of The Tethyan Realm, Yavuz Okan, İzzet Hoşgör

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

Ampullinid gastropods are useful in correlating the Palaeogene marine strata of Central Anatolia. Ampullinid gastropods are found in the Late Paleocene-Early Eocene Kırkkavak Formation in the Macunköy area (Polatlı, west of Ankara). In the Haymana-Polatlı Basin, a variety of Globularia (Swainson 1840) species is described from the upper part of the Kırkkavak Formation, including G. sireli n.sp. The other taxa are G. vapincana (d´Orbigny 1850), G. grossa (Deshayes 1864) and G. crassatina (Lamarck 1804). The Kırkkavak fauna is known in western and central Europe, and central Asia. Some of the ampullinid gastropods and associated cerithid and neritid gastropods as well …

Late Holocene Island Reef Development On The Inner Zone Of The Northern Great Barrier Reef: Insights From Low Isles Reef, Tracy D. Frank

Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences: Faculty Publications

A sedimentological and stratigraphic study of Low Isles Reef off northern Queensland, Australia was carried out to improve understanding of factors that have governed Late Holocene carbonate deposition and reef development on the inner to middle shelf of the northern Great Barrier Reef. Low Isles Reef is one of 46 low wooded island-reefs unique to the northern Great Barrier Reef, which are situated in areas that lie in reach of river flood plumes and where inter-reef sediments are dominated by terrigenous mud. Radiocarbon ages from surface and subsurface sediment samples indicate that Low Isles Reef began to form at ca …

Global Distribution Of Solid And Aqueous Sulfate Aerosols: Effect Of The Hysteresis Of Particle Phase Transitions, Jun Wang, Andrew A. Hoffmann, Rokjin J. Park, Daniel L. Jacob, Scot T. Martin

Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences: Faculty Publications

The partitioning between solid and aqueous phases of tropospheric sulfate-ammonium particles is simulated with a global 3-D chemical transport model (CTM). The simulation explicitly accounts for the hysteresis of particle phase transitions by transporting aqueous sulfate and three solid sulfate forms (namely, ammonium sulfate, letovicite, and ammonium bisulfate). Composition-dependent deliquescence relative humidities (DRH) and crystallization relative humidities (CRH) are based on recent laboratory data. We find that the solids mass fraction on a sulfate basis is 0.34, partitioned as 93% ammonium sulfate, 6% letovicite, and 1% ammonium bisulfate. The fraction increases with altitude from 0.10 to 0.30 in the boundary …

Sensitivity Of Sulfate Direct Climate Forcing To The Hysteresis Of Particle Phase Transitions, Jun Wang, Daniel J. Jacob, Scot T. Martin

Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences: Faculty Publications

The effects of solid-aqueous phase transitions on sulfate direct climate forcing (SDCF) are investigated by using both a column model and a global chemical transport model. Aqueous particles have a larger mass extinction efficiency but a smaller backscattered fraction than their solid counterparts. The column model shows that the hysteresis of the phase transition can result in an uncertainty in the SDCF of 20%. The global chemical transport model explicitly accounts for the relative humidity processing of particles and the associated hysteresis. The model also treats the extent of sulfate neutralization by ammonia. For the anthropogenic sulfate, the base case …

Wind Scour Of Navajo Sandstone At The Wave (Central Colorado Plateau, U.S.A.), David B. Loope, Winston M. Seiler, Joseph A. Mason, Marjorie A. Chan

Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences: Faculty Publications

At the Wave, a photogenic landform on the Utah–Arizona border, modern, southwesterly, sand-carrying winds abrade the Navajo Sandstone. Abundant trains of centimeter-scale, transverse, upwind-facing treads and risers cut sedimentary structures at a high angle. Central to the formation of these erosional steps are crusts produced by microbes lying just beneath exposed sandstone surfaces. Treads and risers are present on the walls of smoothly curved troughs at the Wave, on the walls of nearby circular scour pits, and on bedrock domes found at the center of scour pits. Because of their locations and orientations, the large-scale troughs and scour pits could …

The Geology Of Ukhaa Tolgod (Djadokhta Formation, Upper Cretaceous, Nemegt Basin, Mongolia), Lowell Dingus, David B. Loope, Demberlyin Dashzeveg, Carl C. Swisher Iii, Chuluun Minjin, Michael J. Novacek, Mark A. Norell

Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences: Faculty Publications

The lithostratigrahy and sedimentology of the fossiliferous Upper Cretaceous strata exposed in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia at Ukhaa Tolgod are described and mapped on aerial photos. Topographic features are also mapped by plane table and alidade.

Five lithologic and sedimentologic facies are described: E-1, distinctly cross-stratified sandstone with fine structure, interpreted to represent eolian dune deposits; E-2, vaguely bedded sandstone with cross-stratified concretionary sheets, interpreted to represent eolian dune deposits modified by diagenetic formation of slope-parallel concretionary sheets of pedogenic calcite; S, structureless sandstone lacking concretions or cross-strata, interpreted to represent sandslide deposits generated by mass wasting along the …

Tectonic History Of Mid-Miocene To Present Southern Victoria Land Basin, Inferred From Seismic Stratigraphy In Mcmurdo Sound, Antarctica, Stuart A. Henrys, T. J. Wilson, Christopher R. Fielding, J. Hall, T. R. Naish

Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences: Faculty Publications

New and existing seismic reflection data in southern McMurdo Sound have been used to investigate Neogene tectonic history of the Terror Rift adjacent to the Transantarctic Mountains and along the western margin of the West Antarctic Rift System. Seismic data image a young rifting episode that is largely unsampled by CRP and CIROS drill holes. Data reveal up to 3.5 km of post middle Miocene strata deposited in this part of the NNW-SSE trending Terror Rift basin. Mapped fault trends in the southern Terror Rift parallel the axis of the basin and are prominent in a 40 km wide zone …

Variation Of The North American Summer Monsoon Regimes And The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, Q. Steven Hu, Yongjun Zheng

Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences: Faculty Publications

The North American summer monsoon holds the key to understanding warm season rainfall variations in the region from northern Mexico to the Southwest and the central United States. Studies of the monsoon have pictured mosaic submonsoonal regions and different processes influencing monsoon variations. Among the influencing processes is the “land memory,” showing primarily the influence of the antecedent winter season precipitation (snow) anomalies in the Northwest on summer rainfall anomalies in the South- west. More intriguingly, the land memory has been found to vary at the multidecadal time scale. This memory change may actually reflect multidecadal variations of the atmospheric …

Geology Of The Northwestern Apache Mountains, Southeast Culberson County, West Texas, U.S.A., Walter Lyman Kennedy

Earth & Environmental Sciences Theses - Archive

Middle Permian marine (Bell Canyon Formation) strata along the southwestern margin of the Delaware Basin in southeastern Culberson County, Texas provide excellent exposures of basinal and slope strata, useful fossils for age dating, and a variety of interpretations of possible depositional environments. This work includes a detailed surficial geologic map of about a seven square kilometer area of the northwestern Apache Mountains, located along a portion of Texas Farm Road 2185, about 60 kilometers northeast of Van Horn, Texas. In addition to the map, a stratigraphic column is presented along with descriptions of a major subaqueous gravity flow in the …

Mullewa Research Annexe Spring Field Day Future Farming Systems For North-Eastern Districts 21 August 2008, Department Of Agriculture, Western Australia

Grain and other field crops research reports

Papers:

• Mullewa Research Annexe activities 2008

• Wheat for today and the future

• Consequences of strongly acidic and alkaline soils

• Break crop influence on low rainfall heavy soil

• Chemical fallow options for the north-east agricultural region

• Herbicide tolerance of new wheat varieties

• Lowrainfall oilseed crops for food and biofuel

• Utilising stock to reduce business risk in Binnu! A case study

Locating Suitable Habitats For West Nile Virus-Infected Mosquitoes Through Association Of Environmental Characteristics With Infected Mosquito Locations: A Case Study In Shelby County, Tennessee, Esra Ozdenerol, Elzbieta Bialkowska-Jelinska, Gregory N. Taff

School of Geosciences Student Publications

Background: Since its first detection in 2001, West Nile Virus (WNV) poses a significant health risk for residents of Shelby County in Tennessee. This situation forced public health officials to adopt efficient methods for monitoring disease spread and predicting future outbreaks. Analyses that use environmental variables to find suitable habitats for WNV-infected mosquitoes have the potential to support these efforts. Using the Mahalanobis Distance statistic, we identified areas of Shelby County that are ecologically most suitable for sustaining WNV, based on similarity of environmental characteristics to areas where WNV was found. The environmental characteristics in this study were based on …

Assessing The Felt Reports Of The 1811-12 New Madrid Earthquakes In The Central United States, Ron Street, John D. Kiefer, Jerry L. Raisor

Report of Investigations--KGS

The damage and felt reports describing the New Madrid, Mo., earthquakes of 1811-12 need to be assessed in the historical context in which the events occurred. Log cabins in the frontier settlements along the lower Ohio River Valley, for example, were built with a rudimentary form of base isolation, and their response to the earthquakes should not be evaluated in the same way that a modern wood-frame or brick building would be.

Also, inaccuracies have crept into the databases used for estimating the epicenters and magnitudes of the earthquakes. For example, the magnitude of the December 16, 1811, earthquake has …

Downflow Limestone Beds For Treatment Of Net-Acidic, Oxic, Iron-Laden Drainage From A Flooded Anthracite Mine, Pennsylvania, Usa: 1. Field Evaluation, Charles A. Cravotta Iii, Suzanne J. Ward

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

Passive-treatment systems that route acidic mine drainage (AMD) through crushed limestone and/or organic-rich substrates have been used to remove the acidity and metals from various AMD sources, with a wide range of effects. This study evaluates treatment of net-acidic, oxic, iron-laden AMD with limestone alone, and with organic-rich compost layered with the limestone. In the fall of 2003, a treatment system consisting of two parallel, 500-m² downflow cells followed by a 400-m² aerobic settling pond and wetland was installed to neutralize the AMD from the Bell Mine, a large source of AMD and baseflow to the Schuylkill River …

Geochemical Evidence For Hydroclimatic Variability Over The Last 2460 Years From Crevice Lake In Yellowstone National Park, Usa, Lora R. Stevens, Walter E. Dean

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

A 2460-year-long hydroclimatic record for Crevice Lake, Yellowstone National Park, Montana was constructed from the δ¹⁸O values of endogenic carbonates. The δ¹⁸O record is compared to the Palmer Hydrologic Drought Index (PHDI) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) indices, as well as inferred discharge of the Yellowstone River. During the last century, high δ¹⁸O values coincide with drought conditions and the warm phase of the PDO index. Low δ¹⁸O values coincide with wet years and a negative PDO index. Comparison of tree-ring inferred discharge of the Yellowstone River with the δ¹⁸O …

Environmental Contaminant Hazards To Wildlife At National Capital Region And Mid-Atlantic National Park Service Units, Barnett A. Rattner, Betty K. Ackerson

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

Part of the mission of the National Park Service (NPS) entails preservation of natural resources, processes, systems, and associated values of its units in an unimpaired condition. Environmental contamination and pollution processes are well recognized stressors that can adversely affect park units and are addressed by NPS management policies and plans. Nonetheless, biota remain at risk to contaminants at many NPS units. One U.S. Department of the Interior activity that addresses pollution hazards is the Biomonitoring of Environmental Status and Trends project (Zylstra 1994). Its does so through active field monitoring and by use of decision support tools, including the …

Quantifying Twentieth Century Glacier Change In The Sierra Nevada, California, Hassan J. Basagic

Dissertations and Theses

Numerous small alpine glaciers occupy the high elevation regions of the central and southern Siena Nevada, California. These glaciers change size in response to variations in climate and are therefore important indicators of climate change. An inventory based on USGS topographic maps (l :24,000) revealed 1719 glaciers and perennial snow and ice features for a total area of 39.l5 ±7.52 km². The number of 'true' glaciers, versus non-moving ice, is estimated to be 118, covering 15.87 ± 1.69 Km². All glaciers were located on north to northeast aspects, at elevations >3000 m. Historical photographs, geologic evidence, …

Not Your Father’S Border: An Examination Of The Border In Northern Ireland And Its Relevance To The Global Change In The Importance Of World Borders, Aaron Patterson

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

Humanity has long maintained barriers separating specific entities from others. Ranging from cultural, religious, financial, and racial differences among a few others, the reasoning behind borders has remained a purely human endeavor. But our current golden age of technology has somewhat shrunk, or at least reassessed the necessity for borders. The boundaries of today, while many remain in the same locations as in the past, are vastly different from the borders created by previous generations. Globalization, a relatively new term, has made communication simple and fast. The noticeable result has been, of course, better communication between locations, and thus easing …

Kentucky Terrain, Daniel I. Carey, Terry D. Hounshell

Map and Chart--KGS

The terrain of Kentucky has been shaped by geologic forces and the underlying rocks.Tectonic forces lifted, bent, and buckled the rocks–originally formed from sediments on shallow sea floors or swampy lowlands. Weathering and erosion shaved the hills and dissected the plains, exposing at the surface a cross section of rocks 250 to 500 million years old. The sands, gravels, silts, and clays of the Jackson Purchase Region are younger, remnants of a time when the sea lapped at the confluence of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers.

The landforms in Kentucky are the result of the differential weathering of interbedded sandstones, …

Geologic Hazards In Kentucky, Daniel I. Carey, Terry D. Hounshell, John D. Kiefer

Map and Chart--KGS

Geologic data were derived from the Kentucky Geological Survey-U.S. Geological Survey areal geologic mapping project. Nearly 190 geologists mapped the geology of Kentucky from 1960 to 1978. KGS geologists converted the resulting 707 geologic quadrangle maps into digital format at part of the STATEMAP component of the National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program of the United States Geological Survey.

Geology Of Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky, Matthew M. Crawford, Rickard A. Olson, Rickard S. Toomey Iii, Lillian J. Scoggins

Map and Chart--KGS

Mammoth Cave National Park in south-central Kentucky was authorized as a national park in 1926 and was fully established in 1941 to protect the cave system, scenic landscape, and diverse flora and fauna. The park contains 52,830 acres and most of the longest recorded cave system in the world, with more than 390 miles of mapped passages as of 2013. Even though Mammoth Cave is famous, people are often unaware of the park's intricate connection to the outside region. This poster shows the geology of Mammoth Cave and the interconnected issues that are important to the park and its visitors. …

Foundation Problems And Pyrite Oxidation In The Chattanooga Shale, Estill County, Kentucky, Warren H. Anderson

Report of Investigations--KGS

Pyrite oxidation in the Chattanooga Shale has caused serious foundation problems in numerous buildings and structures in Estill County, Ky. Pyrite oxidizes and various secondary sulfates form when excavated shale or shale fill are used in foundations. These secondary sulfates are water- and humidity-sensitive and can form when only minor amounts of water are present in foundation materials. These sulfates form by crystal growth and expand by volume change, which causes subsequent soil expansion and heaving of any foundation materials when the materials are confined. Several structures have undergone expensive remediation to repair damaged sidewalks, floors, walls, and foundations. Zones …