Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
![Digital Commons Network](http://assets.bepress.com/20200205/img/dcn/DCsunburst.png)
Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons™
Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Algebra (16)
- Algebraic Geometry (16)
- Other Mathematics (16)
- Applied Mathematics (15)
- Discrete Mathematics and Combinatorics (15)
-
- Analysis (14)
- Logic and Foundations (12)
- Number Theory (10)
- Set Theory (6)
- Geometry and Topology (5)
- Computer Sciences (3)
- Other Computer Sciences (3)
- Graphics and Human Computer Interfaces (2)
- OS and Networks (2)
- Statistics and Probability (2)
- Agricultural and Resource Economics (1)
- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment (1)
- Astrophysics and Astronomy (1)
- Bioinformatics (1)
- Cancer Biology (1)
- Cell and Developmental Biology (1)
- Computer Engineering (1)
- Cosmology, Relativity, and Gravity (1)
- Digital Communications and Networking (1)
- Dynamical Systems (1)
- Economics (1)
- Engineering (1)
- External Galaxies (1)
- Keyword
-
- Neutrosophic logic (7)
- Mathematics (6)
- Supermathematics (2)
- Algebraic structures (1)
- Algorithmic processing (1)
-
- Almost primes (1)
- Circle (1)
- Classical geometry (1)
- Classical geometry of the circle (1)
- Complete single valued neutrosophic graph (1)
- Computer vision (1)
- Constant single valued neutrosophic graph (1)
- Degree of membership (1)
- Dijkstra’s algorithm; Single valued neutrosophic number; Shortest path problem; Network (1)
- Distanta Hausdorff (1)
- Ex-centric circular supermathematics functions (1)
- Exponents (1)
- Extenics theory (1)
- Functions (1)
- Generalized factorials (1)
- Generalized palindromes (1)
- Geometry (1)
- Graph theory (1)
- Hausdorff distance (1)
- Image processing (1)
- Improved estimators (1)
- Indicator de incluziune (1)
- Integer sequences (1)
- Intelligent control systems; cyber physical system (1)
- Inventory models (1)
Articles 1 - 30 of 33
Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Csp And “Omics” Technology Applied On Versatile And Intelligent Portable Platform For Modeling Complex Bio-Medical Data, Florentin Smarandache, Luige Vladareanu, Mihaiela Iliescu, Hongbo Wang, Feng Yongfei, Victor Vladareanu
Csp And “Omics” Technology Applied On Versatile And Intelligent Portable Platform For Modeling Complex Bio-Medical Data, Florentin Smarandache, Luige Vladareanu, Mihaiela Iliescu, Hongbo Wang, Feng Yongfei, Victor Vladareanu
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
This paper presents relevant aspects of the idea of using the digital medicine in cancer, so that to shape a viable strategy for creating and implementing an interactive digital platform, NEO-VIP, that should be the basic support to design the strategy for integration of basic, clinical and environmental research on neoplasia progression to cancer. The two main components of the VIPRO Platform are represented by the workstation “Engineering Station” for CPS (Cyber Physical System) and “omics” technology and by the “Graphical Station” for the development of a virtual mechatronic system environment and virtual reality for system components' motion. The NEO-VIP …
Computation Of Shortest Path Problem In A Network With Sv-Trapezoidal Neutrosophic Numbers, Florentin Smarandache, Said Broumi, Assia Bakali, Mohamed Talea, Luige Vladareanu
Computation Of Shortest Path Problem In A Network With Sv-Trapezoidal Neutrosophic Numbers, Florentin Smarandache, Said Broumi, Assia Bakali, Mohamed Talea, Luige Vladareanu
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
In this work, a neutrosophic network method is proposed for finding the shortest path length with single valued trapezoidal neutrosophic number. The proposed algorithm gives the shortest path length using score function from source node to destination node. Here the weights of the edges are considered to be single valued trapezoidal neutrosophic number. Finally, a numerical example is used to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed approach
Single Valued Neutrosophic Graphs, Florentin Smarandache, Said Broumi, Assia Bakali, Mohamed Talea
Single Valued Neutrosophic Graphs, Florentin Smarandache, Said Broumi, Assia Bakali, Mohamed Talea
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
The notion of single valued neutrosophic sets is a generalization of fuzzy sets, intuitionistic fuzzy sets. We apply the concept of single valued neutrosophic sets, an instance of neutrosophic sets, to graphs. We introduce certain types of single valued neutrosophic graphs (SVNG) and investigate some of their properties with proofs and examples.
Strong Neutrosophic Graphs And Subgraph Topological Subspaces, Florentin Smarandache, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy, Ilantheral K
Strong Neutrosophic Graphs And Subgraph Topological Subspaces, Florentin Smarandache, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy, Ilantheral K
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
In this book authors for the first time introduce the notion of strong neutrosophic graphs. They are very different from the usual graphs and neutrosophic graphs. Using these new structures special subgraph topological spaces are defined. Further special lattice graph of subgraphs of these graphs are defined and described. Several interesting properties using subgraphs of a strong neutrosophic graph are obtained. Several open conjectures are proposed. These new class of strong neutrosophic graphs will certainly find applications in NCMs, NRMs and NREs with appropriate modifications.
New Trends In Neutrosophic Theory And Applications - Vol. 1, Florentin Smarandache, Surapati Pramanik
New Trends In Neutrosophic Theory And Applications - Vol. 1, Florentin Smarandache, Surapati Pramanik
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
Neutrosophic set has been derived from a new branch of philosophy, namely Neutrosophy. Neutrosophic set is capable of dealing with uncertainty, indeterminacy and inconsistent information. Neutrosophic set approaches are suitable to modeling problems with uncertainty, indeterminacy and inconsistent information in which human knowledge is necessary, and human evaluation is needed. Neutrosophic set theory was proposed in 1998 by Florentin Smarandache, who also developed the concept of single valued neutrosophic set, oriented towards real world scientific and engineering applications. Since then, the single valued neutrosophic set theory has been extensively studied in books and monographs introducing neutrosophic sets and its applications, …
Special Type Of Fixed Points Of Mod Matrix Operators, Florentin Smarandache, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy, K. Ilanthenral
Special Type Of Fixed Points Of Mod Matrix Operators, Florentin Smarandache, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy, K. Ilanthenral
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
In this book authors for the first time introduce a special type of fixed points using MOD square matrix operators. These special type of fixed points are different from the usual classical fixed points. A study of this is carried out in this book. Several interesting properties are developed in this regard. The notion of these fixed points find many applications in the mathematical models which are dealt systematically by the authors in the forth coming books. These special type of fixed points or special realized limit cycles are always guaranteed as we use only MOD matrices as operators with …
Problems On Mod Structures, Florentin Smarandache, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy, K. Ilanthenral
Problems On Mod Structures, Florentin Smarandache, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy, K. Ilanthenral
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
In this book authors for the first time give several types of problems on MOD structures happens to be an interesting field of study as it makes the whole 4 quadrant plane into a single quadrant plane and the infinite line into a half closed open interval. So study in this direction will certainly yield several interesting results. The law of distributivity is not true. Further the MOD function in general do not obey all the laws of integration or differentiation. Likewise MOD polynomials in general do not satisfy the basic properties of polynomials like its roots etc. Thus over …
Mod Relational Maps Models And Mod Natural Neutrosophic Relational Maps Models, Florentin Smarandache, K. Ilanthenral, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy
Mod Relational Maps Models And Mod Natural Neutrosophic Relational Maps Models, Florentin Smarandache, K. Ilanthenral, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
Zadeh introduced the degree of membership/truth (t) in 1965 and defined the fuzzy set. Atanassov introduced the degree of non membership/falsehood (f) in 1986 and defined the intuitionistic fuzzy set. Smarandache introduced the degree of indeterminacy/neutrality (i) as independent component in 1995 (published in 1998) and defined the neutrosophic set on three components (t,i,f) = (truth, indeterminacy, falsehood). The words “neutrosophy” and “neutrosophic” were coined/invented by F. Smarandache in his 1998 book. Etymologically, “neutro-sophy” (noun) [French neutre 1), or complete information (sum of components = 1).
Mod Natural Neutrosophic Subset Topological Spaces And Kakutani’S Theorem, Florentin Smarandache, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy, K. Ilanthenral
Mod Natural Neutrosophic Subset Topological Spaces And Kakutani’S Theorem, Florentin Smarandache, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy, K. Ilanthenral
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
In this book authors for the first time develop the notion of MOD natural neutrosophic subset special type of topological spaces using MOD natural neutrosophic dual numbers or MOD natural neutrosophic finite complex number or MOD natural neutrosophic-neutrosophic numbers and so on to build their respective MOD semigroups. Later they extend this concept to MOD interval subset semigroups and MOD interval neutrosophic subset semigroups. Using these MOD interval semigroups and MOD interval natural neutrosophic subset semigroups special type of subset topological spaces are built. Further using these MOD subsets we build MOD interval subset matrix semigroups and MOD interval subset …
Mod Cognitive Maps Models And Mod Natural Neutrosophic Cognitive Maps Models, Florentin Smarandache, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy, K. Ilanthenral
Mod Cognitive Maps Models And Mod Natural Neutrosophic Cognitive Maps Models, Florentin Smarandache, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy, K. Ilanthenral
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
Zadeh introduced the degree of membership/truth (t) in 1965 and defined the fuzzy set. Atanassov introduced the degree of non membership/falsehood (f) in 1986 and defined the intuitionistic fuzzy set. Smarandache introduced the degree of indeterminacy/neutrality (i) as independent component in 1995 (published in 1998) and defined the neutrosophic set on three components (t,i,f) = (truth, indeterminacy, falsehood). The words “neutrosophy” and “neutrosophic” were coined/invented by F. Smarandache in his 1998 book. Etymologically, “neutro-sophy” (noun) [French neutre 1), or complete information (sum of components = 1).
Uses Of Sampling Techniques & Inventory Control With Capacity Constraints, Florentin Smarandache, Sachin Malik, Neeraj Kumar
Uses Of Sampling Techniques & Inventory Control With Capacity Constraints, Florentin Smarandache, Sachin Malik, Neeraj Kumar
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
The main aim of the present book is to suggest some improved estimators using auxiliary and attribute information in case of simple random sampling and stratified random sampling and some inventory models related to capacity constraints. This volume is a collection of five papers, written by six co-authors (listed in the order of the papers): Dr. Rajesh Singh, Dr. Sachin Malik, Dr. Florentin Smarandache, Dr. Neeraj Kumar, Mr. Sanjey Kumar & Pallavi Agarwal. In the first chapter authors suggest an estimator using two auxiliary variables in stratified random sampling for estimating population mean. In second chapter they proposed a family …
Nidus Idearum. Scilogs, I: De Neutrosophia, Florentin Smarandache
Nidus Idearum. Scilogs, I: De Neutrosophia, Florentin Smarandache
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
Welcome into my scientific lab! My lab[oratory] is a virtual facility with noncontrolled conditions in which I mostly perform scientific meditation and chats: a nest of ideas (nidus idearum, in Latin). I called the jottings herein scilogs (truncations of the words scientific, and gr. Λόγος – appealing rather to its original meanings "ground", "opinion", "expectation"), combining the welly of both science and informal (via internet) talks (in English, French, and Romanian). In this first books of scilogs collected from my nest of ideas, one may find new and old questions and solutions, some of them already put at work, others …
Nidus Idearum. Scilogs, Ii: De Rerum Consectatione, Florentin Smarandache
Nidus Idearum. Scilogs, Ii: De Rerum Consectatione, Florentin Smarandache
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
Welcome into my scientific lab! My lab[oratory] is a virtual facility with noncontrolled conditions in which I mostly perform scientific meditation and chats: a nest of ideas (nidus idearum, in Latin). I called the jottings herein scilogs (truncations of the words scientific, and gr. Λόγος – appealing rather to its original meanings "ground", "opinion", "expectation"), combining the welly of both science and informal (via internet) talks (in English, French, and Romanian). In this second book of scilogs collected from my nest of ideas, one may find new and old questions and solutions, some of them already put at work, others …
Mathematics. Possible Subjects For The High School Entrance Examination And The Capacity Examination In Romania, Florentin Smarandache, Constantin Coanda, Ionuț Ivanescu
Mathematics. Possible Subjects For The High School Entrance Examination And The Capacity Examination In Romania, Florentin Smarandache, Constantin Coanda, Ionuț Ivanescu
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
The present book tries to offer students and teachers knowledge evaluation tools for all the chapters from the current Romanian mathematics syllabus. In the evolution of teenagers, the phase of admission in high schools mobilizes particular efforts and emotions. The present workbook aims to be a permanent advisor in the agitated period starting with the capacity examination and leading to the admittance to high school. The tests included in this workbook have a complementary character as opposed to the many materials written with the purpose to support all those who prepare for such examinations and they refer to the entire …
Various Arithmetic Functions And Their Applications, Florentin Smarandache, Octavian Cira
Various Arithmetic Functions And Their Applications, Florentin Smarandache, Octavian Cira
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
Over 300 sequences and many unsolved problems and conjectures related to them are presented herein. These notions, definitions, unsolved problems, questions, theorems corollaries, formulae, conjectures, examples, mathematical criteria, etc. on integer sequences, numbers, quotients, residues, exponents, sieves, pseudo-primes squares cubes factorials, almost primes, mobile periodicals, functions, tables, prime square factorial bases, generalized factorials, generalized palindromes, so on, have been extracted from the Archives of American Mathematics (University of Texas at Austin) and Arizona State University (Tempe): "The Florentin Smarandache papers" special collections, University of Craiova Library, and Arhivele Statului (Filiala Vâlcea & Filiala Dolj, România). The book is based on …
Pcr5 And Neutrosophic Probability In Target Identification, Florentin Smarandache, Nassim Abbas, Youcef Chibani, Bilal Hadjadji, Zayen Azzouz Omar
Pcr5 And Neutrosophic Probability In Target Identification, Florentin Smarandache, Nassim Abbas, Youcef Chibani, Bilal Hadjadji, Zayen Azzouz Omar
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
In this paper we use PCR5 in order to fusion the information of two sources providing subjective probabilities of an event A to occur in the following form: chance that A occurs, indeterminate chance of occurrence of A, chance that A does not occur.
Sisteme Vibrante Trilobice, Florentin Smarandache, Mircea Eugen Selariu
Sisteme Vibrante Trilobice, Florentin Smarandache, Mircea Eugen Selariu
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
No abstract provided.
Trilobic Vibrant Systems, Florentin Smarandache, Mircea Eugen Selariu
Trilobic Vibrant Systems, Florentin Smarandache, Mircea Eugen Selariu
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
No abstract provided.
Mathematics For Everything With Combinatorics On Nature – A Report On The Promoter Dr. Linfan Mao Of Mathematical Combinatorics, Florentin Smarandache
Mathematics For Everything With Combinatorics On Nature – A Report On The Promoter Dr. Linfan Mao Of Mathematical Combinatorics, Florentin Smarandache
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
The science’s function is realizing the natural world, developing our society in coordination with natural laws and the mathematics provides the quantitative tool and method for solving problems helping with that understanding. Generally, understanding a natural thing by mathematical ways or means to other sciences are respectively establishing mathematical model on typical characters of it with analysis first, and then forecasting its behaviors, and finally, directing human beings for hold on its essence by that model.
Luhn Primes Of Order Ω, Florentin Smarandache, Octavian Cira
Luhn Primes Of Order Ω, Florentin Smarandache, Octavian Cira
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
A prime p, that added to its reverse results in a new prime is called a Luhn prime . The number 229 is a Luhn prime because 229 + 922 = 1151 and 1151 is also a prime . We extend the definition of Luhn primes, present some of the of their properties and ways to determine them .
Single Valued Neutrosophic Graphs: Degree, Order And Size, Florentin Smarandache, Said Broumi, Mohamed Talea, Assia Bakali
Single Valued Neutrosophic Graphs: Degree, Order And Size, Florentin Smarandache, Said Broumi, Mohamed Talea, Assia Bakali
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
The single valued neutrosophic graph is a new version of graph theory presented recently as a generalization of fuzzy graph and intuitionistic fuzzy graph. The single valued neutrosophic graph (SVN-graph) is used when the relation between nodes (or vertices) in problems are indeterminate. In this paper, we examine the properties of various types of degrees, order and size of single valued neutrosophic graphs and a new definition for regular single valued neutrosophic graph is given.
Interval-Valued Neutrosophic Oversets, Neutrosophic Undersets, And Neutrosophic Offsets, Florentin Smarandache
Interval-Valued Neutrosophic Oversets, Neutrosophic Undersets, And Neutrosophic Offsets, Florentin Smarandache
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
We have proposed since 1995 the existence of degrees of membership of an element with respect to a neutrosophic set to also be partially or totally above 1 (over-membership), and partially or totally below 0 (under-membership) in order to better describe our world problems [published in 2007].
The Encyclopedia Of Neutrosophic Researchers - Vol. 1, Florentin Smarandache
The Encyclopedia Of Neutrosophic Researchers - Vol. 1, Florentin Smarandache
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
This is the first volume of the Encyclopedia of Neutrosophic Researchers, edited from materials offered by the authors who responded to the editor’s invitation. The authors are listed alphabetically. The introduction contains a short history of neutrosophics, together with links to the main papers and books. Neutrosophic set, neutrosophic logic, neutrosophic probability, neutrosophic statistics, neutrosophic measure, neutrosophic precalculus, neutrosophic calculus and so on are gaining significant attention in solving many real life problems that involve uncertainty, impreciseness, vagueness, incompleteness, inconsistent, and indeterminacy. In the past years the fields of neutrosophics have been extended and applied in various fields, such as: …
Mod Natural Neutrosophic Subset Semigroups, Florentin Smarandache, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy, K. Ilanthenral
Mod Natural Neutrosophic Subset Semigroups, Florentin Smarandache, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy, K. Ilanthenral
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
In this book authors for the first time introduce the notion of MOD subsets using Zn ... On these MOD subsets the operation ‘+’ is defined, S(Zn) denotes the MOD subset and {S(Zn), +} happens to be only a Smarandache semigroup.
These S-semigroups enjoy several interesting properties. The notion of MOD universal subset and MOD absorbing subsets are defined and developed. {S(Zn), x } is also a semigroup and several properties associated with them are derived. MOD natural neutrosophic subsets forms only a semigroup under ‘+’. In fact the main feature enjoyed by this structure is they have subset idempotents …
Mod Graphs, Florentin Smarandache, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy, K. Ilanthenral
Mod Graphs, Florentin Smarandache, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy, K. Ilanthenral
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
Zadeh introduced the degree of membership/truth (t) in 1965 and defined the fuzzy set. Atanassov introduced the degree of nonmembership/ falsehood (f) in 1986 and defined the intuitionistic fuzzy set. Smarandache introduced the degree of indeterminacy/ neutrality (i) as independent component in 1995 (published in 1998) and defined the neutrosophic set on three components (t, i, f) = (truth, indeterminacy, falsehood): http://fs.gallup.unm.edu/FlorentinSmarandache.htm Etymology. The words “neutrosophy” and “neutrosophic” were coined/ invented by F. Smarandache in his 1998 book. Neutrosophy: A branch of philosophy, introduced by F. Smarandache in 1980, which studies the origin, nature, and scope of neutralities, as well …
Complements To Classic Topics Of Circles Geometry, Florentin Smarandache, Ion Patrascu
Complements To Classic Topics Of Circles Geometry, Florentin Smarandache, Ion Patrascu
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
We approach several themes of classical geometry of the circle and complete them with some original results, showing that not everything in traditional math is revealed, and that it still has an open character. The topics were chosen according to authors’ aspiration and attraction, as a poet writes lyrics about spring according to his emotions.
Un Indicator De Incluziune Cu Aplicaţii În Computer Vision, Florentin Smarandache, Ovidiu Ilie Sandru
Un Indicator De Incluziune Cu Aplicaţii În Computer Vision, Florentin Smarandache, Ovidiu Ilie Sandru
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
În aceasta lucrare vom prezenta un procedeu de algoritmizare a operatiilor necesare deplasarii automate a unui obiect predefinit dintr-o imagine video data intr-o regiune tinta a acelei imagini, menit a facilita realizarea de aplicatii software specializate in rezolvarea acestui gen de probleme.
An Indicator Of Inclusion With Applications To Computer Vision, Florentin Smarandache, Ovidiu Ilie Sandru
An Indicator Of Inclusion With Applications To Computer Vision, Florentin Smarandache, Ovidiu Ilie Sandru
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
In this paper we present an algorithmic process of necessary operations for the automatic movement of a predefined object from a video image in the target region of that image, intended to facilitate the implementation of specialized software applications in solving this kind of problems.
Neutrosophic Overset, Neutrosophic Underset, And Neutrosophic Offset. Similarly For Neutrosophic Over-/Under-/Off- Logic, Probability, And Statistics, Florentin Smarandache
Neutrosophic Overset, Neutrosophic Underset, And Neutrosophic Offset. Similarly For Neutrosophic Over-/Under-/Off- Logic, Probability, And Statistics, Florentin Smarandache
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
Neutrosophic Over-/Under-/Off-Set and -Logic were defined for the first time by Smarandache in 1995 and published in 2007. They are totally different from other sets/logics/probabilities.
He extended the neutrosophic set respectively to Neutrosophic Overset {when some neutrosophic component is > 1}, Neutrosophic Underset {when some neutrosophic component is < 0}, and to Neutrosophic Offset {when some neutrosophic components are off the interval [0, 1], i.e. some neutrosophic component > 1 and other neutrosophic component < 0}.
This is no surprise with respect to the classical fuzzy set/logic, intuitionistic fuzzy set/logic, or classical/imprecise probability, where the values are not allowed outside the interval [0, 1], since our real-world has …
Semigroups On Mod Natural Neutrosophic Elements, Florentin Smarandache, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy, K. Ilanthenral
Semigroups On Mod Natural Neutrosophic Elements, Florentin Smarandache, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy, K. Ilanthenral
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
In this book the notion of semigroups under + is constructed using the Mod natural neutrosophic integers or MOD natural neutrosophic-neutrosophic numbers or mod natural neutrosophic finite complex modulo integer or MOD natural neutrosophic dual number integers or MOD natural neutrosophic special dual like number or MOD natural neutrosophic special quasi dual numbers are analysed in a systematic way. All these semigroups under + have an idempotent subsemigroup under +. This is the first time we are able to give a class of idempotent subsemigroups under + by taking only those MOD natural neutrosophic elements