Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

The Boston Harbor Cleanup, Paul F. Levy, Michael S. Connor

New England Journal of Public Policy

Boston Harbor earned a widespread reputation as "the dirtiest harbor in the nation" during the 1988 presidential campaign. Well before that campaign began, though, efforts were under way to reduce the amount of pollution entering the harbor. The Massachusetts Water Resources Authority was created in 1985 to undertake a massive public works program — including construction of a 1.3 billion-gallon-per-day sewage treatment plant and a sludge fertilizer processing plant — to end the decades-old practice of dumping sewage wastes into the ocean. The program will also cause water and sewer charges to rise dramatically during a fifteen-year period.

The project …

Risk Estimation And Expert Judgment: The Case Of Yucca Mountain, Kristin Shrader-Frechette

RISK: Health, Safety & Environment (1990-2002)

Professor Shrader-Frechette discusses factors responsible for acute disagreement between the federal government and Nevada citizens over potential Risks at Yucca Mountain and focuses on the use of expert judgment, concluding that some of them appear to exemplify "bad science." That aside, she argues that 1,000 year predictions cannot be made from current knowledge of geology or, e.g., institutional behavior and concludes that permanent disposal of radioactive waste is currently impossible.

Testing The Role Of Technical Information In Public Risk Perception, Branden B. Johnson, Peter M. Sandman, Paul Miller

RISK: Health, Safety & Environment (1990-2002)

It is widely believed that more detail about health effects and likely exposure routes is apt to reduce citizens' concerns about low-probability Risks. The authors' study suggests that providing such detail may not be as useful as, e.g., addressing public concerns and keeping citizens current on officials' actions.

Book Review, Peter C. Christensen

RISK: Health, Safety & Environment (1990-2002)

Review of: MARY R. ENGLISH, SITING LOW-LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTE DISPOSAL FACILITIES: THE PUBLIC POLICY DILEMMA. (Quorum Books 1992) [278 pp.], Appendices, index, introduction, references. LC-91-42774; ISBN 0-89930-560-1. [$49.95 cloth. One Madison Avenue, New York NY 10010.]

Identifying Chemical Hazards For Regulation: The Scientific Basis And Regulatory Scope Of California's Proposition 65 List Of Carcinogens And Reproductive Toxicants, William S. Pease

RISK: Health, Safety & Environment (1990-2002)

Noting that the Proposition 65 list has become an authoritative source for hazard identification, Dr. Pease examines its legislative, regulatory and scientific origins. After analyzing the California approach, he offers suggestions for better selection of future regulatory targets.

Growth Of U.S. Ecotourism And Its Future In The 1990s, Todd Mccamy

Hospitality Review

Ecotourism, a new term for low-impact nature travel, is receiving increasing attention. The author has researched the development of the U.S. ecotourism market from 1980-1989 in order to obtain data on the growth of this market segment. Factors involved in the growth of the U.S. ecotourism market are then examined in order to project the growth of this maeket during the 1990's.

Tourism Management Profiles: Implications For Tourism Education, Robert M. O'Halloran

Hospitality Review

Studies of state tourism directors and convention and visitor bureau directors show that there is a need for organized tourism management educations. The author discusses these studies and how they can be used in the development of tourism management education.

Stubble Retention For Control Of Wind Erosion, Dan Carter, Paul Findlater, Steve Porritt

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

The surest way to control wind erosion in continuous cropping systems is to retain stubble. Over the past ten years, Western Australian research has focused on the amounts of stubble needed to prevent that erosion.

How Stubble Affects Organic Matter, Plants And Animals In The Soil, Judy Tisdall

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

Cereal yields have not increased greatly in Australia over the past 30 years and they are still only about half the potential determined by rainfall. One of the reasons for these low yields is our fragile soils, worsened by traditional systems of tillage and the burning of stubble. These systems reduce the levels of organic matter and biological activity in soil

How Arsenic Residues Get In Wool, Tony Martin, Robin Jacob, Marion Davies, Peter Rutherford

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

Wool can become contaminated with arsenic in various ways, and several different sources may each contribute to any individual arsenic residue problem.

• dipping sheep in an arsenical dip ( now illegal),

• dipping sheep in a non-arsenical dip in a contaminated dipping facility

• penning sheep on soil with high levels of arsenic before shearing.

Other possible sources include running sheep on land contaminated by gold mine tailings or exploration sites, and allowing sheep access to sites on the farm where arsenical compounds have been dumped, for example, rubbish dumps or sites where dip/sump sludge has been dumped.

Farmers …

The Role Of Earthworms In Western Australian Agriculture, Tom Mccredie, Lex Parker

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

Earthworms have a reputation as soil builders and renovators, particularly among 'organic' farmers and gardeners. They improve soil fertility through increased aeration, aggregation, water infiltration and release of nutrients from organic matter. However, the benefits of earthworms in the wheatbelt have been doubted for many years because of their poor survival in cultivated soils.

Since cropping began in the Western Auslmlian whealbelt over 1OO years ago, the physical condition of many soils has deteriorated. The primary causes of soil degradation were the European cultivation practices used by farmers and the trampling effect of introduced animals. in particular, sheep.

Water Quality In Minnesota

Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science

Abstracts of articles on water quality in Minnesota.

Front Matter, Coalition For Education In The Outdoors (Ceo)

Research in Outdoor Education

The Coalition for Education in the Outdoors initiated a Research Task Force in 1990 with the purpose of supporting the conduct of research in the field and the dissemination of the results. The Symposium at Bradford Woods and these proceedings offer evidence of the success of this task force. At the 1992 Symposium, there was general agreement that the symposium be a regular occurrence. Information on future events will be available through the Coalition Office.

This article includes the Editors and Research Committee for Volume 1 as well as the Table of Contents.

Research In Outdoor Education: Individual And Personal Growth, Simon Priest

Research in Outdoor Education

This article contains the text of a keynote presentation at the Inaugural Symposium at Bradford Woods, January 1992, which focused on research into individual and personal growth through outdoor education.

Summary Of The Human/Environmental Interaction Discussion, Karla Henderson, Lisa V. Bardwell

Research in Outdoor Education

Summarizes the group discussion held following Bardwell's keynote on The Restorative Experience and Outdoor Education.

A Bigger Piece Of The Puzzle: The Restorative Experience And Outdoor Education, Lisa V. Bardwell

Research in Outdoor Education

This article contains the text of a keynote presentation at the Inaugural Symposium for Research in Outdoor Education at Bradford Woods, January 1992. The presentation focused on outdoor education as a restorative experience.

Summary Of Individual/Personal Growth Discussion, Simon Priest, Alan Ewert

Research in Outdoor Education

Summarizes the group discussion held following Priest's keynote on Individual and Personal Growth.

Research In Outdoor Education: Group Development And Group Dynamics, Leo H. Mcavoy, Denise S. Mitten, James P. Steckart, L. Alison Stringer

Research in Outdoor Education

This article contains the text of a keynote presentation at the Inaugural Symposium for Research in Outdoor Education at Bradford Woods, January 1992,. The presentation focused on the development of positive group dynamics.

Summary Of Group Development/ Group Dynamics Discussion, Leo H. Mcavoy, Anderson B. Young

Research in Outdoor Education

Summarizes the group discussion held following the keynote on group development and group dynamics.

Summary Of Therapeutic Uses Discussion, Michael Gass

Research in Outdoor Education

Summarizes the group discussion held following the keynote on therapeutic outdoor recreation.

Therapeutic Uses Of Adventure-Challenge-Outdoor-Wilderness: Theory And Research, H. Lee Gillis

Research in Outdoor Education

This article contains the text of a keynote presentation at the Inaugural Symposium at Bradford Woods, January 1992, which focused on research into therapeutic recreation.

Fear In Outdoor Education: The Influence Of Gender And Program, Anderson B. Young, Alan Ewert

Research in Outdoor Education

Using the Situational Fear Inventory, outdoor course participants identified the degree to which they experienced social-based and physical-based anxieties at the beginning, middle, and end of their course. Levels of social-based fears were higher and more resistant to modification. Females expressed higher levels of fears. Most fears were reduced significantly through program participation.

Optimal Experience Among Campers In A Resident Camp Setting, M. Deborah Bialeschki, Karla A. Henderson

Research in Outdoor Education

The purpose of this exploratory study was to assess optimal experience, also known as "flow" and "quality of experience," in a resident camp setting. Campers from a private coeducational children's camp in the southeastern United States were asked to record descriptions of their involvement, attitudes, and feelings during randomly selected times during two camp sessions in 1991. The research questions addressed were: How do experiences associated with a quality of experience and flow occur in the resident camp setting? How frequently do they occur? What implications does an understanding of flow have for providing better camp experience.,? Based on this …

Outcomes Of Adventure Program Participation By Adolescents Involved In Psychiatric Treatment, Jeffrey P. Witman

Research in Outdoor Education

This study investigated selected outcomes of adventure program participation by adolescents involved with psychiatric treatment. This study was one component of a larger study of adventure outcomes among adolescents in treatment A random (N=42) sample of program participants at 12 sites (hospitals, treatment centers) were involved. The participants were asked a week after their involvement in adventure experiences, to indicate the extent to which they had shared information about the adventure experience with others and bad applied attitudes and skills gained in the program. The findings suggested that adolescents in treatment talk about the adventure experience and apply it in …

Neuroendocrine Reactivity During The Naturalistic Stress Of An Outward Bound Course, Camille J. Bunting, Cynthia Kuhn, Redford B. Williams

Research in Outdoor Education

Recent studies have found that subjects with high hostility propensity have greater catecholamine (CA) and cortisol (Cf) levels during laboratory stressors. The present investigation sought to determine if similar patterns would be found in the naturalistic setting of an Outward Bound experience, and if high versus low aerobic fitness would influence CA and CT levels in this setting. Sixty-six individuals volunteered for the study from participants who had registered for a nine-day 'adult intensive' Outward Bound course. Thirty-one subjects were selected from those who volunteered. The Cook-Medley Hostility Inventory was completed by each subject prior to arriving for their course …

Psychological Rationale For Adventure Therapy With Hospitalized Adolescents, H. Lee Gillis, Alan Williams, Helen Hollis

Research in Outdoor Education

Inpatient and residential therapeutic programs for adolescents are often fairly generic in format relying heavily on traditional, insight-Oriented approaches to treatment without regard to how the intellectual functioning of the adolescent might impact upon therapeutic effectiveness. This study examined the WISC-R profiles of two treatment populations and presented a theoretical rationale for using adventure based treatment based upon the participants performance on verbal and performance subscales. It is hoped that the article might be used to help justify the implementation of adventure therapy in psychiatric treatment facilities and lead to further research to test the proposed hypotheses.

Outdoor Leadership: A Question Of Vision And Ethics, Karen M. Fox, Leo H. Mcavoy

Research in Outdoor Education

Outdoor education increasingly includes programs for youth-at-risk, multi-cultural groups, battered women, and other special populations. The diversity of such groups and their needs and expectations place additional demands upon the outdoor leader. "Good judgement" on a trip with seniors may not be identical to "good judgement" on a trip with youth-at-risk; group exercises appropriate for young males of color may be inappropriate for women who have been abused. The diverse populations and situations will require outdoor leaders to become more self-aware, reflective, and sensitive to culture, race, and gender differences (Greenleaf, 1970; Shapiro, 1988; Terry, 1988). Resolving conflicts and ethical …

Phenomenological Study Of Wilderness Experience And Human Development, Maurice Legault

Research in Outdoor Education

This study is aimed at better understanding the phenomenon of interaction between the individual and the natural environment from a human development perspective. It is a qualitative study focusing on the scientific study of the human experience in a natural environment The main theoretical context for this study is that of phenomenology (Husserl, 1859-1938), from which stems phenomenological psychology, whose founder Giorgi (1931- ) defined it as being the study of phenomena as experienced by enlightened human beings, and the research methods for the study of these phenomena (Giorgi, 1983). The focus is thus the Lebenswelt, which in Husserlian terminology …

The Adventure-Based Counselor As A Group Counselor, Jaclyn S. Gerstein

Research in Outdoor Education

Through the use of a group counseling format in conjunction with the adventme activities, participants in the growing number of adventure-based counseling programs are gaining a better understanding of the consequences of their behavior patterns. The purpose of this investigation was to identify those group counseling skills relevant to adventure based counseling. The subjects were the supervisors and counselors from the adventure based programs. Participants were asked to respond to a mailed questionnaire. 'fh1ough this investigation, those skills relevant to adventure.-based counseling were identified. The investigation was designed to take the first steps in examining adventure -based counseling as a …

The Impact Of A Corporate Adventure Program, William J. Quinn, Robert Vogl

Research in Outdoor Education

Corporations continue to use adventure challenge activities to create or enhance a sense of cohesion, or team, within their corporate culture. The purpose of this study was to document the perceived benefits of an "Adventure Challenge" program on a _short term basis. The program was designed to meet specific expectations held by high ranking employees of an international accounting firm. The goals for the program were developed in consultation with instructional designers and their superiors responS1ole for the finns' training and devel<>J>ment This paper reports on efforts t.o document the impact of an adventure challenge program integrated into …