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Articles 1 - 30 of 79
Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Deep Learning Approach For Intrusion Detection System (Ids) In The Internet Of Things (Iot) Network Using Gated Recurrent Neural Networks (Gru), Manoj Kumar Putchala
Deep Learning Approach For Intrusion Detection System (Ids) In The Internet Of Things (Iot) Network Using Gated Recurrent Neural Networks (Gru), Manoj Kumar Putchala
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The Internet of Things (IoT) is a complex paradigm where billions of devices are connected to a network. These connected devices form an intelligent system of systems that share the data without human-to-computer or human-to-human interaction. These systems extract meaningful data that can transform human lives, businesses, and the world in significant ways. However, the reality of IoT is prone to countless cyber-attacks in the extremely hostile environment like the internet. The recent hack of 2014 Jeep Cherokee, iStan pacemaker, and a German steel plant are a few notable security breaches. To secure an IoT system, the traditional high-end security …
Virtuo-Its: An Interactive Tutoring System To Teach Virtual Memory Concepts Of An Operating System, Venkata Krishna Kanth Musunuru
Virtuo-Its: An Interactive Tutoring System To Teach Virtual Memory Concepts Of An Operating System, Venkata Krishna Kanth Musunuru
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Interactive tutoring systems are software applications that help individuals to learn difficult concepts. They can allow students to interact with ideas from essential mathematics to more complicated subjects like software engineering. This thesis concentrates on one such interactive tutoring system (ITS) designed for teaching concepts related to operating system virtual memory. Operating system concepts can be troublesome to learn without having someone or something to explain them. Even when an instructor is able to provide detailed explanations, it is still exceptionally difficult for students without a computer science foundation to comprehend these concepts. Students require a sophisticated set of mental …
Interaction Of Very Low Frequency (Vlf) And Extremely Low Frequency (Elf) Waves In The Ionospheric Plasma And Parametric Antenna Concept, Tony C. Kim
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This research dramatically increase radiation efficiency of very low frequency (VLF) and extremely low frequency (ELF) antenna in the ionosphere by implementing a concept of a parametric antenna. The research addresses the interaction of the electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere; analyzes the radiation efficiency of different types of RF frequencies (ex: Very low Frequency (VLF) and Extremely Low Frequency (ELF)); and includes different types of antennas, such as dipole and loop antennas, in the ionosphere environment and simulating the differences to verify the parametric antenna concept. This VLF analysis can be performed many ways and this VLF frequency is widely …
Settings Protection Add-On: A User-Interactive Browser Extension To Prevent The Exploitation Of Preferences, Venkata Naga Siva Seelam
Settings Protection Add-On: A User-Interactive Browser Extension To Prevent The Exploitation Of Preferences, Venkata Naga Siva Seelam
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The abuse of browser preferences is a significant application security issue, despite numerous protections against automated software changing these preferences. Browser hijackers modify user’s desired preferences by injecting malicious software into the browser. Users are not aware of these modifications, and the unwanted changes can annoy the user and circumvent security preferences. Reverting these changes is not easy, and users often have to go through complicated sequences of steps to restore their preferences to the previous values. Tasks to resolve this issue include uninstalling and re-installing the browser, resetting browser preferences, and installing malware removal tools. This thesis describes a …
Toward The Synthesis Of Functionalized Poly (Ether Ether Ketone): Monitoring The Meta-Fluorine Displacement In 3,5,4’-Trifluorobenzophenone, Giovanni Covarrubias
Toward The Synthesis Of Functionalized Poly (Ether Ether Ketone): Monitoring The Meta-Fluorine Displacement In 3,5,4’-Trifluorobenzophenone, Giovanni Covarrubias
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The synthesis of functionalized, linear poly (ether ether ketone), tailored to be semi-crystalline and soluble in a variety of organic-solvents was explored. Nucleophilic aromatic substitution was a chemical reaction method used to condense 3,5,4’-trifluorobenzophenone (TFK) with four different phenols at its para-positioned carbon-fluorine site: 4-methoxyphenol, 3-aminophenol, 4-bromophenol, and m-cresol. Further poly-condensation of functionalized TFK occurred at the meta-positioned carbon-fluorine sites with 4,4’-Bis[4-hydroxyphenoxy] benzophenone (Big A2) and 4,4’-difluorobenzophenone at molar equivalents of 1 to 0.5, respectively. The reaction afforded products that became insoluble in solvents needed for nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic (e.g. DMSO-d6) analysis. The lack of desirable compounds compelled the …
Computational And Experimental Investigations Concerning Rare Gas And Dpal Lasers And A Relaxation Kinetics Investigation Of The Br2 + 2no = 2brno Equilibrium, Joel R. Schmitz
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This research contains four different research projects, the first an educational project introducing hydrogen bromide and deuterium bromide (HBr/DBr) and carbon monoxide (CO) as viable options for infrared vibration-rotation spectroscopy at 0.125 cm-1 or 0.5 cm-1 resolution in the teaching laboratory. The second project involved determining the spectral shifts of lanthanide fibers for diode-pumped alkali laser (DPAL) applications. Spectral shifts of lanthanides were determined using UV-VIS-NIR absorbance spectroscopy and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). The third project entailed computing Ar* atomic energy levels and the potential energy curves of Ar*+He laser systems arising from 3p54s1 and 3p …
Data-Driven Network-Centric Threat Assessment, Dae Wook Kim
Data-Driven Network-Centric Threat Assessment, Dae Wook Kim
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As the Internet has grown increasingly popular as a communication and information sharing platform, it has given rise to two major types of Internet security threats related to two primary entities: end-users and network services. First, information leakages from networks can reveal sensitive information about end-users. Second, end-users systems can be compromised through attacks on network services, such as scanning-and-exploit attacks, spamming, drive-by downloads, and fake anti-virus software. Designing threat assessments to detect these threats is, therefore, of great importance, and a number of the detection systems have been proposed. However, these existing threat assessment systems face significant challenges in …
Searching For The Unmarked Henry Kinsey Family Graves At The Va Hospital Grounds In Dayton, Ohio, Using Magnetic, Electromagnetic, And Radar Methods, Andrew William Bergman
Searching For The Unmarked Henry Kinsey Family Graves At The Va Hospital Grounds In Dayton, Ohio, Using Magnetic, Electromagnetic, And Radar Methods, Andrew William Bergman
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The Henry Kinsey family was among the first to settle in the Dayton, Ohio, region in the early 19th century. Henry, and his wife Eva, were buried near what is known as the deer keeper’s lodge, a small building where the deer keeper lived, on the modern-day Dayton Veterans Affairs hospital grounds. In the time since they have been buried, the location of their gravesites has been lost. The main purpose of this thesis is to locate and map their graves using multiple geophysical methods. A secondary purpose is to compare the effectiveness of each geophysical method. Three geophysical methods …
An Optimization Compiler Framework Based On Polyhedron Model For Gpgpus, Lifeng Liu
An Optimization Compiler Framework Based On Polyhedron Model For Gpgpus, Lifeng Liu
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General purpose GPU (GPGPU) is an effective many-core architecture that can yield high throughput for many scientific applications with thread-level parallelism. However, several challenges still limit further performance improvements and make GPU programming challenging for programmers who lack the knowledge of GPU hardware architecture. In this dissertation, we describe an Optimization Compiler Framework Based on Polyhedron Model for GPGPUs to bridge the speed gap between the GPU cores and the off-chip memory and improve the overall performance of the GPU systems. The optimization compiler framework includes a detailed data reuse analyzer based on the extended polyhedron model for GPU kernels, …
Multiscale Modeling Of Carbon Nanotube Synthesis In A Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition Reactor, Jonathan Troville
Multiscale Modeling Of Carbon Nanotube Synthesis In A Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition Reactor, Jonathan Troville
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The bottom-up analysis of Carbon Nanotube synthesis is not well understood. Specifically, the question as to how carbon adsorbs to a substrate inclusive of a supported catalyst may lead to the energetically favorable structure of a hexagonal close- packed structure along the wall, or walls, of the tube. A first time simulation using COMSOL Multiphysics has been generated in order to capture the gas-phase mech- anism which leads to carbon production. It is thought that the carbon adsorbs and the walls are formed from the bottom up and the inside out for multi-wall CNTs. The studies involved accurately setting up …
Structure Stability And Optical Response Of Lead Halide Hybrid Perovskite Photovoltaic Materials: A First-Principles Simulation Study, Siddharth Narendrakumar Rathod
Structure Stability And Optical Response Of Lead Halide Hybrid Perovskite Photovoltaic Materials: A First-Principles Simulation Study, Siddharth Narendrakumar Rathod
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A third-generation of solar cell is based on organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite materials. These have reached up to 22.1% conversion efficiency through exponential growth just within the last decade, compared to much longer improvement times for other photovoltaic technologies. Lead halide perovskites are among the most commonly used materials in this context. Despite the relatively large number of available works on some of these materials, in particular CH3NH3PbI3, others are less investigated. Here, we focused on CH3NH3PbCl3, CH3NH3PbBr3 and CH3NH3PbI3 for assessing structure stability and optical response. Using quantum-mechanics-based first principles approaches, we calculated the optimized structures of these three materials …
Synthesis Of 4-Iodo-3-(2-Iodoaryl) And 4-Bromo-3-(2-Bromoaryl) Sydnones And Their Reactions With Sodium Sulfite, Sodium Borohydride, And Iodine Monochloride, Kyle Jacob Liddy
Synthesis Of 4-Iodo-3-(2-Iodoaryl) And 4-Bromo-3-(2-Bromoaryl) Sydnones And Their Reactions With Sodium Sulfite, Sodium Borohydride, And Iodine Monochloride, Kyle Jacob Liddy
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One goal of the Turnbull research group has been the synthesis of dihalogenated arylsydnones; i.e. sydnones with halogen substitution on the sydnone ring itself, as well as at the position on the aryl ring ortho to the sydnone. Further, it has been of interest to explore the reactivity of these compounds, once obtained. The present study examined the synthesis of 4-iodo-3-(2-iodoaryl)-, or “diiodo”, and 4-bromo-3-(2-bromoaryl)-, or “dibromo”, sydnones and the reactions of these compounds with Na2SO3 (sodium sulfite) and NaBH4 (sodium borohydride) to create a better understanding of the reactivity of diiodo and dibromo arylsydnones in general. Additionally, the reactivity …
The Electrochemical Behavior Of Molybdenum And Tungsten Tri-Nuclear Metal Clusters With Ethanoate Ligands, Edward Nelson Kennedy
The Electrochemical Behavior Of Molybdenum And Tungsten Tri-Nuclear Metal Clusters With Ethanoate Ligands, Edward Nelson Kennedy
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The goal of this research was to study the electrochemical behavior of tri-nuclear clusters of molybdenum and tungsten. In addition, the feasibility of using these clusters as catalysts for the purpose of oxidizing ethanol was investigated. Four tri-nuclear cluster compounds were studied: hexa-Mu2-acetatotriaquadi-Mu3-oxotrimolybdenum (IV, IV, IV) trifluoromethanesulfonate [Mo3O2(O2CCH3)6(H2O)3](CF3SO3)2, hexa-Mu2-acetatotriaquadi-Mu3-oxodimolybdenum (IV, IV) tungsten (IV) trifluoromethanesulfonate [Mo2W2O2(O2CCH3)6(H2O)3](CF3SO3)2, hexa-Mu2-acetatotriaquadi-Mu3-oxomolybdenum (IV) ditungsten (IV, IV) trifluoromethanesulfonate [MoW2O2(O2CCH3)6(H2O)3](CF3SO3)2, and hexa-Mu2-acetatotriaquadi-Mu3-oxotritungsten (IV, IV, IV) trifluoromethanesulfonate [W3O2(O2CCH3)6(H2O)3](CF3SO3)2.Data was gathered from experimental results with cyclic voltammetry for the four tri-nuclear clusters. Initially, an ionic liquid, EMIBF4 (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate), was used as the solvent. Subsequent solvents for use with these …
Hydrothermal Atomic Force Microscopy Investigation Of Barite Growth: The Role Of Spectator Ions In Elementary Step Edge Growth Kinetics And Hillock Morphology, Sarah A. Jindra
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To better understand the role of spectator ions in barite growth, the kinetics of step edge growth on barite (001) surfaces were studied under various salt solutions. Hydrothermal Atomic Force Microscopy (HAFM) was used to investigate the effect of background electrolytes (NaCl, NaBr and NaNO3) as a function of saturation index and ionic strength (I) on barite growth sourced at dislocations at 108 oC. Results show that hillock morphology is affected by I, as well as type of anion, where the prevalence of steps aligned on the [010] direction is highest under Cl- There is a modest increase in kinetic …
Investigating Potential Pollutant Sources Causing Lack Of Biodiversity In Lytle Creek And Indian Run, Amira Moayad Alsenbel
Investigating Potential Pollutant Sources Causing Lack Of Biodiversity In Lytle Creek And Indian Run, Amira Moayad Alsenbel
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Limited macroinvertebrate biodiversity in Lytle Creek that runs through downtown Wilmington, Ohio has been documented over decades with the lowest in Lytle Creek at Sugar Grove Cemetery. Lytle Creek, a tributary of the Little Miami River, is a conduit for storm water and wastewater from an airport, downtown storm water with input from local businesses, and a wastewater treatment plant. This study was conducted to see if heavy metal pollution in the sediment, water quality, and Escherichia coli (E. coli) could be contributing factors in reduced macroinvertebrate populations. Eight sites were chosen for sediment sampling to measure trace metals. Mercury …
Model Preparation And User Interface Aspects For Microsoft Hololens Medical Tutorial Applications, Andrew J. Mcnutt
Model Preparation And User Interface Aspects For Microsoft Hololens Medical Tutorial Applications, Andrew J. Mcnutt
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Augmented Reality (AR) is the combination of computer vision and graphics to allow a device to derive context about the environment and to display relevant information to the user. The Microsoft Hololens is the latest wearable AR device that includes a series of infrared sensors to perform hand tracking and Simultaneous Localization and Mapping, a wave guide optics system to project holograms, and an independent untethered operating system. This thesis will explore the hardware and software capabilities of the device, prepare 3D graphical models, and understand the user interface. Specifically, in our research the target application is a tutorial on …
Diffusion Maps And Transfer Subspace Learning, Olga L. Mendoza-Schrock
Diffusion Maps And Transfer Subspace Learning, Olga L. Mendoza-Schrock
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Transfer Subspace Learning has recently gained popularity for its ability to perform cross-dataset and cross-domain object recognition. The ability to leverage existing data without the need for additional data collections is attractive for Aided Target Recognition applications. For Aided Target Recognition (or object assessment) applications, Transfer Subspace Learning is particularly useful, as it enables the incorporation of sparse and dynamically collected data into existing systems that utilize large databases. In this dissertation, Manifold Learning and Transfer Subspace Learning are combined to create new Aided Target Recognition systems capable of achieving high target recognition rates for cross-dataset conditions and cross-domain applications. …
Synthesis And Reactivity Of Sydnone Derived 1,3,4-Oxadiazol-2(3h)-Ones, Jonathan Michael Tumey
Synthesis And Reactivity Of Sydnone Derived 1,3,4-Oxadiazol-2(3h)-Ones, Jonathan Michael Tumey
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5-(Bromomethyl)- and 5-(trichloromethyl)-3-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-ones were synthesized from bromocarbonyl hydrazine intermediate salts and acid halides to provide further evidence for our proposed mechanism for the formation of oxadiazolone ring systems from sydnones. 5-(Bromomethyl)-3-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-one was a compound of interest due to its SN2 possibilities and three potential sites of diversification. The procedure to synthesize 5-(bromomethyl)-3-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-one was developed originally by Madaram in the Turnbull lab, but was further optimized in the present work by altering the time, temperature and stoichiometric equivalents of the acid halide to provide high purity and excellent yields of the product. While this compound of interest had been isolated and …
Gait Analysis From Wearable Devices Using Image And Signal Processing, Bradley A. Schneider
Gait Analysis From Wearable Devices Using Image And Signal Processing, Bradley A. Schneider
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We present the results of analyzing gait motion in-person video taken from a commercially available wearable camera embedded in a pair of glasses. The video is analyzed with three different computer vision methods to extract motion vectors from different gait sequences from four individuals for comparison against a manually annotated ground truth dataset. Using a combination of signal processing and computer vision techniques, gait features are extracted to identify the walking pace of the individual wearing the camera and are validated using the ground truth dataset. We perform an additional data collection with both the camera and a body-worn accelerometer …
Hamiltonicity In Bidirected Signed Graphs And Ramsey Signed Numbers, Mohammed A. Mutar
Hamiltonicity In Bidirected Signed Graphs And Ramsey Signed Numbers, Mohammed A. Mutar
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Strong connectivity, 2-factors, and their relevance to Hamiltonicity, have been intensively studied on various classes of directed and 2-colored graphs. In chapter one, we define strong connectivity and bidirected 2-factors on bidirected graphs as a common genralization for both directed graphs and 2-colored graphs. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of bidirected Hamilton cycles in the following bidirected signed graphs: ± Kn, ± K{n,n}, and - K{n,n}. The Ramsey number problem is considered an interesting problem in graph theory which asks for the minimum positive integer r that assures a 2-colored complete Kr has a monochramatic clique …
A Power Iteration Based Co-Training Approach To Achieve Convergence For Multi-View Clustering, Pavankalyan Yallamelli
A Power Iteration Based Co-Training Approach To Achieve Convergence For Multi-View Clustering, Pavankalyan Yallamelli
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Collecting diversified opinions is the key to achieve "the Wisdom of Crowd". In this work, we propose to use a novel multi-view clustering method to group the crowd so that diversified opinions can be effectively sampled from different groups of people.Clustering is the process of dividing input data into possible subsets, where every element (entity) in each subset is considered to be related by some similarity measure. For example, a set of social media users can be clustered using their locations or common interests. However, real-world data is often best represented by multiple views/dimensions. For example, a set of social …
Multi-Class Classification Of Textual Data: Detection And Mitigation Of Cheating In Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Games, Naga Sai Nikhil Maguluri
Multi-Class Classification Of Textual Data: Detection And Mitigation Of Cheating In Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Games, Naga Sai Nikhil Maguluri
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The success of any multiplayer game depends on the player’s experience. Cheating/Hacking undermines the player’s experience and thus the success of that game. Cheaters, who use hacks, bots or trainers are ruining the gaming experience of a player and are making him leave the game. As the video game industry is a constantly increasing multibillion dollar economy, it is crucial to assure and maintain a state of security. Players reflect their gaming experience in one of the following places: multiplayer chat, game reviews, and social media. This thesis is an exploratory study where our goal is to experiment and propose …
Pre-Mt. Simon Seismic Sequences Below West-Central Indiana: Local Interpretation And Regional Significance, Andrew Michael Parent
Pre-Mt. Simon Seismic Sequences Below West-Central Indiana: Local Interpretation And Regional Significance, Andrew Michael Parent
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Constraining the composition, structure, and origin of basement provinces, deep assemblages of Precambrian rocks, is largely dependent on deep boreholes and geophysical techniques. This is especially true for the eastern U.S. midcontinent. Here, I employ regional 2-D seismic reflection, Bouguer gravity, and aeromagnetic data to interpret the upper crust below west-central Indiana. Seismic reflection data were donated to Wright State University in 2015. Geopotential data are available through the USGS and affiliates. These geophysical data, together, are analyzed in a regional geologic context. Three distinct seismic stratigraphic sequences are observed on 2-D sections. The first, uppermost sequence, typified by continuous, …
Detection Of Ddos Attacks Against The Sdn Controller Using Statistical Approaches, Basheer Husham Ali Al-Mafrachi
Detection Of Ddos Attacks Against The Sdn Controller Using Statistical Approaches, Basheer Husham Ali Al-Mafrachi
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In traditional networks, switches and routers are very expensive, complex, and inflexible because forwarding and handling of packets are in the same device. However, Software Defined Networking (SDN) makes networks design more flexible, cheaper, and programmable because it separates the control plane from the data plane. SDN gives administrators of networks more flexibility to handle the whole network by using one device which is the controller. Unfortunately, SDN faces a lot of security problems that may severely affect the network operations if not properly addressed. Threat vectors may target main components of SDN such as the control plane, the data …
Detecting Information Leakage In Android Malware Using Static Taint Analysis, Soham P. Kelkar
Detecting Information Leakage In Android Malware Using Static Taint Analysis, Soham P. Kelkar
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According to Google, Android now runs on 1.4 billion devices. The growing popularity has attracted attackers to use Android as a platform to conduct malicious activities. To achieve these malicious activities some attacker choose to develop malicious Apps to steal information from the Android users. As the modern day smartphones process, a lot of sensitive information, information security, and privacy becoming a potential target for the attacker. The malicious Apps steal information from the infected phone and send this information to the attacker-controlled URLs using various Android sink functions. Therefore, it necessary to protect data as it can prove detrimental …
Ab Initio Study Of The Effects Of Humidity On Perovskite Based Hybrid Solar Cell Interfaces, Shantanu Rajendra Rachalwar
Ab Initio Study Of The Effects Of Humidity On Perovskite Based Hybrid Solar Cell Interfaces, Shantanu Rajendra Rachalwar
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Despite the impressive success of perovskite-based hybrid solar cells, their widespread usage has been limited partially owing to stability issues under working environmental conditions. Among these, the effects of humidity are some of the most significant. Water intercalation generally degrades the material, shortens its useful life, and reduces the efficiency of photovoltaic energy conversion. Understanding the reasons for these effects can be achieved through detailed and accurate atomic-scale analysis. Here, we study water intercalation at the interfaces of perovskite-based hybrid solar cell material and TiO2 electrode. Accurate ab initio computer simulations are used to obtain structural and electronic properties. We …
Automated Rendering Of Schema Diagram For Ontologies, Nazifa Karima
Automated Rendering Of Schema Diagram For Ontologies, Nazifa Karima
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Semantic Web extends the current web, using ontologies, metadata and other technologies to establish links between terms and concepts. This enables machines to automatically integrate information across different platforms utilizing the standard definitions. Furthermore, reasoning agents can infer new knowledge by gathering existing information and these additional connections between them. As a result of being designed and maintained independently, data sources exhibit highly heterogeneous nature. This increases the complexity of data integration and hinders interoperability. However, if we can align the overlapping concepts among different domains of knowledge, the prospect of achieving interoperability and integration without having any intermediate reasoning …
Development Of An Android Based Performance Assessment System For Motivational Interviewing Training, Sowmya Pappu
Development Of An Android Based Performance Assessment System For Motivational Interviewing Training, Sowmya Pappu
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Motivational Interviewing (MI) has been proved to be an effective Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) technique. It is an evidence-based practice used to identify, reduce, and prevent problematic use, abuse, and dependence on alcohol and illicit drugs. It emphasizes on patient-centered counseling approach that can help resolve their ambivalence through a non-confrontational, goal-oriented style for eliciting behavior change from the patient, almost like patients talk themselves into change. This approach provokes less resistance and stimulates the progress of patients at their own pace towards deciding about planning, making and sustaining positive behavioral change. Thus, training medical professionals …
Hydrothermal Atomic Force Microscopy Investigation Of Barite Growth: The Role Of Spectator Ions In Elementary Step Edge Growth Kinetics And Hillock Morphology, Sarah A. Jindra
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To better understand the role of spectator ions in barite growth, the kinetics of step edge growth on barite (001) surfaces were studied under various salt solutions. Hydrothermal Atomic Force Microscopy (HAFM) was used to investigate the effect of background electrolytes (NaCl, NaBr and NaNO3) as a function of saturation index and ionic strength (I) on barite growth sourced at dislocations at 108 oC. Results show that hillock morphology is affected by I, as well as type of anion, where the prevalence of steps aligned on the [010] direction is highest under Cl- …
Terahertz Molecular Spectroscopy As A Tool For Analytical Probing Of Cellular Metabolism, Mitchell Cameron Paul
Terahertz Molecular Spectroscopy As A Tool For Analytical Probing Of Cellular Metabolism, Mitchell Cameron Paul
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Terahertz spectroscopy has found use as an analytical tool in determining chemical composition of exhaled human breath. This thesis demonstrates a novel application of this technology - analytical sensing of gaseous metabolic products of several types of human cell cultures. An innovative experimental system was developed for probing cellular metabolism using terahertz [THz] rotational spectroscopy. Gaseous emissions of cell cultures were analyzed and compared between several cell types. Cancerous and healthy lung cells as well as cancerous liver cells were studied. This technique carries a lot of promise as a noninvasive method of distinguishing between cell types and identifying cell …