Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

Salinity In The Classrom, A Resource For Western Australian Schools, Department Of Agriculture, Western Australia, Department Of Education, Western Australia, State Salinity Council, Western Australia

Books & book chapters

A Western Australian educational resource for teachers and students of the early, middle and early adolescent phases of learning.

Work is sponsored by Alcoa, Shell, State Salinity Council, Department of Agriculture, Water Rivers Commission.

Contributing authors from the Department of Agriculture are: Gale Bell, David Bicknell, Bruce Radys, Kirsty Chandler and Anne Jones.
Contributing authors from Department of Education WA; Kevin Brady, Michael Burke.
Contributing authors from State Salinity Council; Don Crawford.

Water Allocation Compacts In The West: An Overview, Douglas S. Kenney

Books, Reports, and Studies

14 p. : charts ; 28 cm

Evaluating The Prevalence, Content And Readability Of Complementary And Alternative Medicine (Cam) Web Pages On The Internet, Smitha Sagaram, Muhammad Walji, Elmer Bernstam

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use is growing rapidly. As CAM is relatively unregulated, it is important to evaluate the type and availability of CAM information. The goal of this study is to deter-mine the prevalence, content and readability of online CAM information based on searches for arthritis, diabetes and fibromyalgia using four common search engines. Fifty-eight of 599 web pages retrieved by a "condition search" (9.6%) were CAM-oriented. Of 216 CAM pages found by the "condition" and "condition + herbs" searches, 78% were authored by commercial organizations, whose pur-pose involved commerce 69% of the time and 52.3% had no …

Evaluating A Medical Error Taxonomy, Juliana Brixey, Todd R. Johnson, Jiajie Zhang

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Healthcare has been slow in using human factors principles to reduce medical errors. The Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH) recognizes that a lack of attention to human factors during product development may lead to errors that have the potential for patient injury, or even death. In response to the need for reducing medication errors, the National Coordinating Council for Medication Errors Reporting and Prevention (NCC MERP) released the NCC MERP taxonomy that provides a standard language for reporting medication errors. This project maps the NCC MERP taxonomy of medication error to MedWatch medical errors involving infusion pumps. Of …

Determination Of Hexadecapole Moments For The 3p4(1D) Core Of Argon Ii Excited In Polarized E--Ar Collisions, B. G. Birdsey, H. M. Al-Khateeb, Timothy J. Gay

Timothy J. Gay Publications

We report on measurements of the integrated Stokes parameters of the light emitted from four well-LS coupled states of the 3p⁴(¹D)4p manifold of Aril, following the simultaneous ionization and excitation of neutral argon by polarized electrons. As for all states, the state multipoles of J can be expanded in terms of the total orbital (L ) and the total spin (S) state multipoles. By splitting each L and S state multipole into multipoles for the core and outer electron, we have experimentally obtained for the first time the normalized integrated state multipole of rank 4 (hexadecapole …

Application Of Classification-Tree Methods To Identify Nitrate Sources In Ground Water, Timothy B. Spruill, William J. Showers, Stephen S. Howe

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

A study was conducted to determine if nitrate sources in ground water (fertilizer on crops, fertilizer on golf courses, irrigation spray from hog (Sus scrofa) wastes, and leachate from poultry litter and septic systems) could be classified with 80% or greater success. Two statistical classification-tree models were devised from 48 water samples containing nitrate from five source categories. Model 1 was con- structed by evaluating 32 variables and selecting four primary predictor variables (δ¹⁵N, nitrate to ammonia ratio, sodium to potassium ratio, and zinc) to identify nitrate sources. A δ¹⁵N value of nitrate plus …

Relating Net Nitrogen Input In The Mississippi River Basin To Nitrate Flux In The Lower Mississippi River: A Comparison Of Approaches, Gregory F. Mcisaac, Mark B. David, George Z. Gertner, Donald A. Goolsby

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

A quantitative understanding of the relationship between terrestrial N inputs and riverine N flux can help guide conservation, policy, and adaptive management efforts aimed at preserving or restoring water quality. The objective of this study was to compare recently published approaches for relating terrestrial N inputs to the Mississippi River basin (MRB) with measured nitrate flux in the lower Mississippi River. Nitrogen inputs to and outputs from the MRB (1951 to 1996) were estimated from state-level annual agricultural production statistics and NO_y (inorganic oxides of N) deposition estimates for 20 states that comprise 90% of the MRB. A model …

Wyoming Toad (Bufo Baxteri), R. Andrew Odum, Paul Stephen Corn

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

Historically, Wyoming toads (Bufo baxteri) were abundant in the vicinity of Laramie, Albany County, Wyoming (Baxter, 1952; Corn, 1991), where they were found in the flood plains of the Big and Little Laramie rivers (Stebbins, 1985), an area of only 2,330 km² (Lewis et al., 1985). A rapid decline was observed in the mid-1970s (Lewis et al., 1985) when they disappeared from most of their range. Surveys in the early 1980s yielded few animals, and Lewis et al. f 1985) reported their possible extinction in 1983. Wyoming toads were listed as Endangered under the Endangered Species Act …

A 1500-Year Record Of Climatic And Environmental Change In Elk Lake, Clearwater County, Minnesota Ii: Geochemistry, Mineralogy, And Stable Isotopes, Walter E. Dean

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

Most of the sediment components that have accumulated in Elk Lake, Clearwater County, northwestern Minnesota, over the past 1500 years are authigenic or biogenic (CaCO₃, biogenic SiO₂, organic matter, iron and manganese oxyhydroxides, and iron phosphate) and are delivered to the sediment–water interface on a seasonal schedule where they are preserved as distinct annual laminae (varves). The annual biogeochemical cycles of these components are causally linked through the ‘carbon pump’, and are recapitulated in longer-term cycles, most prominently with a periodicity of about 400 years. Organic carbon is fixed in the epilimnion by photosynthetic removal of …

Early Holocene Change In Atmospheric Circulation In The Northern Great Plains: An Upstreamview Of The 8.2 Ka Cold Event, Walter E. Dean, Richard M. Forester, J. Platt Bradbury

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

Elk Lake, in northwestern Minnesota, contains numerous proxy records of climatic and environmental change contained in varved sediments with annual resolution for the last 10,000 years. These proxies show that about 8200 calendar years ago (8.2 cal. ka; 7300 radiocarbon years) Elk Lake went froma well-stratified lake that was wind-protected in a boreal forest to a well-mixed lake in open prairie savanna receiving northwesterly wind-blown dust, probably from the dry floor of Lake Agassiz. This change in climate marks the initiation of the widely recognized mid-Holocene “altithermal” in central North America. The coincidence of this change with the so-called 8.2 …

Determination Of Melanterite-Rozenite And Chalcanthite-Bonattite Equilibria By Humidity Measurements At 0.1 Mpa, I-Ming Chou, R.R. Seal Ii, B.S. Hemingway

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

Melanterite (FeSO₄•7H₂O)-rozenite (FeSO₄•4H₂O) and chalcanthite (CuSO₄•5H₂O)-bonattite (CuSO₄•3H₂O) equilibria were determined by humidity measurements at 0.1 MPa. Two methods were used; one is the gas-flow-cell method (between 21 and 98 °C), and the other is the humidity buffer method (between 21 and 70 °C). The first method has a larger temperature uncertainty even though it is more efficient. With the aid of humidity buffers, which correspond to a series of saturated binary salt solutions, the second method yields reliable results as demonstrated by very tight …

Reconstruction Of Hydrological Changes And Response To Effective Moisture Variations From North-Central Usa Lake Sediments, Antje Schwalb, Walter E. Dean

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

Ratios of the stable isotopes of oxygen and carbon in benthic ostracodes and marl from cores taken from two lakes in north-central Minnesota reflect Holocene hydrological and vegetation changes. Oxygen isotopes show that Williams and Shingobee Lakes, located in the same watershed but with different positions along a hydrologic gradient, were connected before 9.8 ka as part of a larger lake, Lake Willobee. From 9.8–7.7 ka, the level of Lake Willobee fell as a result of glacial retreat and increasing evaporation, leaving small separated basins. Further decreases in lake level after 7.7 ka due to increasing aridity triggered the inflow …

Derivation Of A Tasselled Cap Transformation Based On Landsat 7 At-Satellite Reflectance, C. Huang, Wylie L. Yang, Collin Homer, G. Zylstra

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

A new tasselled cap transformation based on Landsat 7 at-satellite reflectance was developed. This transformation is most appropriate for regional applications where atmospheric correction is not feasible. The brightness, greenness and wetness of the derived transformation collectively explained over 97% of the spectral variance of the individual scenes used in this study.

Strontium Isotopic Signatures Of The Streams And Lakes Of Taylor Valley, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica: Chemical Weathering In A Polar Climate, W. B. Lyons, Carmen A. Nezat, Larry V. Benson, Thomas D. Bullen, Elizabeth Y. Graham, Jesicca Kidd, Kathleen A. Welch, James M. Thomas

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

We have collected and analyzed a series of water samples from three closed-basin lakes (Lakes Bonney, Fryxell, and Hoare) in Taylor Valley, Antarctica, and the streams that flow into them. In all three lakes, the hypolimnetic waters have different ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios than the surface waters, with the deep water of Lakes Fryxell and Hoare being less radiogenic than the surface waters. The opposite occurs in Lake Bonney. The Lake Fryxell isotopic ratios are lower than modern-day ocean water and most of the whole-rock ratios of the surrounding geologic materials. A conceivable source of Sr to the system …

Organochlorine Chemical Residues In Fish From The Mississippi River Basin, 1995, C.J. Schmitt

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

µ≤≥

Fish were collected in late 1995 from 34 National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program (NCBP) stations and 13 National Water Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA) stations in the Mississippi River basin (MRB) and in late 1996 from a reference site in West Virginia. Four composite samples, each comprising (nominally) 10 adult common carp (Cyprinus carpio) or black bass (Micropterus spp.) of the same sex, were collected from each site and analyzed for organochlorine chemical residues by gas chromatography with electron capture detection. At the NCBP stations, which are located on relatively large rivers, concentrations of organochlorine chemical residues were generally lower than …

Holocene Multidecadal And Multicentennial Droughts Affecting Northern California And Nevada, Larry Benson, Michaele Kashgarian, Robert Rye, Steve Lund, Fred Paillet, Joseph Smoot, Cynthia Kester, Scott Mensing, Dave Meko, Susan Landström

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

Continuous, high-resolution δ¹⁸O records from cored sediments of Pyramid Lake, Nevada, indicate that oscillations in the hydrologic balance occurred, on average, about every 150 years (yr) during the past 7630 calendar years (cal yr). The records are not stationary; during the past 2740 yr, drought durations ranged from 20 to 100 yr and intervals between droughts ranged from 80 to 230 yr. Comparison of tree-ring-based reconstructions of climate change for the past 1200 yr from the Sierra Nevada and the El Malpais region of northwest New Mexico indicates that severe droughts associated with Anasazi withdrawal from Chaco Canyon …

Bedform Movement Recorded By Sequential Single-Beam Surveys In Tidal Rivers, R. L. Dinehart

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

A portable system for bedform-mapping was evaluated in the delta of the lower Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers, California, from 1998 to 2000.  Bedform profiles were surveyed with a two-person crew using an array of four single-beam transducers on boats about 6 m in length.  Methods for processing the bedform profiles into maps with geographic coordinates were developed for spreadsheet programs and surface-contouring software.  Straight reaches were surveyed every few days or weeks to determine locations of sand deposition, net transport directions, flow thresholds for bedform regimes, and bedform transport rates.  In one channel of unidirectional flow, the portable system …

Overview Of Hydrocarbon Production, Consumption, Reserves And Potential, At World And Local Scales, Mitchell E. Henry, Debra Higley

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

Hydrocarbon (oil and gas) production and consumption, along with remaining resources, are irregularly distributed across the world and within countries. Daily world hydrocarbon production, in 1999, was 72.6 million barrels of oil (mbo) and 232 billion cubic feet of gas (bcfg). Daily average production in 1999, for North America, was 14 mbo and 71.7 bcfg, and, for the United States, it was 8.1 mbo and 50.9 bcfg. North American average daily consumption for 1999 was 23.4 mbo and 71.5 bcfg. The United States produced 42 percent of the oil and 85 percent of the gas it consumed in 1999. Onshore …

West Nile Virus: A Threat To North American Avian Species, Robert G. Mclean

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

West Nile virus (WNV) was introduced into the United States (US), specifically in New York City (NYC), in 1999; this translocation represented a major shift out of its normal geographical distribution of Africa, the Middle East, Europe and the western parts of Asia (Center for Disease Control 1999a). The route or method of entry into the US is still unknown. WNV is in the genus Flavivirus, the family Flaviviridae and is closely related to some other viruses in this family, such as Japanese encephalitis virus in Southeast Asia, Murray Valley encephalitis virus in Australia and St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) …

A Procedural Evaluation Of An Analytic-Deliberative Process: The Columbia River Comprehensive Impact Assessment, Aimee Guglielmo Kinney, Thomas M. Leschine

United States Army Corps of Engineers, Omaha District

The U.S. Department of Energy's Columbia River Comprehensive Impact Assessment (CRCIA) was an ambitious attempt to direct its cleanup of the Hanford Nuclear Reservation toward the most significant risks to the Columbia River resulting from past plutonium production. DOE's approach was uncommonly open, including tribal, regulatory agency, and other Hanford interest group representatives on the board that was to develop the assessment approach. The CRCIA process had attributes of the ``analytic-deliberative'' process for risk assessment recommended by the National Research Council. Nevertheless, differences between the DOE and other participants over what was meant by the term ``comprehensive'' in the group's …

The Last Interglacial Period On The Pacific Coast Of North America: Timing And Paleoclimate, Daniel R. Muhs, Kathleen R. Simmons, George L. Kennedy, Thomas K. Rockwell

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

New, high-precision U-series ages of solitary corals (Balanophyllia elegans) coupled with molluscan faunal data from marine terraces on the Pacific Coast of North America yield information about the timing and warmth of the last interglacial sea-level highstand. Balanophyllia elegans takes up U in isotopic equilibrium with seawater during growth and shortly after death. Corals from the second terrace on San Clemente Island (offshore southern California), the third terrace on Punta Banda (on the Pacific Coast of northern Baja California), and the Discovery Point Formation on Isla de Guadalupe (in the Pacific Ocean offshore Baja California) date to the …

Last Interglacial Climates, George J. Kukla, Michael L. Bender, Jacques-Louis De Beaulieu, Gerard Bond, Wallace S. Broecker, Piet Cleveringa, Joyce E. Gavin, Timothy D. Herbert, John Imbrie, Jean Jouzel, Lloyd D. Keigwin, Karen-Luise Knudsen, Jerry F. Mcmanus, Josef Merkt, Daniel R. Muhs, Helmut Muller, Richard Z. Poore, Stephen C. Porter, Guy Seret, Nicholas J. Shackleton, Charles Turner, Polychronis C. Tzedakis, Isaac J. Winograd

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

The last interglacial, commonly understood as an interval with climate as warm or warmer than today, is represented by marine isotope stage (MIS) 5e, which is a proxy record of low global ice volume and high sea level. It is arbitrarily dated to begin at approximately 130,000 yr B.P. and end at 116,000 yr B.P. with the onset of the early glacial unit MIS 5d. The age of the stage is determined by correlation to uranium–thorium dates of raised coral reefs. The most detailed proxy record of interglacial climate is found in the Vostok ice core where the temperature reached …

Evidence For The Timing And Duration Of The Last Interglacial Period From High-Precision Uranium-Series Ages Of Corals On Tectonically Stable Coastlines, Daniel R. Muhs

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

The last interglacial period has a timing and duration that can be estimated from U-series dating of emergent, coral-bearing deposits on tectonically stable coastlines. High-precision dating from Bermuda, the Bahamas, Hawaii, and Australia suggests that the last interglacial period had a sea level at least as high as present from ~128,000 to 116,000 yr B.P. Sea level reached a near-present level more quickly after the close of the penultimate glacial period than at the close of the last glacial period and the duration of high sea level is longer than that implied by the deep-sea record.

Timing And Warmth Of The Last Interglacial Period: New U-Series Evidence From Hawaii And Bermuda And A New Fossil Compilation For North America, Daniel R. Muhs, Kathleen R. Simmons, Bree Steinke

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

The timing and duration of the Last Interglacial period have been controversial, with some studies suggesting a relatively short duration that is orbitally forced and others suggesting a long duration that is at most only partly related to orbital forcing. New, high-precison thermal ionization mass spectrometric (TIMS) U-series ages of Last Interglacial corals from Hawaii and Bermuda test these competing hypotheses. Waimanalo Formation corals from slowly uplifting Oahu, Hawaii range in age from ~ 134 to ~ 113 ka, with most ages between ~ 125 and ~ 115 ka. Combined with published U-series ages from nearby Lanai, the data suggest …

Radiocarbon Dating, Chronologic Framework, And Changes In Accumulation Rates Of Holocene Estuarine Sediments From Chesapeake Bay, Steven M. Colman, Pattie C. Baucom, John F. Bratton, Thomas M. Cronin, John P. Mcgeehin, Debra Willard, Andrew R. Zimmerman, Peter R. Vogt

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

Rapidly accumulating Holocene sediments in estuaries commonly are difficult to sample and date. In Chesapeake Bay, we obtained sediment cores as much as 20min length and used numerous radiocarbon ages measured by accelerator mass spectrometry methods to provide the first detailed chronologies of Holocene sediment accumulation in the bay. Carbon in these sediments is a complex mixture of materials from a variety of sources. Analyses of different components of the sediments show that total organic carbon ages are largely unreliable, because much of the carbon (including coal) has been transported to the bay from upstream sources and is older than …

Probability Of Nitrate Contamination Of Recently Recharged Groundwaters In The Conterminous United States, Bernard Nolan, Kerie Hitt, Barbara Ruddy

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

A new logistic regression (LR) model was used to predict the probability of nitrate contamination exceeding 4 mg/L in predominantly shallow, recently recharged groundwaters of the United States. The new model contains variables representing (1) N fertilizer loading (p < 0.001), (2) percent cropland-pasture (p < 0.001), (3) natural log of human population density (p < 0.001), (4) percent well-drained soils (p < 0.001), (5) depth to the seasonally high water table (p < 0.001), and (6) presence or absence of unconsolidated sand and gravel aquifers (p =0.002). Observed and average predicted probabilities associated with deciles of risk are well correlated (r² = 0.875), indicating that the LR model fits the data well. The likelihood of nitrate contamination is greater in areas with high N loading and well-drained surficial soils over unconsolidated sand and gravels. The LR model correctly predicted the status of nitrate contamination in 75% of wells in a validation data set. Considering all wells used in both calibration and …

Safety Of Brucella Abortus Strain Rb51 Vaccine In Non-Target Ungulates And Coyotes, Terry J. Kreeger, Thomas J. Deliberto, Steven C. Olsen, William H. Edwards, Walter E. Cook

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Brucellosis is endemic in free-ranging elk (Cervus elaphus) and bison (Bison bison) in the Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA; USA). It is possible that an oral brucellosis vaccine could be developed and disseminated in the GYA to reduce disease transmission. Should this occur, non-target species other than elk and bison may come in contact with the vaccine resulting in morbidity or mortality. To assess biosafety, bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis; n=10), pronghorn (Antilocapra americana; n=9), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus; n=11), moose (Alces alces shirasi; n=10), and …

Holographic Recording Of Fast Events On A Ccd Camera, Zhiwen Liu, Martin Centurion, George Panotopoulos, John Hong, Demetri Psaltis

Martin Centurion Publications

We report on holographic recording of nanosecond events on a conventional CCD camera. Three frames of an air-discharge event, with resolution of 5.9 ns and frame interval of 12 ns, are recorded in a single CCD frame. Each individual frame is reconstructed by digital filtering of the CCD frame, since successively recorded holograms are centered at different carrier frequencies in the spatial frequency domain.

Structural Transition In (C60)N Clusters, W. Branz, N. Malinowski, Axel Enders, T. P. Martin

Axel Enders Publications

The structure of (C₆₀) _n clusters (n = 1– 150) was investigated by heating them to definite temperatures in a helium bath (heating cell) with subsequent characterization in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The intensity anomalies in the resulting mass spectra reflect particularly stable configurations that resisted evaporation. However, the set of enhanced peaks (magic numbers) turned out to be temperature dependent. Clusters heated to a moderate temperature of 490 K yielded mass spectra indicating the presence of icosahedral structures that can be characterized by a set of unusually strong peaks, namely n = 13, 19, 23, 26, …

Unifying Lectures, Recitations & Laboratories As A Part Of The Humanized Physics Project, Vicki L. Plano Clark, Robert G. Fuller

Robert G. Fuller Publications

As a part of our work in the Humanized Physics Project, we have made the content of the physics laboratories the keystone of our physics content coverage. After having selected an appropriate human application of physics for the laboratory each week, we have shaped the lecture, recitation and homework assignments to support the laboratory. Our poster will provide examples from both semesters of our general physics course.