Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

Breeding Lotus Australis Andrews For Low Cyanide Content, D. Real, G. A. Sandral, J. Warden, L. Nutt, R. Bennett, D. Kidd

IGC Proceedings (1997-2023)

Lotus australis Andrews is a native perennial tetraploid legume (2n=4x=28) widely distributed throughout Australia (Figure 1). It is highly variable with 14 botanical varieties reported in the Australian Plant Name Index (http://www.anbg.gov.au). Despite broad adaptation within L. australis no cultivars have been developed for cultivation. One of the main barriers to cultivation is the reported cyanogenic nature of the species (Foulds, 1982), which makes it potentially toxic when plant cyanogenic glycosides are fully hydrolysed to form hydrogen cyanide (HCN). Foulds (1982) also reported that the cyanophoric trait was polymorphic at seedling and adult stages with 12% of plants acyanogenic in …

Prospects For Thiourea As A Leaching Agent In Colombian Gold Small-Scale Mining: A Comprehensive Review, Johana Borda, Robinson Torres

Journal of Sustainable Mining

Thiourea, as an alternative medium, is one of the most promising leaching agents for gold recovery by its commercial benefits and research challenges associated with performance and environmental impacts. This review article describes the operational conditions for the use of Thiourea vs cyanide, its chemistry, limitations, toxicity factors, environment, and recovery processes. Although thiourea gold extraction processes have not been applied on a large scale due to the instability of the reagent, its potential to overcome the limitations of cyanide is attractive to the process; with pH, potential, oxidant dosage, and temperature control, solubilized gold thiourea species are achieved. These …

Laboratory Investigation Of Cyanide Evolution During Reaction Between Hypochlorous Acid And Glycine, Luz Chavez

Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations

Fresh water treatment and conservation is of great importance in a society with a growing population. Ensuring water safety is a crucial task for water treatment plants. Advances in science and technology have allowed for the testing and study of potentially harmful side substances produced by water sanitation methods, one of those substances is cyanide (-CN). Previous research correlated a significant increase of cyanide levels in effluent water sanitized with a chlorination method. Research has also proposed a mechanism for the formation of cyanogen chloride (CNCl) from reactions with amino acids during the chlorination process. Flow injection analysis was chosen …

Advanced Analytical Techniques For The Analysis Of Therapeutics Of Toxic Inhalation Agents And Pharmacokinetic Investigation, Subrata Bhadra

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Toxic inhalation agents (TIAs), (i.e., cyanide (CN) and reduced sulfur compounds (RSCs)), including hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and methanethiol (MT)) are extremely poisonous upon exposure. Many TIAs act by inhibiting mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase, resulting in cellular hypoxia, cytotoxic anoxia, apnea, respiratory failure, cardiovascular collapse, seizure and potentially death. CN is generated in structural fires and cigarette smoke as well as in mining, electroplating and polymer processing, whereas H2S and MT are found in petroleum, oil and natural gas, waste treatment facilities and decaying organic matter. All are common occupational gas exposure hazards in chemical industries and for first responders, including …

Development Of Analytical Methods For Toxic Inhaled Hazards (Tih) And Their Metabolites, Obed Adu Gyamfi

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Toxic inhalation hazards (TIHs), such as methyl isocyanate (MIC) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN), are noxious gases and vapors that are harmful, and often deadly, to humans. However, because of their low cost and high reactivity, they are extensively used for industrial productions, creating risk of exposure for both industrial workers (e.g., occupational exposure) and civilians (e.g., accidental release during transport). The illicit use of TIHs, including as terrorist agents, is also concerning. Considering the rapid toxicity of TIHs and the danger they pose to both human and animal lives, there is a critical need to develop of analytical methods for …

A Comparative Study Of Silver Electrodeposition From Pyrophosphate-Cyanide And High Concentration Cyanide Electrolytes In The Presence Of Brighteners, Hati̇ce Kübra Akben, Servet İbrahi̇m Ti̇mur

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

A study of the electrodeposition of silver from 2 different types of electrolytes; (1) neutral pyrophosphatecyanide electrolyte and (2) alkaline high concentrated cyanide electrolyte in the presence of a variety of additives such as 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, potassium selenocyanate, and potassium antimony tartrate was performed. Influence of additives and cyanide concentration on microstructure and kinetics of the cathodic processes were studied. A brightener couple, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole and potassium antimony tartrate, were combined within this investigation anddetectedtobehighlyeffectiveforsilverelectrodeposition. Therapidincreaseincurrentdensityatthesamepotential interval related to grain refinement effect of potassium antimony tartrate was shown. The cyclic organic compound, 2mercaptobenzothiazole, polarizes the reduction to high cathodic potential in pyrophosphate …

The Analysis Of Cyanide And Its Breakdown Products In Biological Samples, Brian A. Logue, Diane M. Hinkens, Steven I. Baskin, Gary A. Rockwood

Brian Logue

Cyanide is a toxic chemical that may be introduced into living organisms as a result of natural processes and/or anthropogenic uses (legal or illicit). Exposure to cyanide can be verified by analysis of cyanide or one of its breakdown products from biological samples. This verification may be important for medical, law-enforcement, military, forensic, research, or veterinary purposes. This review will discuss current bioanalytical techniques used for the verification of cyanide exposure, identify common problems associated with the analysis of cyanide and its biological breakdown products, and briefly address the metabolism and toxicokinetics of cyanide and its breakdown products in biological …

The Use Of Heterocycles As Important Structures In Medicinal Chemistry, Sayre Weast

Honors Theses

Heterocycles have many applications in the discipline of medicinal chemistry. These structures are found in various natural products with relevant biological activity. Our research group, in collaboration with two others, is particularly interested in one heterocycle, quinoline, as a scaffold for HIV-1 integrase inhibitors. A synthetic route has been developed to produce a derivatized structure on small scale. One goal of this thesis was to expand the scale of this route to provide increased quantities of the quinoline scaffold. Procedures were adapted to accommodate the increase in scale to convert commercially available anthranilic acids to quinolines via the isatoic anhydride. …

Advanced Analysis Of Compounds Of Toxicological Importance By Ice Concentration Linked With Extractive Stirrer (Icecles) Gc-Ms And Rp-Hplc-Esi-Ms-Ms, Joseph K. Dzisam

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Cyanide and nitrosoamines (NAs) are ubiquitous compounds, found in our food and water, either by natural process or through man-made activities. The toxicity of cyanide is exerted by its ability to inhibit metalloenzymes such as cytochrome c oxidase, causing concomitant cascades of biochemical effects such as lactic acidosis, inhibition of ATP production, respiratory seizure, and potential death. Nitrosoamines, on the other hand, undergo biotransformation (metabolic activation in cytochrome P450) in the body to produce unstable intermediates that alkylate DNA, causing mutations, and leading to carcinogenesis. In order to further the advancement of a promising cyanide, cobinamide (Cbi), an LC-MS-MS method …

Investigation Of The Ideal Composition Of Metal Hexacyanocobaltates With High Water Oxidation Catalytic Activity, Ferdi̇ Karadaş

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

The electrocatalytic activities of Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) have recently received much attention due to their robustness and efficiency. Considering that PBAs with hexacyanocobaltate building block stand forward among other PBAs, a systematic study on a family of metal hexacyanocobaltates is presented in this study. Metal hexacyanocobaltates (M $=$ Co, Mn, Ni, and Fe) were prepared, characterized, and electrochemical studies were performed. A series of mixed-metal cobalt-iron hexacyanocobaltates has also been studied to determine the ideal composition of a metal hexacyanocobaltate for electrocatalytic water oxidation process. The overall study clearly indicates that cobalt hexacyanocobaltate exhibits the highest electrocatalytic activity among …

Development Of A High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method For The Analysis Of Next-Generation Cyanide Antidote, 3-Mercaptopyruvate, In Plasma, Elaf Alzhrani

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Although the current FDA approved cyanide antidotes (i.e., sodium nitrite, sodium thiosulfate, and hydoxocoboalamine) are effective for treating cyanide poisoning, each individual antidote has major limitations, including large effective dosage, delayed onset of action, or dependence on enzymes generally confined to specific organs. To overcome these current limitations, next-generation cyanide antidotes are being investigated, including 3-mercaptopyruvate (3-MP). Analytical methods capable of detecting 3-MP from plasma are essential for the development of 3-MP as a nextgeneration cyanide antidote. Although 3-MP has been analyzed by LC-MS-MS, this instrument is not widely available. Therefore, a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with fluorescence …

Analysis Of Novel Cyanide Antidote Dimethyl Trisulfide For Pharmacokinetic Studies, And Sulfur Mustard Metabolites For Identification Of Biomarker Of Inhaled Dose, Erica Manandhar

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Cyanide poisoning by accidental or intentional exposure poses a severe health risk. The current FDA approved antidotes for cyanide poisoning can be effective, but each suffers from specific major limitations. Dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS), a sulfur donor that detoxifies cyanide by converting it into thiocyanate, is a promising next generation cyanide antidote. Although a validated analytical method to analyze DMTS is not currently available from any matrix, one will be vital for the approval of DMTS as a therapeutic agent against cyanide poisoning. Hence, a stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was developed and validated …

A Library Of Coumarin-Enaminone Chemodosimeters For The Detection Of Analytes, Aaron Berrell Davis

Dissertations

Many anions and metal ions are of biological and environmental importance. This work describes our attempts to synthesize molecular probes to specifically target cyanide, zinc, cadmium and mercury as these species can often result in negative effects to the environment and the human body.

The work in this dissertation, describes the synthesis of a family of coumarin-enamine chemodosimeters, in a straightforward synthetic procedure, the reaction between 7-(diethylamino)-4-hydroxycoumarin and a primary amine. The work presented in this dissertation demonstrates that these molecules can play dual roles and therefore the work is split into two distinct parts: Part 1 describes one role …

Anaerobic Dissociation Of Thiocyanate Under Controlled Ph And Temperature, Alero Gure

Graduate Theses & Non-Theses

Thiocyanate (SCN-) is formed from both natural and industrial processes, including the use of cyanide to process gold and silver ores rich in sulfide minerals. In mining operations however, thiocyanate also plays a role as an alternative lixiviant to cyanide for leaching gold and silver out of their ores. Thiocyanate may be less toxic than cyanide but it is more stable and has proven to be more difficult to destroy in mining effluents. In addition, just like cyanide, an environmental contaminant of concern – nitrate – is the final product of the oxidation of thiocyanate.

This study investigated the chemical …

The Analysis Of Cyanide And Its Breakdown Products In Biological Samples, Brian A. Logue, Diane M. Hinkens, Steven I. Baskin, Gary A. Rockwood

Chemistry and Biochemistry Faculty Publications

Cyanide is a toxic chemical that may be introduced into living organisms as a result of natural processes and/or anthropogenic uses (legal or illicit). Exposure to cyanide can be verified by analysis of cyanide or one of its breakdown products from biological samples. This verification may be important for medical, law-enforcement, military, forensic, research, or veterinary purposes. This review will discuss current bioanalytical techniques used for the verification of cyanide exposure, identify common problems associated with the analysis of cyanide and its biological breakdown products, and briefly address the metabolism and toxicokinetics of cyanide and its breakdown products in biological …

Predacides For Canid Predation Management, K. A. Fagerstone, J. J. Johnston, P. J. Savarie

USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Throughout the livestock industry in the western United States, control of canid predators was considered to be of considerable importance to the livestock industry, especially to sheep producers, who sufkred high losses from coyotes and wolves. In the 19th century, the demand for predator control was communicated to Congress and the western state assemblies, with the result that predator control was provided in western states by the Fedcral Bureau of Biological Survey in cooperation with state agencies, and by trappers hired by stockmen. Steel traps and poisons were the principal methods used for predator control during the early years of …

The Device Of Wy-Ⅱ Type Cyanide Monitor And Its Applications, Xianmin Wang

Journal of Electrochemistry

A device of WY-Ⅱtype micro-computerized cyanide monitor is presented,inwhich the cyanide analvsis is carried out by means of microcoulomb-iodimetric with automaticfollowing system.This instrument can be successifully employed to analyze the cyanides in industrial waste-waterfor vavious departments of chemical industry.A serious of experimental tests showed that theanalytical sensitivity went up to 0.01 mg/L and the accuracy of determination was excellentlycoincided with that of National standard method and other methods.

The Reaction Of Some Sodium Salts Of Fatty Acids And Benzoic Acid With Α-Bromobenzyl Cyanide, Richard W. Perkins

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Fife (4) and O'Shaughnessy (12) have made a series of di-esters by allowing the sodium salts of various fatty acids to react with ethyl monochloracetate according to the following equation:

RCO₂Na ≠ ClCH₂CO₂C₂H₅ ---------> RCO₂CH₂CO₂C₂H₅ ≠ NaCl .

The mechanism of the reaction appears to be ionic and to involve the attack of an RCO₂^- ion on the carbon atom to which the chlorine atom is attached. As the RCO₂^- approaches this carbon atom the chlorine atom moves …

The Investigation Of Different Variables In The Assaying Of Silver Cyanide Solutions, Phillip L. Banfield

Bachelors Theses and Reports, 1928 - 1970

The cyanide method of extraction of gold and silver from their ores is extensively used in the United States and elsewhere. It is becoming increasingly more important in its use as the mining of lower grade deposits continues.

The Theory Of Alloy Deposition And The Effect Of A Rotating Cathode Upon Such Deposition, With Special Attention To The Possibility Of Depositing Sterling Silver, Kenneth J. Stodden

Bachelors Theses and Reports, 1928 - 1970

In the past few years a great deal of atten­tion has been given to the electrodeposition of alloys. For the main part, this investigation has been of scien­tific interest only; but in a few instances, such work has attained commercial importance.

The Inhibitory Effects Of Carbonaceous Materials On The Cyaniding Of Gold Ores., David Currie Jr.

Bachelors Theses and Reports, 1928 - 1970

Carbon and carbonaceous material have been known to have a deleterious effect upon the cyanidation of gold and silver ores since the very beginning of the process. Organic matter is a common source of impu­rities in cyanide solution, its reducing effect being notorious.

The Effect Of Temperature On The Rate Of Dissolution Of Gold In Cyanide Solutions Which Have A Constant Oxygen Content., Robert Currie

Bachelors Theses and Reports, 1928 - 1970

Since the development of cyanidation into a highly efficient process for treating gold ores, many papers have been written on its various aspects. Although, there has been much work done on it, the chemistry of the reaction is not yet completely understood.