Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

On The Cubic Equation With Its Siebeck–Marden–Northshield Triangle And The Quartic Equation With Its Tetrahedron, Emil Prodanov

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The real roots of the cubic and quartic polynomials are studied geometrically with the help of their respective Siebeck–Marden–Northshield equilateral triangle and regular tetrahedron. The Viète trigonometric formulæ for the roots of the cubic are established through the rotation of the triangle by variation of the free term of the cubic. A very detailed complete root classification for the quartic 𝑥4 + 𝑎𝑥3 + 𝑏𝑥2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 is proposed for which the conditions are imposed on the individual coefficients 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, and 𝑑. The maximum and minimum lengths of the interval containing the four real roots of …

Enzymatic Electrochemical Biosensors For Neurotransmitters Detection: Recent Achievements And Trends, Zina Fredj, Baljit Singh Dr., Mohamed Bahri, Peiwu Qin, Mohamad Sawan

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Neurotransmitters (NTs) play a crucial role in regulating the behavioral and physiological functions of the nervous system. Imbalances in the concentrations of NT have been directly linked to various neurological diseases (e.g., Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Alzheimer’s disease), in addition to multiple psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia, depression, dementia, and other neurodegenerative disorders. Hence, the rapid and real-time monitoring of the NTs is of utmost importance in comprehending neurological functions and identifying disorders. Among different sensing techniques, electrochemical biosensors have garnered significant interest due to their ability to deliver fast results, compatibility for miniaturization and portability, high sensitivity, and good controllability. …

Pro-Environmental Diversification Of Pasture-Based Dairy And Beef Production In Ireland, The United Kingdom And New Zealand: A Scoping Review Of Impacts And Challenges, Maria Markiewicz-Keszycka, Aileen Carter, Donal O'Brien, Maeve Henchion, Simon Mooney, Paul Hynds

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Grass-fed dairy and beef products are valued by consumers for their unique nutrient profile, enhanced animal welfare and lower environmental footprint compared to conventional produce derived from animals reared indoors on higher volumes of concentrate feeds (O'Callaghan et al., Reference O'Callaghan, Vázquez-Fresno, Serra-Cayuela, Dong, Mandal, Hennessy, McAuliffe, Dillon, Wishart, Stanton and Ross2018; Moscovici Joubran et al., Reference Moscovici Joubran, Pierce, Garvey, Shalloo and O'Callaghan2021). For the current study, pasture-based production of dairy and beef is defined as a system within which cattle graze freely outdoors on green pasture for ≥6 months per year, using grazed grass as the primary feed …

Sustainable Utilisation And Management Of Food Waste For High-Value Products, Amit Jaiswal

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Welcome to the Special Issue on “Sustainable Utilisation and Management of Food Waste for High-Value Products”. This Special Issue focuses on one of the most critical challenges facing our world today—the efficient management and utilisation of food waste. It presents a variety of scientific investigations from renowned scholars and researchers worldwide to address this challenge, covering an array of topics ranging from fundamental research to real-world applications. Food waste is a global dilemma that requires urgent attention. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), approximately one-third of food produced for human consumption worldwide, or around 1.3 billion tons, is …

Selection And Characterization Of Bacteriocinogenic Lactic Acid Bacteria From The Intestine Of Gilthead Seabream (Sparus Aurata) And Whiting Fish (Merlangius Merlangus): Promising Strains For Aquaculture Probiotic And Food Bio-Preservation, Sarah Cheriet, Sana Lenglitz, Amel Romdhani, Paul Hynds, Mohamed Salah Abbassi, Taofik Ghrairi

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This study sought to evaluate the probiotic properties and the food preservation ability of lactic acid bacteria isolates collected from the intestines of wild marine fishes (gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) (n = 60) and whiting fish (Merlangius merlangus) (n = 40)) from the Mediterranean sea in the area of Mostaganem city, Algeria. Forty-two isolates were identified as: Enterococcus durans (n = 19), Enterococcus faecium (n = 15), Enterococcus faecalis (n = 4), Lactococcus lactis subp. lactis (n = 3), and Lactobacillus plantarum (n = 1). All isolates showed inhibition to at least one indicator strain, especially against Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus …

A Lak Of Direction Misalignment Between The Goals Of Learning Analytics And Its Research Scholarship, Benjamin A. Motz, Yoav Bergner, Christopher A. Brooks, Anna Gladden, Geraldine Gray, Charles Lang, Warren Li, Fernando Marmolejo-Ramos, Joshua D. Quick

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Learning analytics defines itself with a focus on data from learners and learning environments, with corresponding goals of understanding and optimizing student learning. In this regard, learning analytics research, ideally, should be characterized by studies that make use of data from learners engaged in education systems, should measure student learning, and should make efforts to intervene and improve these learning environments.

Isolation And Identification Of Chlorate-Reducing Hafnia Sp. From Milk, William P. Mccarthy, Meghana Srinivas, Martin Danaher, Christine O'Connor, Tom F. O'Callaghan, Douwe Van Sinderen, John Kenny, John T. Tobin

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Chlorate has become a concern in the food and beverage sector, related to chlorine sanitizers in industrial food production and water treatment. It is of particular concern to regulatory bodies due to the negative health effects of chlorate exposure. This study investigated the fate of chlorate in raw milk and isolated bacterial strains of interest responsible for chlorate breakdown. Unpasteurized milk was demonstrated to have a chlorate-reducing capacity, breaking down enriched chlorate to undetectable levels in 11 days. Further enrichment and isolation using conditions specific to chlorate-reducing bacteria successfully isolated three distinct strains of Hafnia paralvei . Chlorate-reducing bacteria were …

Diethoxycarbonyl-Bodipys As Heavy-Atom-Free Photosensitizers For Holographic Recording In Cellulose Acetate Photopolymer, Aimee Sheehan, Tatsiana Mikulchyk, Catherine S.P. De Castro, Safakath Karuthedath, Wejdan Althobaiti, Metodej Dvoracek, Sabad-E Gul, Hugh Byrne, FréDéRic Laquai, Izabela Naydenova, Mikhail Filatov

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A series of new heavy-atom-free photosensitizers based on 2,6-diethoxycarbonyl-BODIPY scaffold was designed and applied for holographic recording in a photopolymerizable material. Photoinduced electron transfer between the BODIPY and meso-aryl subunits, followed by the formation of BODIPY triplet excited states via spin-orbit charge transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC) was studied by steady-state and ultrafast pump-probe transient optical spectroscopy. Highly efficient photosensitization was observed for dyads bearing pyrene and anthracene substituents, which exhibited singlet oxygen generation quantum yields () of up to 94%. Charge transfer and SOCT-ISC were observed in non-polar solvent (toluene) due to the increased electron accepting ability of the diethoxycarbonyl-BODIPY. …

A Simple Microcalorimetry System To Determine The Adsorption Behaviour Of Acids In Large Adhesive Bond Gaps Using Base-Initiated Solution Polymerisation Of Ethyl-2-Cyanoacrylate, Kevin Raheem, John Cassidy, Tony Betts, Bernard Ryan

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This work presents the use of a simple microcalorimetry cyanoacrylate (CA) polymerisation system for investigating aspects of CA adhesive cure through gap and adsorption of adhesive acid stabiliser by a range of metal and glass substrates. It is well established that strong acid induced inhibition periods (IPs) are almost directly proportional to the acid concentration in weak base initiated polymerisations of alkyl CAs in tetrahydrofuran (THF). Ethyl cyanoacrylate (ECA) polymerisation IP measurements were used to determine the adsorption of methanesulfonic acid (MSA) in THF or ECA solutions by a range of metal, glass and polypropylene (PP) lap shears surfaces. The …

Towards Sweetness Classification Of Orange Cultivars Using Short‑Wave Nir Spectroscopy, Ayesha Zeb, Waqar Shahid Qureshi, Abdul Ghafoor, Amanullah Malik, Muhammad Imran, Alina Mirza, Mohsin Islam Tiwana, Eisa Alanazi

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The global orange industry constantly faces new technical challenges to meet consumer demands for quality fruits. Instead of traditional subjective fruit quality assessment methods, the interest in the horticulture industry has increased in objective, quantitative, and non-destructive assessment methods. Oranges have a thick peel which makes their non-destructive quality assessment challenging. This paper evaluates the potential of short-wave NIR spectroscopy and direct sweetness classification approach for Pakistani cultivars of orange, i.e., Red-Blood, Mosambi, and Succari. The correlation between quality indices, i.e., Brix, titratable acidity (TA), Brix: TA and BrimA (Brix minus acids), sensory assessment of the fruit, and short-wave NIR …

On The Modelling Of Short And Intermediate Water Waves, Rossen I. Ivanov

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The propagation of water waves of finite depth and flat bottom is studied in the case when the depth is not small in comparison to the wavelength. This propagation regime is complementary to the long-wave regime described by the famous KdV equation. The Hamiltonian approach is employed in the derivation of a model equation in evolutionary form, which is both nonlinear and nonlocal, and most likely not integrable. Possible implications for the numerical solutions are discussed.

Experimental And Theoretical Evaluation Of A Commercial Luminescent Dye For Pvt Systems, Kenneth Coldrick, James Walshe, Sarah Mccormack, John Doran, George Amarandei

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Combining photovoltaic (PV) and photo-thermal (PT) energy collection strategies in a single system can enhance solar energy conversion efficiencies, leading to increased economic returns and wider adoption of renewable energy sources. This study focuses on incorporating a commercial luminescent organic dye (BASF Lumogen F Red 305) into ethylene glycol to explore its potential for PVT applications. The optical and electrical characteristics of the working fluid were evaluated at different temperatures under direct solar irradiance. Pristine ethylene glycol reduced the maximum PV cell temperature by 10 °C. The inclusion of luminescent dye at various concentrations further reduced the maximum temperature, with …

Collective Relaxation Processes In Nonchiral Nematics, Neelam Yadav, Yuri Panarin, Wanhe Jiang, Georg H. Mehl, Jagdish Vij

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Nematic–nematic transitions in a highly polar nematic compound are studied, in thick cells in which the molecules are aligned parallel to the substrates but perpendicular to the applied electric field, using dielectric spectroscopy in the frequency range 1 Hz to 10 MHz over a wide temperature range. The studied compound displays three nematic phases under cooling from the isotropic phase: ubiquitous nematic N; high polarizability NX; and ferroelectric nematic NF. Two collective processes were observed. The dielectric strength and relaxation frequency of one of the processes P2 showed a dependence on the thickness of the cell. The process P1 is …

Nonlinear Two-Dimensional Water Waves With Arbitrary Vorticity, Delia Ionescu-Kruse, Rossen Ivanov

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We consider the two-dimensional water-wave problem with a general non-zero vorticity field in a fluid volume with a flat bed and a free surface. The nonlinear equations of motion for the chosen surface and volume variables are expressed with the aid of the Dirichlet-Neumann operator and the Green function of the Laplace operator in the fluid domain. Moreover, we provide new explicit expressions for both objects. The field of a point vortex and its interaction with the free surface is studied as an example. In the small-amplitude long-wave Boussinesq and KdV regimes, we obtain appropriate systems of coupled equations for …

Turbulence Phenomena In Magnetohydrodynamic Phase Transitions, Giovambattista Amendola, Mauro Fabrizio, John Murrough Golden

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The model developed in (Fabrizio in J. Eng. Math., 2023) and (Fabrizio in Int. J. Eng. Sci. 44:529–539, 2006), involving the use of a local Reynolds number, is applied to describe phase transitions in a fluid. Specifically, it is applied in a magnetohydrodynamics context to study the evolution of turbulence in certain phenomena. The relevant equations describing the system are those of Navier-Stokes, Ginzburg-Landau and the magnetohydrodynamic equations, all suitably interconnected.

A Covariance Formula For The Number Of Excursion Set Components Of Gaussian Fields And Applications, Dmitry Beliaev, Michael Mcauley, Stephen Muirhead

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We derive a covariance formula for the number of excursion or level set components of a smooth stationary Gaussian field on R^d contained in compact domains. We also present two applications of this formula: (1) for fields whose correlations are integrable we prove that the variance of the component count in large domains is of volume order and give an expression for the leading constant, and (2) for fields with slower decay of correlation we give an upper bound on the variance which is of optimal order if correlations are regularly varying, and improves on best-known bounds if correlations …

Structural, Thermal, Optical, And Mechanical Properties Of Composite Films Developed From The Button Mushroom (Agaricus Bisporus)-Sourced High Molecular Weight Chitosan And Potato Starch, Buliyaminu A. Alimi, Monjural Hoque, Shivani Pathania, Jude Wilson, Brendan Duffy, Jesus Maria Frias

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Films were fabricated using the button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) sourced high molecular weight chitosan with or without potato starch using the casting method. Glycerol was used as the plasticizer. Chitosan content in the film-forming solution (FFS) was varied (0.5, 0.75 and 1.0% w/v of FFS) while potato starch (1.0% of FFS) and glycerol (25% of the total solid content in the solution) contents were not varied. The control sample contained only chitosan (1.0% of the FFS) and glycerol. The effect of increasing the content of chitosan on the rheological properties of FFS and the properties of the films were investigated. …

Mealybug Vectors: A Review Of Their Transmission Of Plant Viruses And Their Management Strategies, Abdul Razak Ahmed, Samuel Obeng Apori, Abdul Aziz Karim

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Mealybugs cause mechanical damage and diseases to plants. Through their feeding activities, they reduce the yield, quality and productivity of crops. This review discusses mealybug vectors of plant viruses, the economic losses they cause, mealybug species and their hosts. Among the numerous mealybug species, Planococcus species are the most effective vector of plant viruses, transmitting many Ampeloviruses. Diverse methods for the control and regulation of mealybugs are also discussed. Physical, cultural and biological control methods are labor-intensive but environmentally friendly compared to chemical methods. However, chlorpyrifos are one the active ingredients of insecticides effective against several mealybug species. Using plant …

On The Modelling Of Short And Intermediate Water Waves, Rossen Ivanov

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Most of the model equations for water waves are approximations for the long-wave propagation regimes, since most of the energy of the wave motion is concentrated in these waves. Long waves (or shallow-water waves) are defined usually as the depth to wavelength ratio δ = h/λ < 0.05. Several famous integrable nonlinear equations, like the K d V equation [1,2], are models for long waves of small amplitude. The short waves (or waves over deep water) are usually defined with δ > 0.5, and the intermediate waves (or transitional waves) - with 0.05 < δ < 0.5. The intermediate and short waves received a lot less attention, and one reason is perhaps the fact that the corresponding approximations lead to more complicated, nonlinear and nonlocal equations. In [3] an integral equation for surface waves has been proposed for arbitrary wavelengths and finite depth. The problem has been studied in [4] and model equations both for long and short waves are derived from the governing equations as well. The short-wave effects usually compete with the capillarity effects and then resonances can be observed — these have been studied quite a lot, see for example [5–12]. For the intermediate long waves or for waves on deep water the so-called Benjamin–Ono (BO) [13–15] and the Intermediate Long Wave Equation (ILWE) [16–18] are derived for the internal waves below a flat surface, which leads to some simplifications and these models are in fact integrable.

Probabilistic Network Analysis Of Social-Ecological Relationships Emerging From Eu Life Projects For Nature And Biodiversity: An Application Of Ergm Models In The Case Study Of The Veneto Region (Italy), Elena Andriollo, Laura Secco, Alberto Caimo, Elena Pisani

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Considering social-ecological relationships in managing protected areas is fundamental to ensuring effective biodiversity conservation and restoration governance. Network analysis offers valuable methods to disentangle intangible relations between and within the social and ecological systems. In this way, it could be possible to identify and integrate multiple social and ecological variables that inevitably affect collaborative environmental governance's effectiveness. Nevertheless, this research area is still nascent, with few methodologies and concrete applications reported in the scientific literature. With this study, we aim to propose a robust novel application of a network methodology to enrich the evaluation of the effectiveness of collaborative environmental …

The Lagrangian Formulation For Wave Motion With A Shear Current And Surface Tension, Conor Curtin, Rossen Ivanov

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The Lagrangian formulation for the irrotational wave motion is straightforward and follows from a Lagrangian functional which is the difference between the kinetic and the potential energy of the system. In the case of fluid with constant vorticity, which arises for example when a shear current is present, the separation of the energy into kinetic and potential is not at all obvious and neither is the Lagrangian formulation of the problem. Nevertheless, we use the known Hamiltonian formulation of the problem in this case to obtain the Lagrangian density function, and utilising the Euler-Lagrange equations we proceed to derive some …

Triplet Sensitization Enables Bidirectional Isomerization Of Diazocine With 130 Nm Redshift In Excitation Wavelengths, Jussi Isokuortti, Thomas Griebenow, Jan-Simon Von Glasenapp, Tim Raeker, Timo Laaksonen, Rainer Herges, Nikita A. Durandin

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Diazocines are bridged azobenzenes with phenyl rings connected by a CH2–CH2 group. Despite this rather small structural difference, diazocine exhibits improved properties over azobenzene as a photoswitch and most importantly, its Z configuration is more stable than the E isomer. Herein, we reveal yet another unique feature of this emerging class of photoswitches. In striking contrast to azobenzenes and other photochromes, diazocine can be selectively switched in E / Z direction and most intriguingly from its thermodynamically stable Z to metastable E isomer upon successive excitation of two different triplet sensitizers present in solution at the same time. This approach …

The Biological Responses Of Vitamin K2: A Comprehensive Review, Quanxiang Yan, Tao Zhang, Christine O'Connor, James W. Barlow, John Walsh, Gaia Scalabrino, Feng Xu, Helan Sheridan

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Vitamin K1 (VitK1) and Vitamin K2 (VitK2), two important naturally occurring micronutrients in the VitK family, found, respectively, in green leafy plants and algae (VitK1) and animal and fermented foods (VitK2). The present review explores the multiple biological functions of VitK2 from recently published in vitro and in vivo studies, including promotion of osteogenesis, prevention of calcification, relief of menopausal symptoms, enhancement of mitochondrial energy release, hepato-and neuro-protective effects, and possible use in treatment of coronavirus disease. The mechanisms of action associated with these biological effects are also explored. Overall, the findings presented here suggest that VitK, especially VitK2, is …

The Potential And Limitations Of Conversational Agents For Chronic Conditions And Well-Being, Ekaterina Uetova, Lucy Hederman, Robert J. Ross, Dympna O'Sullivan

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Conversational agents are becoming more common in the health and wellness domains in part due to assumptions regarding potential improvements in individuals’ outcomes. This paper presents initial findings from a review of conversational agent use in healthcare for chronic conditions and well-being. A search of the literature was performed on electronic databases PubMed, ACM Digital Library, Scopus and IEEE Xplore. Studies were included if they were focused on chronic disorder management, disease prevention or lifestyle change and if systems were tested on target user groups. This paper investigates the health domains, the user profiles and reasons why conversational agents may …

Humans In The Loop, Nicholson Price Ii, Rebecca Crootof, Margot Kaminski

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From lethal drones to cancer diagnostics, humans are increasingly working with complex and artificially intelligent algorithms to make decisions which affect human lives, raising questions about how best to regulate these “human in the loop” systems. We make four contributions to the discourse.

First, contrary to the popular narrative, law is already profoundly and often problematically involved in governing human-in-the-loop systems: it regularly affects whether humans are retained in or removed from the loop. Second, we identify “the MABA-MABA trap,” which occurs when policymakers attempt to address concerns about algorithmic incapacities by inserting a human into decision making process. Regardless …

Analog Holographic Wavefront Sensor For Defocus And Spherical Aberration Measurement Recorded In A Photopolymer, Emma Branigan, Suzanne Martin, Matthew Sheehan, Kevin Murphy

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An analog holographic wavefront sensor (AHWFS), for measurement of low and high order (defocus and spherical aberration) aberration modes has been developed as volume phase holograms in a photopolymer recording medium. This is the first time that high order aberrations such as spherical aberration can be sensed using a volume hologram in a photosensitive medium. Both defocus and spherical aberration were recorded in a multi-mode version of this AHWFS. Refractive elements were used to generate a maximum and minimum phase delay of each aberration which were multiplexed as a set of volume phase holograms in an acrylamide based-photopolymer layer. The …

Probe–Integrated Electrochemical Sensing Platform For Measuring Trace Levels Of Parathion Pesticides Residues In Water Using Au- Nanoparticles Anchored Nafion Nano Composite Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode, H. Alwael, S.H. Al-Sedran, Mohamed Oubaha, N.A.A. Asiri, A.S. Bashammakh, A.S. Alharthy, N.A. Albassami, T.N. Abduljabbar, G.I. Mohamed, H.M. Nassef, E.A. Bahaidarah, B.G. Alhogbi, M.S. El-Shahawi

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Nanomaterial represents a principal driver to the adoption of electrochemical sensors for pesticides residues in water. Thus, the current strategy reports facile and highly sensitive electrochemical probe for monitoring parathion residues in water. The probe was based upon the use of Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) functionalized Nafion nanocomposites modified glassy carbon electrode (Au NPs/Nafion/GCE). The surface morphology, effective surface area and electrocatalytic performance of the Au NPs/Nafion/GCE were recorded and assigned using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electronic spectra. A straightforward protocol based upon combination of Au NPs/Nafion/GCE and square wave- adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry at pH …

Development And Evaluation Of A Multifrequency Ultrafast Doppler Spectral Analysis (Mfudsa) Algorithm For Wall Shear Stress Measurement: A Simulation And In Vitro Study, Andrew Malone, Sean Cournane, Izabela Naydenova, James F. Meaney, Andrew J. Fagan, Jacinta Browne

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Cardiovascular pathology is the leading cause of death and disability in the Western world, and current diagnostic testing usually evaluates the anatomy of the vessel to determine if the vessel contains blockages and plaques. However, there is a growing school of thought that other measures, such as wall shear stress, provide more useful information for earlier diagnosis and prediction of atherosclerotic related disease compared to pulsed-wave Doppler ultrasound, magnetic resonance angiography, or computed tomography angiography. A novel algorithm for quantifying wall shear stress (WSS) in atherosclerotic plaque using diagnostic ultrasound imaging, called Multifrequency ultrafast Doppler spectral analysis (MFUDSA), is presented. …

Color-Changing Reflection Hologram For Quality Assurance Of Therapeutic Ultrasound Systems, Tatsiana Mikulchyk, John Walsh, Jacinta Browne, Izabela Naydenova, Dervil Cody

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The acoustic output of clinical therapeutic ultrasound equipment requires regular quality assurance (QA) testing to ensure the safety and efficacy of the treatment and that any potentially harmful deviations from the expected output power density are detected as soon as possible. A hologram, consisting of a reflection grating fabricated in an acrylate photopolymer film, has been developed to produce an immediate, visible, and permanent change in the color of the reconstructed hologram from red to green in response to incident ultrasound energy. The influence of the therapeutic ultrasound insonation parameters (exposure time, ultrasound power density, and proximity to the point …

Capacity Building For Organizational Resilience: Integrating Standards On Risk, Disruption And Continuity In The Curriculum, Lisa Greenwood, Dawn Hess, Yewande S. Abraham, Jennifer Schneider

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Disruption is an inevitable factor in business and society, while inability to mitigate and manage risk can cause irreparable damage to business, the economy, and our ways of life. The COVID-19 pandemic has heightened interest in standards-based strategies for risk management and crisis preparedness to enhance organizational and societal resilience. University curricula that integrate national and international standards offer students a rich skill-set for effective performance in their careers. Moving forward, we must cultivate capable professionals who understand the challenges and risks facing society, and who grasp standards and systems for strategic planning, response, and recovery to promote organizational resilience …