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Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Climate Assemblies: Lessons Learned And Results From Around The World And Washington State, Laura Berry, John Cambalik, Ed Chadd, Michael Chang, Derek Hoshiko, Brandon Letsinger Apr 2022

Climate Assemblies: Lessons Learned And Results From Around The World And Washington State, Laura Berry, John Cambalik, Ed Chadd, Michael Chang, Derek Hoshiko, Brandon Letsinger

Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference

Citizens’ assemblies are an increasingly widespread form of democratic engagement and solution-finding. Assemblies convened specifically to address the climate crisis have taken place around the world, including in Australia, Great Britain, Belgium, Poland, and France. France’s recent “Convention Citoyenne Pour Le Climat,” focused on reducing carbon emissions, led President Macron to pledge to adopt and fund 146 out of 149 policy recommendations. The Washington Climate Assembly (WA Climate Assembly) was initiated and funded by a group of volunteers, organized as People’s Voice on Climate. The nation’s first citizens’ assembly on this critical issue, the WA Climate Assembly brought together 77 …

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Opening Plenary, Scott Redman, Ginny Broadhurst, Cecilia Gobin, Patti Gobin, Christianne Wilhelmson, Dr. Kathryn L. Sobocinski, Dr. Isobel Pearsall Apr 2022

Opening Plenary, Scott Redman, Ginny Broadhurst, Cecilia Gobin, Patti Gobin, Christianne Wilhelmson, Dr. Kathryn L. Sobocinski, Dr. Isobel Pearsall

Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference

Welcome from Conference Organizers Scott Redman, Executive Chair Cecilia Gobin, Program Co-Chair Julie Watson, Program Co-Chair Fran Wilshusen, Program Co-Chair Christianne Wilhelmson, Program Co-Chair Ginny Broadhurst, Salish Sea Institute Coast Salish Welcome Cecilia Gobin, Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission Coast Salish Perspectives on the Last 150 years Patti Gobin, Tulalip Tribes Patti Gobin has over 25 years of Community Development experience with the Tulalip Tribes. Presently, she is with the Natural Resource Treaty Rights office working with state, local and federal agencies regarding those issues that impact the life ways of the Tulalip Tribes. In addition to her years of experience, …

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Investigating Transfer Of Energy Concepts Learned In Physics To Biology Contexts, Brittany Mureno, Eric Mckenzie May 2020

Investigating Transfer Of Energy Concepts Learned In Physics To Biology Contexts, Brittany Mureno, Eric Mckenzie

Scholars Week

Problem solving interviews were used to investigate student understanding of energy concepts in a biology course for preservice K-8 teachers. Interview subjects constructed an energy-based explanation for a biology scenario. Subjects had previously taken a physics course in which an energy-based model for interactions had been developed. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed to identify common themes in student reasoning. These themes describe discipline-specific understanding, but also cut across disciplines, providing insight into how learners make sense of energy as a unifying concept.

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Uniform Dispersion Of Nanoparticles In Pmma Waveguides For Luminescent Solar Concentrators, Daniel Korus May 2020

Uniform Dispersion Of Nanoparticles In Pmma Waveguides For Luminescent Solar Concentrators, Daniel Korus

Scholars Week

With the rise of emissions-related climate change, novel renewable energy sources must be realized. At the same time, evolution of the electric distribution grid away from traditionally large, centralized producers toward smaller, decentralized sources drives the need for next generation technologies that can be more readily integrated into the built environment. Nanocrystal (NC)-doped luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) are waveguides that absorb diffuse and direct broadband sunlight across their surface and direct narrow-bandwidth, high-brightness light to their edges, for conversion into electricity by coupled, bandgap-matched, photovoltaic (PV) cells. LSCs are insensitive to incident light orientation, partial shading, and can be integrated …

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Modeling Park Visitation Using Transformations Of Distance-Type Predictor Variables With Lasso, Ashley Hall May 2020

Modeling Park Visitation Using Transformations Of Distance-Type Predictor Variables With Lasso, Ashley Hall

Scholars Week

We examine three common transformations (identity, fourth-root, and log) to determine the most suitable transformation for evaluating the importance of certain common features surrounding the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area (TCMA) city parks on park visitation. The distances between these features and city parks are approximately exponentially distributed by noting that their relative locations closely follow the spatial Poisson process. Because a fourth-root transformation improves the normality of exponential random variables, we verify that the fourth-root transformation is considered best by comparing correlation coefficients of the fourth-rooted data to the untransformed and log-transformed data via simulation. Using the TCMA city parks …

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Calibration Optimization Of A Stream Temperature Model Applied To The Nooksack River, Ian Edgar May 2020

Calibration Optimization Of A Stream Temperature Model Applied To The Nooksack River, Ian Edgar

Scholars Week

The River Basin Model (RBM) is used to assess how stream temperatures will change in the Nooksack River due to warming climates by tracking heat exchanges along stream segments. Before modeling forecasted climate scenarios, I first calibrated the model to observed historical stream temperatures. The calibration of the RBM to a stream network involves the adjustment of eleven different variables until the simulated temperatures match observed historical stream temperatures. Because the manual process of calibrating the model is extremely time consuming, I developed a Python script to converge on the optimal variables required for the RBM calibration. The script adjusts …

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Microplastic Monitoring In Richardsonius Balteatus From Ross Lake, Wa, Sarah Vanlandingham, Anne Fuenzalida May 2020

Microplastic Monitoring In Richardsonius Balteatus From Ross Lake, Wa, Sarah Vanlandingham, Anne Fuenzalida

Scholars Week

Recent work has shown that microplastics are present in glaciers. This is a concern for water bodies such as Ross Lake (WA) where glacier runoff may transport the microplastics into the watershed and be available to aquatic organisms. Currently there is no evaluation of how organism storage methods may impact microplastic recovery. In this study microplastic type and color in whole body Richardsonius balteatus (redside shiners) from Ross Lake were counted. Fish were collected from Ross Lake on July 6th, 2019. Approximately half of the samples were stored in ethanol and the remainder on ice. Characteristics including color and type …

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Submonolayer Nucleation In Ultrathin Liquid Films: Scaling Properties And The Effects Of The Critical Nucleus Size, Haley Doran May 2020

Submonolayer Nucleation In Ultrathin Liquid Films: Scaling Properties And The Effects Of The Critical Nucleus Size, Haley Doran

Scholars Week

Scaling phenomena during submonolayer thin-film formation and growth has been a subject of interest for several decades, motivated in part by its relevance to understanding deposition and growth of technologically-important electrode and semiconductor materials. There are several models that effectively describe various scaling behaviors in regimes where the critical island size i* is very small (typically i* < 4 monomers). These models capture many essential properties of of submonolayer nucleation and growth in vacuum-deposited films quite well, however systems with large i* values such as those that occur during solution-phase nucleation remain unexplored due to the high computational cost of traditional approaches. Such systems are of particular interest for the fundamental understanding of the physics behind the growth of large, low-defect organic crystals via organic-vapor-liquid-solid deposition, which have novel semiconductor applications. Here we discuss a multiscale model that combines traditional mean field and classical nucleation theory approaches with a self-consistent treatment of i*, stochastic treatment of nucleation, and analytically calculated monomer diffusion via the 2D diffusion equation. This approach allows us to model large i* systems and compare scaling patterns to those of small i* systems.

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Modeling Adsorption Of Molecular Semiconductors On An Ionic Substrate: Ptcda And Cupc On Nacl, Julia Thorpe May 2020

Modeling Adsorption Of Molecular Semiconductors On An Ionic Substrate: Ptcda And Cupc On Nacl, Julia Thorpe

Scholars Week

Molecular adsorption can be accurately studied using computational chemistry methods. Experimental results suggest that molecular geometry and energies can be influenced by the presence of thin film substrates as well as surrounding molecules. In our study, Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Molecular Mechanics (MM) are used to model the configurations of the organic semiconducting materials, Perylene Tetracarboxylic Dianhydride, C24H8O6 (PTCDA), and Copper Phthalocyanine, C34H16CuN8 (CuPc), as adsorbed on single and double layer NaCl substrates of various dimensions and charge settings. After geometry and charge optimization of the molecules using DFT, the molecular geometries are optimized under different environments using computational …

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Quantifying Extinction Risk In Commercial Marine Species, Rondi Nordal May 2020

Quantifying Extinction Risk In Commercial Marine Species, Rondi Nordal

Scholars Week

The sustainability of some species is at risk as a result of anthropogenic influences such as climate change and harvest. This study focused on the combined role of economic and ecological factors that can lead to overharvesting of commercial marine species and aimed to understand the relationship between ecological extinction risk, biological productivity, and economic value. We used existing economic, ecological, and extinction risk data and compiled it for use in the analysis. We focused on maximum sustainable yield as an indicator of productivity, economic data that indicated the landed value of a species, and International Union for the Conservation …

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Presence Of Microplastics In Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, And Trichoptera Of North Cascades National Park, Madison Pongon, Amy Owen May 2020

Presence Of Microplastics In Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, And Trichoptera Of North Cascades National Park, Madison Pongon, Amy Owen

Scholars Week

The presence of microplastics in glaciers has led to concern for freshwater systems connected to the glaciers. In areas such as the North Cascades (WA), glacier runoff could transport these microplastics into the watershed and into organisms in the streams. Benthic macroinvertebrates are good indicators of water quality because they may be sensitive to pollution. Their relatively low status on the freshwater food chain suggests the possibility for accumulated microplastics in macroinvertebrates to be a source of microplastics to predators, proving a hazard to the health of freshwater ecosystems. Samples analyzed in this study were Emphemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Tricoptera collected …

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Vikingbot: The Starcraft Artificial Intelligence, Tyler Barger, Daniel Peterson May 2020

Vikingbot: The Starcraft Artificial Intelligence, Tyler Barger, Daniel Peterson

Scholars Week

VikingBot is an automated AI that plays StarCraft by using a combination of machine learning and artificial intelligence. High level strategies are planned using the Brown-UMBC Reinforcement Learning and Planning (BURLAP), library which implements planning algorithms and provides interfaces for defining a domain and models of that domain for planning. For the planning, we used the BURLAP implementation of the sparse sampling algorithm because the time complexity is independent of the size of the state space, and we have to plan quickly in real time. SARSA reinforcement learning is used for a machine learning model that controls combat units. Various …

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The Past Is The Key To The Present: Reconstructing Changes In Seasonal Precipitation Triggered By Ancient Climate Change, William Ward May 2020

The Past Is The Key To The Present: Reconstructing Changes In Seasonal Precipitation Triggered By Ancient Climate Change, William Ward

Scholars Week

Plant biomarkers have grown in use for defining paleoclimates in the geologic record, especially during major climate change events. Research utilizing these biomarkers often looks at leaf waxes within preserved organic matter in the rock record. These waxes are resilient to decomposition and thus are invaluable to paleoclimate reconstruction. Specifically, changes in the composition of hydrogen isotopes (D/H) in leaf wax lipids (n-alkanes and fatty acids) reflect changes in precipitation and can be used to model variability in the hydrologic cycle during major climate change events, such as abrupt global warming events (e.g. hyperthermals). The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), about …

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Assessing The Legacy Of Large Woody Debris As Coastal Protection In Bc And Washington, Jessica Wilson Apr 2020

Assessing The Legacy Of Large Woody Debris As Coastal Protection In Bc And Washington, Jessica Wilson

Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference

Large Woody Debris (LWD) accumulates naturally in the coastal environment (Brennan et al., 2009; Sass, 2009) and is thought to be a vital component of a diverse coastal habitat ( Rich et al., 2014). Decreasing natural coverage of LWD (Heathfield & Walker, 2011) and increasing demand for environmentally sensitive coastal protection techniques has led to the promotion of LWD as a viable nature-based method of shoreline protection (e.g. Johannessen et al., 2014; Stewardship Centre for BC, 2016; Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 2016). However, there is currently no peer-reviewed literature assessing the efficacy of coastal protection using LWD. This …

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Northern Kelp Crab (Pugettia Producta) Feeding Preferences - Kelp Crabs Eat Kelp, And Lots Else?, Katie Dobkowski Apr 2020

Northern Kelp Crab (Pugettia Producta) Feeding Preferences - Kelp Crabs Eat Kelp, And Lots Else?, Katie Dobkowski

Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference

Bull kelp (Nereocystis luetkeana) is an important source of both habitat and primary production in the Salish Sea and appears to be in decline in certain areas. Northern Kelp Crabs (Pugettia producta) are large crustacean consumers that preferentially consume N. luetkeana over other local seaweed species in laboratory feeding trials and exert some level of top-down control on kelp populations in the field. We have observed differences in kelp crab density around the Salish Sea and noted P. producta living on invasive wireweed (Sargassum muticum) as well as on kelp and in other habitats. We used a combination of laboratory …

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Strategizing For Workplace Culture: Developing And Introducing A Diversity, Equity, And Inclusion Road Map, Melissa Watkinson Apr 2020

Strategizing For Workplace Culture: Developing And Introducing A Diversity, Equity, And Inclusion Road Map, Melissa Watkinson

Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference

Organizations are familiar with developing a strategic plan to focus their work on achieving their mission and vision. A diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) road map, aligned with organizational values of DEI, is a strategic plan that defines DEI in your work: where you are starting, where you want to end up, and how you are going to get there. Washington Sea Grant (WSG) has developed a 10-year road map that includes 13 ambitious, but achievable goals that are aligned with tangible strategies and expected outcomes. The road map goals range in specificity; examples include “WSG is welcome and inclusive” …

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A Journey, Not A Destination: An Agency Approach To Incorporate Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, And Justice, Alexandra Doty Apr 2020

A Journey, Not A Destination: An Agency Approach To Incorporate Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, And Justice, Alexandra Doty

Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference

Puget Sound environmental recovery is a complex, wicked problem, including both ecosystem and human and cultural wellbeing. The Puget Sound Partnership (Partnership) is a small Washington State agency that serves as a backbone organization guiding Puget Sound recovery, coordinating and collaborating with hundreds of partner organizations to accelerate recovery of Puget Sound. Our partner organizations include state and federal agencies, tribes, cities, counties, non-profits, academic institutions, special purpose districts, and many others. In 2018, the Partnership began a journey to better enable and foster diversity, equity, inclusion, and justice within the agency itself, as well as within the Puget Sound …

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Begin At The Beginning: Steps, Stumbles And Learnings On The Path To Understanding And Implementing Dei Practices In Regional Engo., Christianne Wilhelmson Apr 2020

Begin At The Beginning: Steps, Stumbles And Learnings On The Path To Understanding And Implementing Dei Practices In Regional Engo., Christianne Wilhelmson

Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference

In 2018, Georgia Strait Alliance made the decision to begin the journey of addressing the complex issue of diversity, equity and inclusion (DEI) in our organization, one that like many environmental groups in BC lacks diversity in its staff and board. We prioritized this as we recognized there is an inherent risk that our work and our organization could become irrelevant if we don’t represent the communities we claim to serve. In addition to diversity, we also needed to address the need to deepen our relationships with indigenous communities in the Georgia Strait region and reflect those relationships in our …

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Reconstructing A Century Of Coastal Productivity And Predator Trophic Position In The Salish Sea Using Archival Harbor Seal Bone., Megan Feddern Apr 2020

Reconstructing A Century Of Coastal Productivity And Predator Trophic Position In The Salish Sea Using Archival Harbor Seal Bone., Megan Feddern

Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference

Following the passage of the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972, pinniped populations along the west coast of North America experienced exponential population increases following historic lows in the 1970's. In the Salish Sea, this increase in pinniped abundance also corresponded to large scale changes environmental condition (ie. Pacific Decadal Oscillation; PDO) and declines of prey species (forage fish, salmon), creating new challenges and tradeoffs for fisheries management in the region. The objective of this research is to understand how an abundant top predator, harbor seals, respond to bottom up forces in the system such as shifts in primary productivity …

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Shifting Phenology Of An Apex/Specialist Predator Tracks Changes In Its Favored Prey, Ailene Ettinger Apr 2020

Shifting Phenology Of An Apex/Specialist Predator Tracks Changes In Its Favored Prey, Ailene Ettinger

Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference

Phenology, or the timing of biological activities such as migration, growth, and reproduction, can have dramatic implications for fitness; consumer phenology that is out of step with its resource phenology can cause increased mortality or reduced reproductive success. The timing of southern resident killer whale (SRKW, Orcinus orca) movements in the Salish Sea is thought to be related to seasonal migrations of their prey. In recent decades, the abundance and phenology of the favored prey of SRKWs, salmon, has shifted in many locations across the western United States. Here, we use the OrcaMaster Database to quantify seasonal variation in SRKW …

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Sources, Sinks, Dispersion And Cycling Of Dissolved Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (Pbdes) Discharged In The Strait Of Georgia, Yuanji Sun Apr 2020

Sources, Sinks, Dispersion And Cycling Of Dissolved Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (Pbdes) Discharged In The Strait Of Georgia, Yuanji Sun

Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference

The temporal and spatial distribution of dissolved PBDE concentration in the Strait of Georgia (SoG) is combined with concentrations predicted from a time-dependent box model of the Salish Sea to investigate the sources, sinks, dispersion and cycling of PBDE congeners. Prominent sub-surface concentration maxima (up to ca. 400 pg/L for total PBDE) occasionally measured in the southern SoG point to the Iona Island Waste Water Treatment Plant diffusers, discharging primary-treated effluent at 72 - 106 m depth, as an important proximal point source of dissolved PBDE. The decreasing depth of concentration maximum with increasing congener bromination suggests that dissolved PBDEs …

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Harbor Porpoises (Phocoena Phocoena Vomerina) Catching And Handling Large Fish On The U.S. West Coast, Katrina Maciver Apr 2020

Harbor Porpoises (Phocoena Phocoena Vomerina) Catching And Handling Large Fish On The U.S. West Coast, Katrina Maciver

Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference

The harbor porpoise is a cryptic species, and information on their behavior is limited. This study describes the chase and capture of large fish by harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena vomerina) in the Salish Sea off Fidalgo Island, Washington, which were identified as salmonid species (2017/2019). Similar large fish chase/capture events of American Shad (Alosa sapidissima) have also been documented in San Francisco, CA (2016/2017). In all capture events consistent behavior was observed: the porpoise accelerated after the fish, swimming in a circle at the same spot, diving and coming out of the water head first carrying the fish cross-wise in …

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Sublethal Effects Of The Sea Lice Pesticides Ivermectin And Slice® On Starry Flounder Behaviour And Physiology When Exposed To Contaminated Sediments, Daniel King Apr 2020

Sublethal Effects Of The Sea Lice Pesticides Ivermectin And Slice® On Starry Flounder Behaviour And Physiology When Exposed To Contaminated Sediments, Daniel King

Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference

Aquaculture is an important part of Canada’s economy, and open net-pen Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) aquaculture is a key facet of this industry. Chemotherapeutants, including anthelminthics, are often used in salmon aquaculture to prevent the loss of stock due to various pathogens. The formulation SLICE® (active ingredient: emamectin benzoate) and ivermectin (IVM) are two chemicals used in salmon aquaculture in Canada to treat and prevent sea lice infestations. SLICE® and IVM have low water solubilities and long half-lives in sediment (225 d and >100 d, respectively). Due to the persistence of these pesticides and their tendency to accumulate in marine …

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Innovative Treatment Of Wood Waste Sediments Using Reactive Amendments And Dgt Passive Porewater Sulphide Testing Techniques, Daniel Berlin Apr 2020

Innovative Treatment Of Wood Waste Sediments Using Reactive Amendments And Dgt Passive Porewater Sulphide Testing Techniques, Daniel Berlin

Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference

Esquimalt Harbour has historically been used for log rafting, log storage and wood mill operations over the last 70 years, resulting in the accumulation of over 200 hectares of wood waste deposits. As wood waste decomposes, it creates a biological oxygen demand in sediments that can reduce or eliminate oxygenated zones. This can lead to a buildup of compounds such as sulphides and ammonia, which are toxic to benthic organisms at higher concentrations. Public Services and Procurement Canada, on behalf of the Department of National Defence, has completed studies of wood waste sediments and is currently constructing a pilot project …

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Results From Biennial Mussel Watch Monitoring In Sinclair And Dyes Inlets, Puget Sound, Washington From 2010 To 2018, Robert Johnston Apr 2020

Results From Biennial Mussel Watch Monitoring In Sinclair And Dyes Inlets, Puget Sound, Washington From 2010 To 2018, Robert Johnston

Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference

As a component of a greater effort to assess the status and trends of ecological resources within Sinclair and Dyes Inlets, a monitoring network of mussel watch sites was initiated in winter of 2010 and has continued every-other-year through 2018. Twenty-five indigenous bivalve monitoring sites were sampled biennially for a total of five campaigns. Indigenous mussels (Mytilus spp.) were collected at sites located near suspected sources (industrial, wastewater, and storm water outfalls; marinas, stream mouths, and other sources) as well as sites that were representative of ambient conditions in Sinclair and Dyes Inlets, the adjoining passages, and Liberty Bay in …

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Can Larval Dispersal Explain Differences In Population Structure Of Esa-Listed Rockfish In Puget Sound?, Kelly S. Andrews Apr 2020

Can Larval Dispersal Explain Differences In Population Structure Of Esa-Listed Rockfish In Puget Sound?, Kelly S. Andrews

Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference

In 2010, three species of rockfish in the Puget Sound/Georgia Basin (PSGB) region were listed under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). Subsequent genetic analyses revealed that yelloweye rockfish in PSGB were genetically differentiated from individuals on the outer coast; while canary rockfish showed no population structure among these geographic regions. These results confirmed the listing status of yelloweye rockfish in PSGB as a “distinct population segment” (DPS), but suggested that canary rockfish in PSGB were not a DPS, which led to their removal from the endangered species list. Here, we test whether larval dispersal could be a mechanism for the …

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Reefs For Rockfish: A Collaborative Approach To Monitor Populations And Increase Awareness In Howe Sound., Amanda Weltman Apr 2020

Reefs For Rockfish: A Collaborative Approach To Monitor Populations And Increase Awareness In Howe Sound., Amanda Weltman

Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference

Artificial reefs are a conservation tool that can increase biodiversity and habitat complexity in degraded habitats around the world. In some areas, they can be effective at helping to counter stressors such as overfishing by increasing the abundance of coral and fish. In addition to providing habitat, they also provide an opportunity to engage non-scientists in monitoring projects as the public can be involved in both the design and monitoring of these artificial structures. While numerous artificial reef projects exist, many are located in warm tropical waters with limited focus on the role that artificial structures can play for fish …

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Puget Sound Vital Sign Revision: Objectives For Puget Sound Recovery And Protection, Ron Thom Apr 2020

Puget Sound Vital Sign Revision: Objectives For Puget Sound Recovery And Protection, Ron Thom

Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference

Since the mid-1980’s, there have been focused federal, state and local efforts to restore the Puget Sound ecosystem. Beginning in 2008 the Puget Sound Partnership (PSP) has produced Action Agendas that describe comprehensive recovery programs and, since 2011, have identified a set of Vital Signs and indicators. As of 2018, PSP identified 25 Vital Signs (VS) with 52 affiliated indicators. The PSP is now undertaking a collaborative effort to revise the VS and indicators to address known concerns and to situate them in a framework of other types of progress measures. Revised VS and indicators will characterize biophysical condition and …

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Seasonal Trends In Cu, Ag And Cd Content In Strait Of Georgia Zooplankton, Bertha Iselle Flores Ruiz Apr 2020

Seasonal Trends In Cu, Ag And Cd Content In Strait Of Georgia Zooplankton, Bertha Iselle Flores Ruiz

Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference

The temporal variations of copper (Cu), silver (Ag) and cadmium (Cd) content in the Strait of Georgia (SoG) zooplankton were measured between 2017 and 2018. We present the first values measured for these trace metals in zooplankton from this region and how they compare with values in other regions in the world. Our results suggest that there are significant seasonal trends in carbon-normalized Ag and Cu contents in zooplankton, and that these two metals tend to increase with increasing zooplankton size. Additionally, the trends on metal content in Ag –a toxic, nonessential metal– are similar to those for Cu-an essential …

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Sea Cucumber (Apostichopus Californicus) Culture And Enhancement Opportunities., Andy Suhrbier Apr 2020

Sea Cucumber (Apostichopus Californicus) Culture And Enhancement Opportunities., Andy Suhrbier

Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference

Demand for giant red sea cucumbers (Apostichopus californicus) continues in Asian markets while wild harvest has declined on the west coast of North America. Multiple trials are in place in Washington state to culture this species on upland and floating structures that support other species. Co-culture of sea cucumbers has proved to be effective with mussels, black cod, sea weed and oysters. In addition, there are food resources from aquaculture that the wild population currently exploits but conceivably could utilize more efficiently. Efforts to further this utilization are in progress.

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