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Articles 841 - 870 of 917
Full-Text Articles in Earth Sciences
Earthquake Faulting At Ancient Cnidus, Sw Turkey, Erhan Altunel, Iain S. Stenwart, Luigi Piccardi, A. Aykut Barka
Earthquake Faulting At Ancient Cnidus, Sw Turkey, Erhan Altunel, Iain S. Stenwart, Luigi Piccardi, A. Aykut Barka
Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences
The ruins of Cnidus, an important ancient city in southwestern Asia Minor, lie directly on an earthquake fault - the Cnidus Fault. Offset and deformed archaeological remains along the trace of the fault testify to its recent activation. The ancient city's famous Round Temple of Aphrodite is vertically offset by 0.35 m across the fault. The fault also forms the back wall to the Sanctuary of Demeter where Roman-age walls are displaced and deformed by slip on the fault. Archaeological evidence suggests multiple episodes of abrupt destruction at the site and, in the Sanctuary of Demeter, indicates past earthquake surface …
Earthquakes And Seismic Faulting: Effects On Tunnels, Villy A. Kontogianni, Stathis C. Stiros
Earthquakes And Seismic Faulting: Effects On Tunnels, Villy A. Kontogianni, Stathis C. Stiros
Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences
A study of tunnels in areas affected by strong earthquakes in the last 50-100 years revealed at least three cases of tunnels damaged by earthquake shaking or offset by seismic faulting, including the Bolu (Turkey) twin tunnels, which collapsed during the 1999 Düzce earthquake. These data indicate that tunnels cannot be considered as structures invulnerable to earthquakes. Furthermore, the tectonic offset of tunnels shows that certain observed seismic surface ruptures are not necessarily indicative of tectonic faulting and represent only secondary local ground instability effects.
Metabasite Blocks From The Koçyaka Hp-Lt Metamorphic Rocks, Konya, Central Anatolia: Geochemical Evidence For An Arc-Back-Arc Pair?, Peter A. Floyd, L. Özgül, M. Cemal Göncüoğlu
Metabasite Blocks From The Koçyaka Hp-Lt Metamorphic Rocks, Konya, Central Anatolia: Geochemical Evidence For An Arc-Back-Arc Pair?, Peter A. Floyd, L. Özgül, M. Cemal Göncüoğlu
Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences
The Kütahya-Bolkardağ Belt, situated on the northern margin of the Tauride-Anatolide Platform, includes slices of HP/LT metamorphic rocks adjacent to allochthonous ophiolitic fragments. The Koçyaka Metamorphic Complex is one such thrust slice and is located to the northeast of Konya. The local tectonostratigraphic succession consists of Upper Cretaceous calcareous metasediments overlain respectively by the Altınekin and Akçasar mélanges of ophiolitic character. Both mélanges contain metabasites (pillow lavas and amphibolites) overprinted with HP-LT glaucophanitic assemblages and later low-grade facies associations. The geodynamic significance of the ophiolites prior to dismemberment (as oceanic crust) is in dispute, being either interpreted as a separate …
Geology And Hydrothermal Alteration Of The Aydın-Salavatlı Geothermal Field, Western Anatolia, Turkey, İsmai̇l Hakki Karamanderesi̇, Cahi̇t Helvaci
Geology And Hydrothermal Alteration Of The Aydın-Salavatlı Geothermal Field, Western Anatolia, Turkey, İsmai̇l Hakki Karamanderesi̇, Cahi̇t Helvaci
Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences
The Aydın-Salavatlı geothermal field is located in the middle part of the Büyük Menderes Graben, and is characterized by normal-fault structures. The stratigraphic sequence of the Aydın-Salavatlı geothermal field consists of metamorphic rocks of the Menderes Massif and sedimentary rocks deposited during the rifting period of the Menderes Massif in the Miocene. Geological data suggest that there is a connection between tectonic development and periods of hydrothermal alteration. Hydrothermal alteration in the Aydın-Salavatlı geothermal field occurred in five distinct periods, and all are related to different stages of faulting systems, from the Middle Miocene up to the present. The first …
Roveacrinids From Northern Arabian Plate In Se Turkey, Anna Farinacci, Riccardo Manni
Roveacrinids From Northern Arabian Plate In Se Turkey, Anna Farinacci, Riccardo Manni
Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences
Crinoid remains from Cenomanian limestones in SE Anatolia have been studied. These crinoids belong to the family Roveacrinidae and are characterised by their lacking a stem and free living above the sea floor. A new species, Roveacrinus derdereensis Manni, n. sp., has been erected.
Mineralogy And Geochemistry Of Melilite Leucitites, Balçıkhisar, Afyon (Turkey), Cüneyt Akal
Mineralogy And Geochemistry Of Melilite Leucitites, Balçıkhisar, Afyon (Turkey), Cüneyt Akal
Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences
The Middle Miocene Afyon volcanic complex crops out in west-central Anatolia and comprises products of extensive potassic-ultrapotassic volcanic activity that intrude and/or cover the sedimentary formations of the western Taurides. Based on their stratigraphic setting, three stages of potassic and ultrapotassic volcanism are distinguishable. Melilite-leucitite lavas are the products of the first stage and followed by lamproites that represent the second stage of volcanism. The leucitite block- and fragment-rich Balçıkhisar volcaniclastic succession overlies the products of the first and second stage volcanism. Lacustrine sedimentary rocks cover the products of first and second stage volcanism. Lacustrine sedimentary rocks are gradationally overlain …
Traces Of Ancient Earthquakes In Medieval Cities Along The Silk Road, Northern Tien Shan And Dzhungaria, Andrey Korjenkov, Karl Baipakov, Claudia Chang, Yury Peshkov, Tamara Savelieva
Traces Of Ancient Earthquakes In Medieval Cities Along The Silk Road, Northern Tien Shan And Dzhungaria, Andrey Korjenkov, Karl Baipakov, Claudia Chang, Yury Peshkov, Tamara Savelieva
Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences
The evidence for earthquake destruction at medieval cities along the Silk Road from 800 A.D. to 1500 A.D. was examined using techniques of archaeoseismological mapping of architectural components at three currently excavated sites in southern Kazakhstan: Koylyk (Antonovka), Talgar (Talkhir) and Akyrtash, located on the northern branch of the Silk Road, Kazakhstan. This study revealed the following features of seismic activity at all three sites: (a) fractures cutting through a few adjacent bricks; (b) wall-tilts and collapses; (c) horizontal shift of bricks and stones; (d) rotation of stones and bricks. These types of destruction occurred at or very near the …
Preface, Erhan Altunel, Serdar Akyüz
Preface, Erhan Altunel, Serdar Akyüz
Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences
No abstract provided.
Kinematics Of The Middle East And Eastern Mediterranean Updated, Rob Westaway
Kinematics Of The Middle East And Eastern Mediterranean Updated, Rob Westaway
Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences
No abstract provided.
The Alignment Of Earthquake T-Axes With The Principal Axes Of Geodetic Strain In The Aegean Region, Philip England
The Alignment Of Earthquake T-Axes With The Principal Axes Of Geodetic Strain In The Aegean Region, Philip England
Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences
The relation between the orientations of the T-axes of earthquakes occurring within the continental crust of the Aegean, and the orientations of the principal axes of geodetic strains is examined. It is shown that the T-axes align with the principal horizontal extension axes to a degree that is unlikely to have arisen by chance, and it is concluded that the seismic deformation of the region is consistent with the response of a quasi-continuous medium to a stress regime that is organised on a regional scale.
Monitoring The Kinematics Of Anatolia Using Permanent Gps Network Stations, Onur Lenk, Ali̇ Türkezer, Semi̇h Ergi̇ntav, Ali̇ İhsan Kurt, Alpay Belgen
Monitoring The Kinematics Of Anatolia Using Permanent Gps Network Stations, Onur Lenk, Ali̇ Türkezer, Semi̇h Ergi̇ntav, Ali̇ İhsan Kurt, Alpay Belgen
Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences
The establishment and promotion of three-dimensional geodetic networks supported by continuous Global Positioning System (GPS) data are capable of yielding valuable data in order to enable regional realisation of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF) and monitor deformation of the lithosphere. Providing 24-hour continuous data in connection with International GPS Service (IGS) global stations, the Turkish Permanent GPS Network (TPGN) was established in 1999. The main goal of establishing these network stations is to provide adequate information on such an active area, where the collision between African, Arabian and Eurasian plates is occurring. An additional aim is continuous monitoring by …
Geology Of The Ören And Surrounding Areas, Sw Anatolia, Ömer Feyzi̇ Gürer, Yücel Yilmaz
Geology Of The Ören And Surrounding Areas, Sw Anatolia, Ömer Feyzi̇ Gürer, Yücel Yilmaz
Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences
On the Lycian Nappes of SW Anatolia, Neogene basins developed along two different trends in different periods. NNE-trending basins formed during the Early-Middle Miocene period as exemplified by the Ören and Yatağan grabens. These graben fills consist of three distinct rock units. At the base are (1) coarse clastics, sourced from elevated areas adjacent to the basin-bounding faults. These are linear river-valley fills. They give way upward to (2) alternating coal-bearing sandstone and limestone as the graben valleys were gradually widened, and the surrounding mountains were reduced by erosion. Finally, lake environment formed, invading the region during the advanced stage …
Upper Cretaceous Stratigraphy Of The Bey Dağları Carbonate Platform, Korkuteli Area (Western Taurides, Turkey), Bi̇lal Sari, Saci̇t Özer
Upper Cretaceous Stratigraphy Of The Bey Dağları Carbonate Platform, Korkuteli Area (Western Taurides, Turkey), Bi̇lal Sari, Saci̇t Özer
Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences
The Upper Cretaceous Korkuteli (Antalya) carbonate sequence of the Bey Dağları autochthonous unit (western Taurides) comprises two formations. The Cenomanian-Santonian Bey Dağları formation lies at the base of this sequence and can be divided into two parts. Neritic part is characterized by platform-type, peritidal limestones and comprises an approximately 600-m-thick sequence that contains two main rudistid horizons corresponding to Cenomanian and early Santonian. The neritic limestones pass gradually upward into the 15-m-thick, middle-upper Santonian massive hemipelagic limestones that form the upper part. The upper Campanian-middle Maastrichtian Akdağ formation consists totally of pelagic limestones that indicate basinal conditions and disconformably overlies …
Obituary, Gülsen Uçarkul, Tuncay Taymaz
Obituary, Gülsen Uçarkul, Tuncay Taymaz
Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences
No abstract provided.
The Ophiolitic Molasse Unit Of Ikaria Island (Greece), Adonis D. Photiades
The Ophiolitic Molasse Unit Of Ikaria Island (Greece), Adonis D. Photiades
Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences
Ikaria Island can be divided generally into two composite tectonic units, namely the lower and upper. The lower unit comprises paragneiss basement with local orthogneiss bodies that is overlain by a platform-type marble sequence, passing upward into a sequence of intercalated schist and marble that is intruded by Miocene granites. The upper unit has not experienced Alpine high-pressure metamorphism, and is restricted to the central (Kefala unit) and northeastern (Faros area) parts of the island, which host ophiolitic associations similar to those found in the upper unit of several Cycladic islands. The Faros area consists of an Oligocene-Early Miocene age …
Resistivity Distribution In The Gediz Graben And Its Implications For Crustal Structure, Aysan Gürer, Alaatti̇n Pi̇nçe, Ömer Feyzi̇ Gürer, O. Meti̇n İlkişik
Resistivity Distribution In The Gediz Graben And Its Implications For Crustal Structure, Aysan Gürer, Alaatti̇n Pi̇nçe, Ömer Feyzi̇ Gürer, O. Meti̇n İlkişik
Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences
Preliminary results of resistivity distribution in the crust around the Gediz graben by the magnetotelluric (MT) measurements along two 73- and 16-km-long MT profiles (M1 and profile M2) are presented. Bostick depth transformation of the resistivity component of the MT data denoted a conductive zone at a depth of ~ 10 km. This zone may be related to crustal extension and high regional heat flow (50% higher than the world average). Preliminary interpretation based on one dimensional (1D) inversion result show that the thickness of sediments over the resistive basement changes from 950-3800 m along the profile M1. The relations …
Sonar And High Resolution Seismic Studies In The Eastern Black Sea, Günay Çi̇fçi̇, Derman Dondurur, Mustafa Ergün
Sonar And High Resolution Seismic Studies In The Eastern Black Sea, Günay Çi̇fçi̇, Derman Dondurur, Mustafa Ergün
Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences
The Black Sea is one of the largest inland seas in the world. Off the shelf, the water depth quickly plunges to an average depth of 2 km. The Black Sea sediments are rich in calcite and organic carbon, the latter showing a high degree of preservation due to anoxia in the waters below 100-150 m. Slope failures and sediment instability related to immense gas and gas hydrate accumulations are serious problems that can lead to the failure of offshore installations. Marine geophysical surveys have been carried out in the Eastern Black Sea basin using state-of the-art technology to produce …
Tectonostratigraphic Evolution Of The North Anatolian Palaeorift (Napr): Hettangian-Aptian Passive Continental Margin Of The Northern Neo-Tethys, Turkey, Ali̇ Koçyi̇ği̇t, Demi̇r Altiner
Tectonostratigraphic Evolution Of The North Anatolian Palaeorift (Napr): Hettangian-Aptian Passive Continental Margin Of The Northern Neo-Tethys, Turkey, Ali̇ Koçyi̇ği̇t, Demi̇r Altiner
Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences
The Jurassic-Early Cretaceous stratigraphical, sedimentological and structural evolutionary history of the northern branch of Neo-Tethys is recorded and preserved within an average 6-km-thick basin fill. The basin fill is well-exposed as discontinuous inliers of varying size and thickness within, and to the north of, the Late Cretaceous-Early Tertiary İzmir-Ankara-Erzincan Suture throughout northern Turkey. This basin fill unconformably overlies a substratum comprising the deformed rock assemblages of the Triassic Karakaya palaeorift and its Hercynian basement. Detailed studies based on geological mapping at a 1/25,000 scale and stratigraphic sections measured at 14 type localities show that this infill includes stratigraphical and sedimentological …
Pyrite Deformation Textures In The Deposits Of The Küre Mining District (Kastamonu-Turkey), İlkay Kuşcu, Ayhan Erler
Pyrite Deformation Textures In The Deposits Of The Küre Mining District (Kastamonu-Turkey), İlkay Kuşcu, Ayhan Erler
Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences
The Küre volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits lie within the Kastamonu province in the western part of the Pontide tectonic belt of Turkey, and are hosted by ophiolite-related pre-Liassic basaltic sequences. Mineralogical studies of the pyritic massive sulfide deposits of the Küre mining district have shown that the sulfide assemblages, particularly pyrite, have undergone a history of deformation and metamorphism. The Küre volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits show a range of macroscopic and microscopic textures, which are also observed in metamorphosed VMS deposits elsewhere. These textures are cataclastic, annealing and fracture-filling textures which developed in two successive stages; cataclastic texture predominated during …
Revised Stratigraphy And Facies Analysis Of Palaeocene-Eocene Supra-Allochthonous Sediments (Denizli, Sw Turkey) And Their Tectonic Significance, Hasan Sözbi̇li̇r
Revised Stratigraphy And Facies Analysis Of Palaeocene-Eocene Supra-Allochthonous Sediments (Denizli, Sw Turkey) And Their Tectonic Significance, Hasan Sözbi̇li̇r
Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences
A non-metamorphosed sedimentary sequence of Late Palaeocene-Eocene age exposed to the south of Dereköy Village (east of Denizli) was formerly interpreted as the uppermost part of the Menderes Massif. However, detailed field data indicates that the Dereköy succession rests unconformably on the Lycian ophiolitic mélange and thus cannot be accepted as a part of the Menderes sequence. The Dereköy succession consists of shelf to sub-marine sedimentary deposits that begin with a transgressive basal conglomerate, followed by limestone and then grading upward into clastic turbidites. The clastic beds have intra-basinal and extra-basinal fragments derived from carbonate lenses and the Lycian thrust …
Mid-Ordovician (Late Darriwilian) Conodonts From The Southern-Central Taurides, Turkey: Geological Implications, Hüseyi̇n Kozlu, M. Cemal Göncüoğlu, Graciela N. Sarmiento, M. Ali̇ Gül
Mid-Ordovician (Late Darriwilian) Conodonts From The Southern-Central Taurides, Turkey: Geological Implications, Hüseyi̇n Kozlu, M. Cemal Göncüoğlu, Graciela N. Sarmiento, M. Ali̇ Gül
Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences
The Tekmen Member of the Seydişehir Formation of the Silifke-Aydıncık Nappe is exposed between the towns Silifke and Aydıncık, in the central Taurides, southern Turkey. The member is composed of sandy limestones with interbeds of reddish shales. Distinctive depositional features of the carbonates and associated siliciclastics are suggestive of a mixed carbonate-siliciclastic tempestite-type deposition in a shelf environment. The conodont fauna from the Tekmen Member includes taxa that are known from the Baltoscandian region and are referred to the Darriwilian, being the first Middle-Ordovician finding from Turkey. A late Darriwilian (late Lasnamägian to Uhakun) age migth be attributed to the …
Tertiary Terrestrial To Shallow Marine Deposition In Central Anatolia: A Palynological Approach, Funda Akgün, Erhan Akay, Burhan Erdoğan
Tertiary Terrestrial To Shallow Marine Deposition In Central Anatolia: A Palynological Approach, Funda Akgün, Erhan Akay, Burhan Erdoğan
Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences
In central Turkey the Çankırı Basin developed between the Kırşehir and Sakarya continents as a collisional basin during the Tertiary. Along the southern border, between Yozgat and Yerköy, the basin fill predominantly comprises continental and shallow marine facies, and overlies the Late Cretaceous Kırşehir Block unconformably. The Yoncalı formation (shallow marine sandstones, shales and limestone lenses), the İncik formation (terrestrial conglomerates and sandstones) and the Bayat formation (subaerial lavas and pyroclastic rocks) are Middle to Late Eocene in age and grade laterally and vertically into each other. These units are unconformably overlain by a Middle Miocene continental sequence that is …
Distribution And Origin Of Clay Minerals In Konya Neogene Sedimentary Basin, Central Anatolia, Turkey, Selahatti̇n Kadi̇r, Zehra Karakaş
Distribution And Origin Of Clay Minerals In Konya Neogene Sedimentary Basin, Central Anatolia, Turkey, Selahatti̇n Kadi̇r, Zehra Karakaş
Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences
Neogene sediments having both fluvial and lacustrine characteristics are widespread in the Konya region of central Anatolia. The fluvial units are typically green in colour and thick at the margin of the basin and thinning laterally basinwards. The lacustrine sediments are represented by white, beige and cream, pure, dolomitic, sandy and clayey limestone alternating with claystone. Grain size, components and matrix of the fluvial and lacustrine sediments decrease from the margin of the basin toward its center. Smectite and chlorite in detrital fluvial sediments are associated with amphibole, illite and quartz, while sepiolite and palygorskite formed diagenetically in the carbonate …
The Role Of Crustal Fluids In Strike-Slip Tectonics: New Insights From Magnetotelluric Studies, Martyn Unsworth
The Role Of Crustal Fluids In Strike-Slip Tectonics: New Insights From Magnetotelluric Studies, Martyn Unsworth
Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences
The presence of fluids in the Earth's crust can dramatically change the rheology and may control a wide range of tectonic processes, especially in regions characterized by strike-slip deformation. Fluids such as water and partial melt change the electrical resistivity of the subsurface and may be detected through geophysical techniques that remotely sense electrical resistivity. For imaging to crustal and upper mantle depths, the most useful technique is magnetotellurics (MT) that uses natural electromagnetic waves as an energy source. Magnetotelluric studies of the Tibetan Plateau have detected a widespread mid-crustal layer of partial melting across almost the entire north-south extent …
The Silistar Intrusive, Eastern Srednogorie Zone, Bulgaria: Structural Data And Potential For Porphyry Copper And Epithermal Systems, Radoslav Nakov, Thomas Kerestedjian, Angel Kunov
The Silistar Intrusive, Eastern Srednogorie Zone, Bulgaria: Structural Data And Potential For Porphyry Copper And Epithermal Systems, Radoslav Nakov, Thomas Kerestedjian, Angel Kunov
Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences
The Late Cretaceous Silistar intrusion comprises of gabbros, gabbro-diorites to quartz-diorites and aplites, that were emplaced into a volcano-sedimentary succession of similar age. Structural data suggest that this intrusion is part of a larger, partially exposed body. A dense network of primary and secondary joints, in many places filled with various ore and gangue minerals, is a conspicuous feature of the intrusion. Hydrothermal alteration affecting the intrusion and the wall rocks includes: uralitization (amphibole±epidote), secondary biotitization and propylitization. Propylitic alteration occurred in two stages: high temperature (epidote-actinolite-chlorite) and middle to low temperature (sericite-chlorite-carbonate-epidote and chlorite-sericite-carbonate). Products of later alteration events …
Obituary Prof. Dr. Orhan Kaya [4th October 1937-24th November 2002] By, Tanju Kaya
Obituary Prof. Dr. Orhan Kaya [4th October 1937-24th November 2002] By, Tanju Kaya
Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences
No abstract provided.
Obituary Prof. Dr. Kâzım Ergi̇n [21 May 1915-24 November 2002] By, Tuncay Taymaz
Obituary Prof. Dr. Kâzım Ergi̇n [21 May 1915-24 November 2002] By, Tuncay Taymaz
Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences
No abstract provided.
Age And Thickness Of The Lithosphere Within The Western And Eastern Basins Of The Black Sea According To Geophysical Data, Eugeniy Verzhbitsky, Ivan Kuzin, Leopold Lobkovsky
Age And Thickness Of The Lithosphere Within The Western And Eastern Basins Of The Black Sea According To Geophysical Data, Eugeniy Verzhbitsky, Ivan Kuzin, Leopold Lobkovsky
Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences
The ages of the western and eastern basins of the Black Sea have been estimated on the basis of heat-flow data. The obtained ages (70-60 Ma) are in good accord with the time of basins' origin as determined from seismic and magnetic data. During this time, the Black Sea opened as a back-arc basin to the north of the Pontide magmatic arc. The arc prehistory of the Pontides is confirmed by the existence of relict mantle seismicity, which is most active in the eastern Pontides. Nearly synchronous times of origin for the western and eastern basins supports the concept of …
Metamorphic And Tectonic Evolution Of The Hırkadağ Block, Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex, Donna L. Whitney, Yildirim Di̇lek
Metamorphic And Tectonic Evolution Of The Hırkadağ Block, Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex, Donna L. Whitney, Yildirim Di̇lek
Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences
The Hırkadağ metamorphic block is a NE-SW-trending horst structure that is part of the Kırşehir Massif in the Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex (CACC). Along its southwestern margin, the block contains upper amphibolite facies metapelitic rocks that record peak metamorphic conditions of 670-710 °C, ~ 7 kbar, as determined by garnet-biotite geothermometry and garnet-sillimanite-plagioclase-quartz, garnet-rutile-sillimanite-ilmenite-quartz, and garnet-rutile-ilmenite-plagioclase-quartz geobarometry. A clockwise pressure-temperature path is inferred from thermobarometric results and analysis of reaction textures among aluminous phases. Following this medium-pressure metamorphism, low-pressure - high-temperature metamorphism resulted in widespread replacement of garnet by cordierite + spinel + sillimanite, partial replacement of spinel by corundum, …
Stratigraphy, Geochemistry And Depositional Environment Of The Celestine-Bearing Gypsiferous Formations Of The Tertiary Ulaş-Sivas Basin, East-Central Anatolia (Turkey), Erdoğan Teki̇n
Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences
Celestine-bearing evaporite mineralization is widespread in the Tertiary evaporitic units of the Ulaş-Sivas Basin, east-central Anatolia. The oldest deposition of gypsum, which is of laminated character, occurred in a shallow inner-lagoonal environment or in depressions during Late Eocene regression. Thick gypsum and overlying beds composed of alternating bedded, nodular gypsum and sandstone developed in coastal sabkhas and abandoned channels within a meander-river complex during Oligocene time. The last occurrence of evaporitic units, namely massive and bedded gypsum alternating with sandstones and fossiliferous limestones, resulted from limited marine transgression of an Early Miocene sea along the southern margin of the Sivas …