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1999

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Articles 331 - 360 of 2348

Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Measurement Of B0-B̅0 Flavor Oscillations Using Jet-Charge And Lepton Flavor Tagging In Pp̅ Collisions At √S =1.8 Tev, F. Abe, Kenneth A. Bloom, Collider Detector At Fermilab Collaboration Oct 1999

Measurement Of B0-B̅0 Flavor Oscillations Using Jet-Charge And Lepton Flavor Tagging In Pp̅ Collisions At √S =1.8 Tev, F. Abe, Kenneth A. Bloom, Collider Detector At Fermilab Collaboration

Kenneth Bloom Publications

We present a measurement of the mass difference Δmd for the B0 meson and the statistical power of the b flavor tagging methods used. The measurement uses 90 pb-1 of data from pp̅ collisions at √s =1.8 TeV collected with the CDF detector. An inclusive lepton trigger is used to collect a large sample of B hadron semileptonic decays. The mass difference Δmd is determined from the proper time dependence of the fraction of B hadrons that undergo flavor oscillations. The flavor at decay is inferred from the charge of the lepton from semileptonic …

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Collisional Dynamics Of Bi2 A(0U+). I. Quantum-Resolved Vibrational Energy Transfer For V′=0–4, Robert E. Franklin, Glen P. Perram Oct 1999

Collisional Dynamics Of Bi2 A(0U+). I. Quantum-Resolved Vibrational Energy Transfer For V′=0–4, Robert E. Franklin, Glen P. Perram

Faculty Publications

Vibrational-to-translational energy transfer between the lowest vibrational levels (v′=0–4) of the A(0+u) state of Bi2 has been investigated using spectrally resolved, laser-induced fluorescence techniques. The small vibrational spacing (ω′e≃132 cm−1) leads to highly nonadiabatic conditions, particularly for the Bi2(A)–He collision pair. However, the Δv=−1 transition probabilities for collisions with the rare gases range from 0.75% to 1.75% per collision, considerably lower than would be anticipated from standard vibrational energy transfer theory. Multiquantum (Δv′=±2) transfer rates are low, consistent with the low anharmonicity of the A(0+u) state. The rates for …

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Final Technical Report For The Enhancement Of Autonomous Marine Vehicle Testing In The South Florida Testing Facility Range, South Florida Ocean Measurement Center (Sfomc) Partners Sep 1999

Final Technical Report For The Enhancement Of Autonomous Marine Vehicle Testing In The South Florida Testing Facility Range, South Florida Ocean Measurement Center (Sfomc) Partners

Marine & Environmental Sciences Faculty Reports

The purpose of this grant was to carry out the six scientific experiments on the South Florida Testing Facility (SFTF) Range. In addition to the enhancements to the range, work was performed on all six with some being successfully completed while research continues on the long term tasks.

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Splitting Tiled Surfaces With Abelian Conformal Tiling Group, Sean A. Broughton Sep 1999

Splitting Tiled Surfaces With Abelian Conformal Tiling Group, Sean A. Broughton

Mathematical Sciences Technical Reports (MSTR)

Let p be a reflection on a closed Riemann Surface S, i.e., an anti-conformal involutary isometry of S with a non-empty fixed point subset. Let Sp denote the fixed point subset of p, which is also called the mirror of p. If S −Sp has two components, then p is called separating and we say that S splits at the mirror Sp. Otherwise p is called non-separating. We assume that the system of mirrors, Sq, as q varies over all reflections in the isometry group Aut*(S) defines a tiling of the surface, consisting of triangles. In turn, the tiling determines …

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Dini-Campanato Spaces And Applications To Nonlinear Elliptic Equations, Jay Kovats Sep 1999

Dini-Campanato Spaces And Applications To Nonlinear Elliptic Equations, Jay Kovats

Mathematics and System Engineering Faculty Publications

We generalize a result due to Campanato [C] and use this to obtain regularity results for classical solutions of fully nonlinear elliptic equations. We demonstrate this technique in two settings. First, in the simplest setting of Poisson's equation Delta u=f in B, where f is Dini continuous in B, we obtain known estimates on the modulus of continuity of second derivatives D2u in a way that does not depend on either differentiating the equation or appealing to integral representations of solutions. Second, we use this result in the concave, fully nonlinear setting F(D^2u,x)=f(x) to obtain estimates on the modulus of …

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Stochastic Functional Differential Equations On Manifolds (Conference On Probability And Geometry), Salah-Eldin A. Mohammed Sep 1999

Stochastic Functional Differential Equations On Manifolds (Conference On Probability And Geometry), Salah-Eldin A. Mohammed

Miscellaneous (presentations, translations, interviews, etc)

We prove an existence theorem for solutions of stochastic functional differential equations under smooth constraints in Euclidean space. The initial states are semimartingales on a compact Riemannian manifold. It is shown that, under suitable regularity hypotheses on the coefficients, and given an initial semimartingale, a sfde on a compact manifold admits a unique solution living on the manifold for all time. We also discuss the Chen-Souriau regularity of the solution of the sfde in the initial process. The results are joint work with Remi Leandre.

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Conformal Actions In Any Dimension, Andre Wehner, James Thomas Wheeler Sep 1999

Conformal Actions In Any Dimension, Andre Wehner, James Thomas Wheeler

All Physics Faculty Publications

Biconformal gauging of the conformal group gives a scale-invariant volume form, permitting a single form of the action to be invariant in any dimension. We display several 2n-dimensional scale-invariant polynomial actions and a dual action. We solve the field equations for the most general action linear in the curvatures for a minimal torsion geometry. In any dimension n > 2, the solution is foliated by equivalent n-dimensional Ricci-flat Riemannian space-times, and the full 2n-dimensional space is symplectic. Two fields defined entirely on the Riemannian submanifolds completely determine the solution: a metric eμα, and …

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Trace Gas Emissions From Laboratory Biomass Fires Measured By Open-Path Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy: Fires In Grass And Surface Fuels, Jon G. Goode, Robert J. Yokelson, Ronald A. Susott, Darold E. Ward Sep 1999

Trace Gas Emissions From Laboratory Biomass Fires Measured By Open-Path Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy: Fires In Grass And Surface Fuels, Jon G. Goode, Robert J. Yokelson, Ronald A. Susott, Darold E. Ward

Chemistry and Biochemistry Faculty Publications

The trace gas emissions from six biomass fires, including three grass fires, were measured using a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer coupled to an open-path, multipass cell (OP-FTIR). The quantified emissions consisted of carbon dioxide, nitric oxide, water vapor, carbon monoxide, methane, ammonia, ethylene, acetylene, isobutene, methanol, acetic acid, formic acid, formaldehyde, and hydroxyacetaldehyde. By including grass fires in this study we have now measured smoke composition from fires in each major vegetation class. The emission ratios of the oxygenated compounds, formaldehyde, methanol, and acetic acid, were 1–2% of CO in the grass fires, similar to our other laboratory and …

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Stellar Masses, Kinematics, And White Dwarf Composition For Three Close Da+Dme Binaries, Stephane Vennes, John R. Thorstensen, Elisha F. Polomski Sep 1999

Stellar Masses, Kinematics, And White Dwarf Composition For Three Close Da+Dme Binaries, Stephane Vennes, John R. Thorstensen, Elisha F. Polomski

Dartmouth Scholarship

We determine the mass functions and mass ratios for three close white dwarf plus red dwarf binaries (EUVE J0720-317, 1016-053, and 2013+400). Hubble Space Telescope Goddard High-Resolution Spectrograph spectra of the He II λ1640 and C IV λ1550 spectral lines trace the white dwarf orbital motion, and Hamilton Spectrograph echelle spectra (Lick Observatory) and lower dispersion spectra trace the red dwarf orbital motion. The data sets allow us to measure orbital periods and velocities, as well as the white dwarf gravitational redshifts. The red dwarf and white dwarf mass estimates obtained from a combination of independent mass measurements for the …

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Hubble Space Telescope/Faint Object Spectrograph Spectroscopy Of Spatially Resolved Narrow-Line Regions In The Seyfert 2 Galaxies Ngc 2110 And Ngc 5929, Pierre Ferruit, Andrew S. Wilson, Mark Whittle, Chris Simpson, John S. Mulchaey, Gary J. Ferland Sep 1999

Hubble Space Telescope/Faint Object Spectrograph Spectroscopy Of Spatially Resolved Narrow-Line Regions In The Seyfert 2 Galaxies Ngc 2110 And Ngc 5929, Pierre Ferruit, Andrew S. Wilson, Mark Whittle, Chris Simpson, John S. Mulchaey, Gary J. Ferland

Physics and Astronomy Faculty Publications

We present the results of UV and optical Hubble Space Telescope/Faint Object Spectrograph spectroscopy of bright, extranuclear regions of line emission in the Seyfert galaxies NGC 2110 and NGC 5929. We have obtained spectra of the brightest region of the ``nuclear jet'' of NGC 2110 (75 pc from the nucleus) and of the southwest emission-line cloud of NGC 5929 (90 pc from the nucleus), in the G130H (1090-1605 Å), G190H (1570-2310 Å), G400H (3235-4780 Å), and G570H (4570-6820 Å) configurations. The observed line ratios are compared with the predictions of the two component (matter- and ionization-bounded, MB-IB), central source …

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Large‐Scale Power Spectrum And Cosmological Parameters From Sfi Peculiar Velocities, Wolfram Freudling, Idit Zehavi, Luiz N. Da Costa, Avishai Dekel, Amiram Eldar, Riccardo Giovanelli, Martha P. Haynes, John J. Salzer, Gary Wegner, Saleem Zaroubi Sep 1999

Large‐Scale Power Spectrum And Cosmological Parameters From Sfi Peculiar Velocities, Wolfram Freudling, Idit Zehavi, Luiz N. Da Costa, Avishai Dekel, Amiram Eldar, Riccardo Giovanelli, Martha P. Haynes, John J. Salzer, Gary Wegner, Saleem Zaroubi

Dartmouth Scholarship

We estimate the power spectrum of mass density fluctuations from peculiar velocities of galaxies by applying an improved maximum likelihood technique to the new all-sky SFI catalog. Parametric models are used for the power spectrum and the errors, and the free parameters are determined by assuming Gaussian velocity fields and errors and maximizing the probability of the data given the model. It has been applied to generalized cold dark matter (CDM) models with and without COBE normalization. The method has been carefully tested using artificial SFI catalogs. The most likely distance errors are found to be similar to the original …

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Micromagnetics Simulation Of Nanoshaped Iron Elements: Comparison With Experiment, Ngocnga Dao, S. R. Homer, Scott L. Whittenburg Sep 1999

Micromagnetics Simulation Of Nanoshaped Iron Elements: Comparison With Experiment, Ngocnga Dao, S. R. Homer, Scott L. Whittenburg

Chemistry and Biochemistry Faculty Publications

A micromagnetics simulation has been conducted on nanostructured magnetic elements of iron in order to investigate the effect of the shape of the element on magnetic properties, such as domain formation and hysteresis loops. These results are compared with recent experimental studies. The results display an impressive agreement with both the experimentally observed magnetic domains in individual particles as well as the shape of the hysteresis loops. The simulation results then explain features in the hysteresis loops in terms of vortice formation and motion.

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Efficient Simulation Via Validation And Application Of An External Analytical Model, Thomas H. Irish Sep 1999

Efficient Simulation Via Validation And Application Of An External Analytical Model, Thomas H. Irish

Theses and Dissertations

This research makes significant contributions towards improving the efficiency of simulation studies using an external analytical model. The foundation for this research is the analytical control variate (ACV) method. The ACV method can produce significant variance reduction, but the resulting point estimate may exhibit bias. A Monte Carlo sampling method for resolving the bias problem is developed and demonstrated through a queueing network example. The method requires knowledge of the parameters and approximate distributions of the random variables used to produce the ACV. Often, some of these parameters or distributions are not known. Both parametric and non-parametric alternatives to the …

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We Forum, Vol Xxiii No. 21 - Sep. 13-19, 1999, Jose Burgos, Jr. Sep 1999

We Forum, Vol Xxiii No. 21 - Sep. 13-19, 1999, Jose Burgos, Jr.

We Forum

No abstract provided.

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Search For R-Parity Violating Supersymmetry Using Like-Sign Dielectrons In Pp̅ Collisions At √S = 1.8 Tev, F. Abe, Kenneth A. Bloom, Collider Detector At Fermilab Collaboration Sep 1999

Search For R-Parity Violating Supersymmetry Using Like-Sign Dielectrons In Pp̅ Collisions At √S = 1.8 Tev, F. Abe, Kenneth A. Bloom, Collider Detector At Fermilab Collaboration

Kenneth Bloom Publications

We present a search for like-sign dielectron plus multijet events using 107 pb-1 of data in pp̅ collisions at √s =1.8 TeV collected in 1992–1995 by the CDF experiment. Finding no events that pass our selection, we set σ X BR limits on two supersymmetric processes that can produce this experimental signature: gluino-gluino or squark-antisquark production with R-parity violating decays of the charm squark or lightest neutralino via a nonzero λ′121 coupling. We compare our results to the next-to-leading order calculations for gluino and squark production cross sections and set lower limits on M (g̃), M (t̃ …

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Trends. Social Cognition And Global Warming, Ibpp Editor Sep 1999

Trends. Social Cognition And Global Warming, Ibpp Editor

International Bulletin of Political Psychology

The article discusses the validity of global warming and on putative causes of the discourse and--if ontologically valid--of global warming, one might entertain the social psychology of how people might address a global environmental threat.

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Reconstructing The Conformal Mode In Simplicial Gravity, Simon Catterall, Emil Mottola Sep 1999

Reconstructing The Conformal Mode In Simplicial Gravity, Simon Catterall, Emil Mottola

Physics - All Scholarship

We verify that summing 2D DT geometries correctly reproduces the Polyakov action for the conformal mode, including all ghost contributions, at large volumes. The Gaussian action is reproduced even for central charges greater than one lending strong support to the hypothesis that the space of all possible dyamical triangulations approximates well the space of physically distinct metrics independent of the precise nature of the matter coupling.

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Scaling Effect On Statistical Behavior Of Switching Parameters Of Ferroelectric Capacitors, Alexei Gruverman Sep 1999

Scaling Effect On Statistical Behavior Of Switching Parameters Of Ferroelectric Capacitors, Alexei Gruverman

Alexei Gruverman Publications

Scanning force microscopy (SFM) has been used to study nanoscale variations in switching parameters in layered perovskite films of SrBi2Ta2O9 and to investigate the effect of capacitor scaling on the standard deviation of the capacitors’ integral polarization signal. Ferroelectric poling and SFM piezoresponse imaging were performed in a number of regions on the film surface sized 2x2, 1x1, 0.5x0.5, and 0.3x0.3 μm2 with subsequent statistical analysis of the obtained data. It has been found that variations of the polarization signal can be approximated by the normal distribution function. The standard deviation increases with the …

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Valuation Of Tree Aesthetics On Small Urban-Interface Properties, Richard Thompson, Richard Hanna, Jay Noel, Douglas D. Piirto Sep 1999

Valuation Of Tree Aesthetics On Small Urban-Interface Properties, Richard Thompson, Richard Hanna, Jay Noel, Douglas D. Piirto

Natural Resources Management and Environmental Sciences

A model was developed to predict the value contribution of forest condition on small urban-wildland interface properties. Sample data were collected on property transactions in the Lake Tahoe Basin of California between 1990 and 1994. A variant of the stand density index (SDI) and a tree health measure were added to a list of traditional property characteristics (i.e., location, house size, lot size) to express the influence of tree care on property value. These aesthetic characteristics were statistically significant despite the expected dominant influence of the traditional characteristics. Values for the forest density and health characteristics were estimated and reveal …

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Pollution Prevention: Factors Behind Toxic Release Reduction In The U.S. Paper Industry, John P. Tiefenbacher, William D. Solecki Sep 1999

Pollution Prevention: Factors Behind Toxic Release Reduction In The U.S. Paper Industry, John P. Tiefenbacher, William D. Solecki

RISK: Health, Safety & Environment (1990-2002)

Drs. Tiefenbacher and Solecki analyze the factors associated with, and influential in, the reduction of toxic releases in the U.S. paper industry.

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Neutron Resonance Spectroscopy Of 103rh From 30 Ev To 2 Kev, D A. Smith, J D. Bowman, Bret E. Crawford, C A. Grossmann, T Haseyama, A Masaike, Y Matsuda, G E. Mitchell, S I. Penttila, N R. Roberson, S J. Seestrom, E I. Sharapov, Sharon L. Stephenson, V W. Yuan Sep 1999

Neutron Resonance Spectroscopy Of 103rh From 30 Ev To 2 Kev, D A. Smith, J D. Bowman, Bret E. Crawford, C A. Grossmann, T Haseyama, A Masaike, Y Matsuda, G E. Mitchell, S I. Penttila, N R. Roberson, S J. Seestrom, E I. Sharapov, Sharon L. Stephenson, V W. Yuan

Physics and Astronomy Faculty Publications

Neutron resonances in 103Rh have been measured for neutron energies from 30 to 2000 eV using the time-of-flight method and the (n,γ) reaction. The rhodium resonance spectroscopy is essential for the analysis of parity violation measurements recently performed on neutron resonances in 103Rh. Neutron scattering and radiative widths were determined, and orbital angular momentum assignments made with a Bayesian analysis. The s-wave and p-wave strength functions and average level spacings were determined.

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Wright State University College Of Engineering And Computer Science Bits And Pcs Newsletter, Volume 15, Number 7, September 1999, College Of Engineering And Computer Science, Wright State University Sep 1999

Wright State University College Of Engineering And Computer Science Bits And Pcs Newsletter, Volume 15, Number 7, September 1999, College Of Engineering And Computer Science, Wright State University

BITs and PCs Newsletter

A ten page newsletter created by the Wright State University College of Engineering and Computer Science that addresses the current affairs of the college.

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Parity Violation In Neutron Resonances Of 103rh, D A. Smith, J D. Bowman, Bret E. Crawford, C A. Grossmann, T Haseyama, A Masaike, Y Matsuda, G E. Mitchell, S I. Penttila, N R. Roberson, S J. Seestrom, E I. Sharapov, Sharon L. Stephenson, V W. Yuan Sep 1999

Parity Violation In Neutron Resonances Of 103rh, D A. Smith, J D. Bowman, Bret E. Crawford, C A. Grossmann, T Haseyama, A Masaike, Y Matsuda, G E. Mitchell, S I. Penttila, N R. Roberson, S J. Seestrom, E I. Sharapov, Sharon L. Stephenson, V W. Yuan

Physics and Astronomy Faculty Publications

Parity nonconservation (PNC) was studied in p-wave neutron resonances of 103Rh in the neutron energy range 30 to 490 eV. The helicity dependence of the neutron total cross section of rhodium was determined by capture measurements with the time-of-flight method at the Manuel Lujan Neutron Scattering Center at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. A total of 32 p-wave resonances were studied and statistically significant longitudinal asymmetries were observed for resonances at En=44.5, 110.8, 321.6, and 432.9 eV. A statistical analysis treating the PNC matrix elements as random variables yields a weak spreading widthΓw=(1.42-0.59+1.21 …

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Results Of The Improved Soil Management & Cropping Systems For Waterlog-Prone Soils Project, Derk Bakker, G J. Hamilton, Peter I. Tipping, Cliff Spann, Doug Rowe Sep 1999

Results Of The Improved Soil Management & Cropping Systems For Waterlog-Prone Soils Project, Derk Bakker, G J. Hamilton, Peter I. Tipping, Cliff Spann, Doug Rowe

Resource management technical reports

No abstract provided.

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Final Intrinsic Remediation, Engineering Evaluation/Cost Analysis Addendum For Ust Site 870, Hill Air Force Base, Ogden, Utah, Parsons Engineering Science, Inc. Sep 1999

Final Intrinsic Remediation, Engineering Evaluation/Cost Analysis Addendum For Ust Site 870, Hill Air Force Base, Ogden, Utah, Parsons Engineering Science, Inc.

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

This report was prepared for the Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence (AFCEE) by Parsons Engineering Science, Inc. (parsons ES) as an update to the Final Intrinsic Remediation Engineering Evaluation/Cost Analysis (EE/CA) for Underground Storage Tank (UST) Site 870, Hill Air Force Base (AFB), Utah (parsons ES, 1995). The EE/CA was conducted to evaluate the use of intrinsic remediation with long-term monitoring (LTM) for remediation of fuel hydrocarbon contamination dissolved in groundwater at UST Site 870. This update summarizes the results of the third sampling event performed as part of longterm groundwater monitoring at the site. This sampling was conducted …

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Illinois River 1998 Nutrient And Suspended Sediment Loads At Arkansas Highway 59 Bridge, Marc A. Nelson, Thomas S. Soerens Sep 1999

Illinois River 1998 Nutrient And Suspended Sediment Loads At Arkansas Highway 59 Bridge, Marc A. Nelson, Thomas S. Soerens

Arkansas Water Resources Center Technical Reports

Automatic water samplers and a U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) gauging station were established in 1995 on the main stem of the Illinois River at the Arkansas Highway 59 Bridge. Since that time, continuous stage and discharge measurements and water quality sampling have been used to determine pollutant concentrations and loads in the Arkansas portion of the Illinois River. This report represents the results from the measurement and sampling for January 1, 1998 to December 31, 1998.

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Moolapheonoides Utmas, New Species, From Coral Reefs In The Madang Lagoon, Papua New Guinea (Amphipoda, Cyproideidae), James Darwin Thomas Sep 1999

Moolapheonoides Utmas, New Species, From Coral Reefs In The Madang Lagoon, Papua New Guinea (Amphipoda, Cyproideidae), James Darwin Thomas

Marine & Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles

Moolapheonoides utmas, new species, is described from coral reefs at Madang, Papua New Guinea. M. utmas differs from other species in the genus by the large tooth-cusp projecting posteroventrally on article 2 of pereopod 7 and the lower dorsal crest of the urosome. It shares an unusual dorsolateral bulbous projection of pereonite segments 3 and 4 with other cyproideid species Hoplopohoenoides obessa Shoemaker from Florida, and Naraphoenoides mullaya Barnard from Australia. Identification keys for the genus Moolaphoenoides are presented and relationships to other genera in the family are discussed.

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Maximum Temperature Trends In The Himalaya And Its Vicinity: An Analysis Based On Temperature Records From Nepal For The Period 1971–94, Arun B. Shrestha, Cameron P. Wake, Paul A. Mayewski, Jack E. Dibb Sep 1999

Maximum Temperature Trends In The Himalaya And Its Vicinity: An Analysis Based On Temperature Records From Nepal For The Period 1971–94, Arun B. Shrestha, Cameron P. Wake, Paul A. Mayewski, Jack E. Dibb

Earth Sciences

Analyses of maximum temperature data from 49 stations in Nepal for the period 1971–94 reveal warming trends after 1977 ranging from 0.068 to 0.128C yr21 in most of the Middle Mountain and Himalayan regions, while the Siwalik and Terai (southern plains) regions show warming trends less than 0.038C yr21. The subset of records (14 stations) extending back to the early 1960s suggests that the recent warming trends were preceded by similar widespread cooling trends. Distributions of seasonal and annual temperature trends show high rates of warming in the high-elevation regions of the country (Middle Mountains and Himalaya), while low warming …

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A Simplified Model Of Wound Healing (With Particular Reference To The Critical Size Defect), J. A. Adam Sep 1999

A Simplified Model Of Wound Healing (With Particular Reference To The Critical Size Defect), J. A. Adam

Mathematics & Statistics Faculty Publications

This paper is an attempt to construct a simple mathematical model of wound healing/tissue regeneration which reproduces some of the known qualitative features of those phenomena. It does not address the time development of the wound in any way, but does examine conditions (e.g., wound size) under which such healing may occur. Two related one-dimensional models are examined here. The first, and simpler of the two corresponds to a "swath" of tissue (or more realistically in this case, bone) removed from an infinite plane of tissue in which only a thin band of tissue at the wound edges takes part …

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Summary Of Historical Information Relevant To The Hydrobiological Monitoring Of The Lower Peace River And Upper Charlotte Harbor Estuarine System, Pbs&J, Inc. Sep 1999

Summary Of Historical Information Relevant To The Hydrobiological Monitoring Of The Lower Peace River And Upper Charlotte Harbor Estuarine System, Pbs&J, Inc.

Reports

This review is focused on the relationship between plankton communities in Upper Charlotte Harbor and changes in freshwater flows that might result from Peace River water withdrawals. There are lour mechanisms by which freshwater withdrawals from the Peace River could influence plankton communities within the Lower Peace River and Upper Charlotte Harbor estuarine system. The first mechanism would involve removing enough water to cause the geographical location of mean isohalines to shift. If the locations shifted enough that isohalines lie over areas with different physical or biological habitats than the areas currently occupied, a significant biological effect might result. The …

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