Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

Scalable Preparation Of The Masked Acyl Cyanide Tbs-Mac, Haley Hinton, Jack Patterson, Jared Hume, Krunal Patel, Julie Pigza

Faculty Publications

This paper describes the three-step synthesis of TBS-MAC, a masked acyl cyanide (MAC) and a versatile one-carbon oxidation state three synthon. We have developed a scalable and detailed synthesis that involves: (1) acetylation of malononitrile to form the sodium enolate, (2) protonation of the enolate to form acetylmalononitrile, and (3) epoxidation of the enol, rearrangement to an unstable alcohol, and TBS-protection to form the title compound. Both the sodium enolate and acetylmalononitrile are bench-stable precursors to the intermediate hydroxymalononitrile, which can be converted to other MAC reagents beyond TBS by varying the protecting group (Ac, MOM, EE, etc.).

Meridional Survey Of The Central Pacific Reveals Iodide Accumulation In Equatorial Surface Waters And Benthic Sources In The Abyssal Plain, Rintaro Moriyasu, Kenneth M. Bolster, Dalton S. Hardisty, David C. Kadko, Mark P. Stephens, James W. Moffett

Faculty Publications

The distributions of iodate and iodide were measured along the GEOTRACES GP15 meridional transect at 152°W from the shelf of Alaska to Papeete, Tahiti. The transect included oxygenated waters near the shelf of Alaska, the full water column in the central basin in the North Pacific Basin, the upper water column spanning across seasonally mixed regimes in the north, oligotrophic regimes in the central gyre, and the equatorial upwelling. Iodide concentrations are highest in the permanently stratified tropical mixed layers, which reflect accumulation due to light-dependent biological processes, and decline rapidly below the euphotic zone. Vertical mixing coefficients (K …

Evidence Of Sea Level Rise At The Peruvian Coast (1942-2019), Bismarck Jigena-Antelo, Carol Estrada-Ludeña, Stephan Howden, Wilmer Rey, Jorge Paz-Acosta, Patricia Lopez-García, Eric Salazar-Rodriguez, Nieves Endrina, Juan J. Muñoz-Pérez

Faculty Publications

The present work aims to analyze the variability of the sea level of the Peruvian coast with time series over a long observation period (Seventy-eight years, from 1942 to 2019). Data came from the Talara, Callao and Matarani tide gauge stations located at the north, center and south of the coast. Variations of sea level as well as air and seawater surface temperature were analyzed. Among the different scenarios studied, a sea level rise of 6.79, 4.21 and 5.16 mm/year for Talara, Callao and Matarani, respectively was found during the 1979–1997 nodal cycle. However, these results decreased significantly during the …

Remote Internal Wave Forcing Of Regional Ocean Simulations Near The U.S. West Coast, Oladeji Q. Siyanbola, Maarten C. Buijsman, Audrey Delpech, Lionel Renault, Roy Barkan, Jay F. Shriver, Brian K. Arbic, James C. Mcwilliams

Faculty Publications

Low mode internal waves are able to propagate across ocean basins and modulate ocean dynamics thousands of kilometers away from their generation sites. In this study, the impact of remotely generated internal waves on the internal wave energetics near the U.S. West Coast is investigated with realistically forced regional ocean simulations. At the open boundaries, we impose high-frequency oceanic state variables obtained from a global ocean simulation with realistic atmospheric and astronomical tidal forcing. We use the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) technique in separating ingoing and outgoing internal tide energy fluxes at the open boundaries in order to quantify internal …

Fluvial Flood Losses In The Contiguous United States Under Climate Change, M.M. Rashid, T. Wahl, G. Villarini, A. Sharma

Faculty Publications

Flooding is one of the most devastating natural disasters causing significant economic losses. One of the dominant drivers of flood losses is heavy precipitation, with other contributing factors such as built environments and socio-economic conditions superimposed to it. To better understand the risk profile associated with this hazard, we develop probabilistic models to quantify the future likelihood of fluvial flood-related property damage exceeding a critical threshold (i.e., high property damage) at the state level across the conterminous United States. The model is conditioned on indicators representing heavy precipitation amount and frequency derived from observed and downscaled precipitation. The likelihood of …

An Autoencoder-Based Deep Learning Method For Genotype Imputation, Meng Song, Jonathan Greenbaum, Joseph Luttrell Iv, Weihua Zhou, Chong Wu, Zhe Luo, Chuan Qiu, Lan Juan Zhao, Kuan-Jui Su, Qing Tian, Hui Shen, Huixiao Hong, Ping Gong, Xinghua Shi, Hong-Wen Deng, Chaoyang Zhang

Faculty Publications

Genotype imputation has a wide range of applications in genome-wide association study (GWAS), including increasing the statistical power of association tests, discovering trait-associated loci in meta-analyses, and prioritizing causal variants with fine-mapping. In recent years, deep learning (DL) based methods, such as sparse convolutional denoising autoencoder (SCDA), have been developed for genotype imputation. However, it remains a challenging task to optimize the learning process in DL-based methods to achieve high imputation accuracy. To address this challenge, we have developed a convolutional autoencoder (AE) model for genotype imputation and implemented a customized training loop by modifying the training process with a …

On The Spatial Variability Of The Mesoscale Sea Surface Height Wavenumber Spectra In The Atlantic Ocean, Xiaobiao Xu, Eric P. Chassignet, Alan J. Wallcraft, Brian K. Arbic, Maarten C. Buijsman, Miguel Solano

Faculty Publications

The wavenumber spectral slope of sea surface height (SSH) computed within the mesoscale range (70–250 km) from satellite altimetry exhibits a large spatial variability which, until now, has not been reproduced in numerical ocean models. This study documents the impacts of including internal tides, high-resolution bathymetry, and high-frequency atmospheric variability on the SSH wavenumber spectra in the Atlantic Ocean, using a series of 1/50° North and equatorial Atlantic simulations with a realistic representation of barotropic/baroclinic tides and mesoscale-to-submesoscale variability. The results show that the inclusion of internal tides does increase high frequency SSH variability (with clear peaks near 120 and …

Solving Inverse Conductivity Problems In Doubly Connected Domains By The Homogenization Functions Of Two Parameters, Jun Lu, Lianpeng Shi, Chein-Shan Liu, C.S. Chen

Faculty Publications

In the paper, we make the first attempt to derive a family of two-parameter homogenization functions in the doubly connected domain, which is then applied as the bases of trial solutions for the inverse conductivity problems. The expansion coefficients are obtained by imposing an extra boundary condition on the inner boundary, which results in a linear system for the interpolation of the solution in a weighted Sobolev space. Then, we retrieve the spatial- or temperature-dependent conductivity function by solving a linear system, which is obtained from the collocation method applied to the nonlinear elliptic equation after inserting the solution. Although …

Near-Inertial Wave Energetics Modulated By Background Flows In A Global Model Simulation, Keshav J. Raja, Maarten J. Buijsman, Jay F. Shriver, Brian K. Arbic, Oladeji Siyanbola

Faculty Publications

We study the generation, propagation, and dissipation of wind-generated near-inertial waves (NIWs) in a global 1/25° Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) simulation with realistic atmospheric forcing and background circulation during 30 days in May–June 2019. The time-mean near-inertial wind power input and depth-integrated energy balance terms are computed for the total fields and the fields decomposed into vertical modes to differentiate between the radiative and (locally) dissipative components of NIW energy. Only 30.3% of the near-inertial wind input projects onto the first five modes, whereas the sum of the NIW energy in the first five modes adds up to 58% …

Dispersed Crude Oil Induces Dysbiosis In The Red Snapper Lutjanus Campechanus External Microbiota, Andrew M. Tarnecki, Christelle Miller, Tracy A. Sherwood, Robert J. Griffitt, Ryan W. Schloesser, Dana L. Wetzel

Faculty Publications

The fish external microbiota competitively excludes primary pathogens and prevents the proliferation of opportunists. A shift from healthy microbiota composition, known as dysbiosis, may be triggered by environmental stressors and increases host susceptibility to disease. The Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill was a significant stressor event in the Gulf of Mexico. Despite anecdotal reports of skin lesions on fishes following the oil spill, little information is available on the impact of dispersed oil on the fish external microbiota. In this study, juvenile red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) were exposed to a chemically enhanced water-accommodated fraction (CEWAF) of Corexit 9500/DWH …

Mid-Breton Sediment Diversion (Mbrsd) Assessment – Final Report, Jerry D. Wiggert, Brandy N. Armstrong, M. Kemal Cambazoglu, Sandeep Kalathupurath Kuttan

Faculty Publications

The purpose of this project is to provide managers at the Mississippi Department of Marine Resources (MDMR) with the scientific information needed to accurately address public concerns regarding the potential effects of the Louisiana Coastal Master Plan / Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority (CPRA) Mid-Breton Sediment Diversion (MBrSD) on the jurisdictional waters and resources of Mississippi. The stated design purpose of the MBrSD is to reconnect and re-establish the deltaic sediment deposition process between the Mississippi River and the Breton Sound Basin through a diversion that will deliver up to 75,000 cfs of sediment-laden freshwater. The report presented herein provides …

Does A Bottom-Up Mechanism Promote Hypoxia In The Mississippi Bight?, Virginie Sanial, Willard S. Moore, Alan M. Shiller

Faculty Publications

The Mississippi Bight, east of the Mississippi River, is a complex coastal ecosystem that, like the better-known Louisiana Shelf to the west, experiences seasonal bottom water hypoxia. However, input of allochthonous nutrients from the Mississippi River to the Mississippi Bight appears to be limited, begging the question of what drives seasonal hypoxia in this system. Prior research has suggested submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) could be an overlooked component of the Mississippi Bight biogeochemical system. We thus examined the hypothesis that SGD provides a “bottom up” driver for seasonal hypoxia in this area. We used a multi-tracer approach based on known …

Heteroacene-Based Amphiphile As A Molecular Scaffold For Bioimaging Probes, Tharindu A. Ranathunge, Mahesh Loku Yaddehige, Jordan H. Varma, Cameron Smith, Jay Nguyen, Iyanuoluwani Owolabi, Wojciech Kolodziejczyk, Nathan I. Hammer, Glake Hill, Alex Flynt, Davita L. Watkins

Faculty Publications

The challenges faced with current fluorescence imaging agents have motivated us to study two nanostructures based on a hydrophobic dye, 6H-pyrrolo[3,2-b:4,5-b’]bis [1,4]benzothiazine (TRPZ). TRPZ is a heteroacene with a rigid, pi-conjugated structure, multiple reactive sites, and unique spectroscopic properties. Here we coupled TRPZ to a tert-butyl carbamate (BOC) protected 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propanoic acid (bisMPA) dendron via azide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition. Deprotection of the protected amine groups on the dendron afforded a cationic terminated amphiphile, TRPZ-bisMPA. TRPZ-bisMPA was nanoprecipitated into water to obtain nanoparticles (NPs) with a hydrodynamic radius that was <150 nm. For comparison, TRPZ-PG was encapsulated in pluronic-F127 (Mw …

Swir Emissive Rosindolizine Dyes With Nanoencapsulation In Water Soluble Dendrimers, Satadru Chatterjee, William E. Meador, Cameron Smith, Indika Chandrasiri, Mohammad Farid Zia, Jay Nguyen, Austin Dorris, Alex Flynt, Davita L. Watkins, Nathan I. Hammer, Jared H. Delcamp

Faculty Publications

Shortwave infrared (SWIR) emission has great potential for deep-tissue in vivo biological imaging with high resolution. In this article, the synthesis and characterization of two new xanthene-based RosIndolizine dyes coded ^PhRosIndz and ^tolRosIndz is presented. The dyes are characterized via femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy as well as steady-state absorption and emission spectroscopies. The emission of these dyes is shown in the SWIR region with peak emission at 1097 nm. ^TolRosIndz was encapsulated with an amphiphilic linear dendritic block co-polymer (LDBC) coded 10-PhPCL-G3 with high uptake yield. Further, cellular toxicity was examined in vitro using HEK (human embryonic …

Maximal Spacelike Surfaces In A Certain Homogeneous Lorentzian 3-Manifold, Sungwook Lee

Faculty Publications

The 2-parameter family of certain homogeneous Lorentzian 3-manifolds, which includes Minkowski 3-space and anti-de Sitter 3-space, is considered. Each homogeneous Lorentzian 3-manifold in the 2-parameter family has a solvable Lie group structure with left invariant metric. A generalized integral representation formula for maximal spacelike surfaces in the homogeneous Lorentzian 3-manifolds is obtained. The normal Gauß map of maximal spacelike surfaces and its harmonicity are discussed.

Site Selection For Coral Reef Restoration Using Airborne Imaging Spectroscopy, Steven R. Schill, Gregory P. Asner, Valerie Pietsch Mcnulty, F. Joseph Pollock, Aldo Croquer, Nicholas R. Vaughn, Ximena Escovar-Fadul, George Raber, Elizabeth Shaver

Faculty Publications

Over the past decade, coral restoration efforts have increased as reefs continue to decline at unprecedented rates. Identifying suitable coral outplanting locations to maximize coral survival continues to be one of the biggest challenges for restoration practitioners. Here, we demonstrate methods of using derivatives from imaging spectroscopy from the Global Airborne Observatory (GAO) to identify suitable coral outplant sites and report on the survival rates of restored coral at those sites. Outplant sites for a community-based, citizen science outplant event in Bávaro, Dominican Republic, were identified using expert-defined criteria applied to a suitability model from data layers derived from airborne …

Molecular Markers Of Biogenic And Oil-Derived Hydrocarbons In Deep-Sea Sediments Following The Deepwater Horizon Spill, Isabel C. Romero, Jeffrey P. Chanton, Gregg Brooks, Samantha Bosman, Rebekka A. Larson, Austin Harris, Patrick Schwing, Arne Diercks

Faculty Publications

Following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (DWHOS), the formation of an unexpected and extended sedimentation event of oil-associated marine snow (MOSSFA: Marine Oil Snow Sedimentation and Flocculent Accumulation) demonstrated the importance of biology on the fate of contaminants in the oceans. We used a wide range of compound-specific data (aliphatics, hopanes, steranes, triaromatic steroids, polycyclic aromatics) to chemically characterize the MOSSFA event containing abundant and multiple hydrocarbon sources (e.g., oil residues and phytoplankton). Sediment samples were collected in 2010–2011 (ERMA-NRDA programs: Environmental Response Management Application – Natural Resource Damage Assessment) and 2018 (REDIRECT project: Resuspension, Redistribution and Deposition of Deepwater …

Resuspension, Redistribution, And Deposition Of Oil-Residues To Offshore Depocenters After The Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, Arne R. Diercks, Isabel C. Romero, Rebekka A. Larson, Patrick Schwing, Austin Harris, Samantha Bosman, Jeffrey P. Chanton, Gregg Brooks

Faculty Publications

The focus of this study was to determine the long-term fate of oil-residues from the 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DwH) oil spill due to remobilization, transport, and re-distribution of oil residue contaminated sediments to down-slope depocenters following initial deposition on the seafloor. We characterized hydrocarbon residues, bulk sediment organic matter, ease of resuspension, sedimentology, and accumulation rates to define distribution patterns in a 14,300 km2 area southeast of the DwH wellhead (1,500 to 2,600 m water depth). Oil-residues from the DwH were detected at low concentrations in 62% of the studied sites at specific sediment layers, denoting episodic deposition of oil-residues …

St-V-Net: Incorporating Shape Prior Into Convolutional Neural Netwoks For Proximal Femur Segmentation, Chen Zhao, Joyce H. Keyak, Jinshan Tang, Tadashi S. Kaneko, Sundeep Khosla, Shreyasee Amin, Elizabeth J. Atkinson, Lan-Juan Zhao, Michael J. Serou, Chaoyang Zhang, Hui Shen, Hong-Wen Deng, Weihua Zhou

Faculty Publications

We aim to develop a deep-learning-based method for automatic proximal femur segmentation in quantitative computed tomography (QCT) images. We proposed a spatial transformation V-Net (ST-V-Net), which contains a V-Net and a spatial transform network (STN) to extract the proximal femur from QCT images. The STN incorporates a shape prior into the segmentation network as a constraint and guidance for model training, which improves model performance and accelerates model convergence. Meanwhile, a multi-stage training strategy is adopted to fine-tune the weights of the ST-V-Net. We performed experiments using a QCT dataset which included 397 QCT subjects. During the experiments for the …

Short-Term Impacts Of 2017 Western North American Wildfires On Meteorology, The Atmosphere's Energy Budget, And Premature Mortality, Diana N. Bernstein, Douglas S. Hamilton, Rosalie Krasnoff, Natalie M. Mahowald, David S. Connelly, Simone Tilmes, Peter G.M. Hess

Faculty Publications

Western North American fires have been increasing in magnitude and severity over the last few decades. The complex coupling of fires with the atmospheric energy budget and meteorology creates short-term feedbacks on regional weather altering the amount of pollution to which Americans are exposed. Using a combination of model simulations and observations, this study shows that the severe fires in the summer of 2017 increased atmospheric aerosol concentrations leading to a cooling of the air at the surface, reductions in sensible heat fluxes, and a lowering of the planetary boundary layer height over land. This combination of lower-boundary layer height …

Characterization Of The Differential Expressed Genes And Transcriptomic Pathway Analysis In The Liver Of Sub-Adult Red Drum (Sciaenops Ocellatus) Exposed To Deepwater Horizon Chemically Dispersed Oil, Tracy A. Sherwood, Maria L. Rodgers, Andrea M. Tarnecki, Dana L. Wetzel

Faculty Publications

The Deepwater Horizon blowout resulted in the second-largest quantity of chemical dispersants used as a countermeasure for an open water oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. Of which, the efficacy of dispersant as a mitigation strategy and its toxic effects on aquatic fauna remains controversial. To enhance our understanding of potential sub-lethal effects of exposure to chemically dispersed-oil, sub-adult red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) were continuously exposed to a Corexit 9500: DWH crude oil chemically enhanced water accommodated fraction (CEWAF) for 3-days and transcriptomic responses were assessed in the liver. Differential expressed gene (DEG) analysis demonstrated that 63 …

Engineering Donor-Acceptor Conjugated Polymers For High-Performance And Fast-Response Organic Electrochemical Transistors, Hanyu Jia, Zhen Huang, Peiyun Li, Song Zhang, Yunfei Wang, Jie Yu Wang, Xiaodan Gu, Ting Lei

Faculty Publications

To date, high-performance organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have mostly been based on polythiophene systems. Donor–acceptor (D–A) conjugated polymers are expected to be promising materials for OECTs owing to their high mobility and comparatively low crystallinity (good for ion diffusion). However, the OECT performance of D–A polymers lags far behind that of the polythiophenes. Here we synergistically engineered the backbone and side chain of a series of diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based D–A polymers and found that redox potential, molecular weight, solution processability, and film microstructures all have a severe impact on their performance. After systematic engineering, P(bgDPP-MeOT2) exhibited the best figure-of-merit (μC …

Heterogeneous Co2And Ch4Content Of Glacial Meltwater From The Greenland Ice Sheet And Implications For Subglacial Carbon Processes, Andrea J. Pain, Jonathan B. Martin, Ellen E. Martin, Åsa K. Rennermalm, Shaily Rahman

Faculty Publications

Accelerated melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet has increased freshwater delivery to the Arctic Ocean and amplified the need to understand the impact of Greenland Ice Sheet meltwater on Arctic greenhouse gas budgets. We evaluate subglacial discharge from the Greenland Ice Sheet for carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) concentrations and δ¹³C values and use geochemical models to evaluate subglacial CH₄ and CO₂ sources and sinks. We compare discharge from southwest (a sub-catchment of the Isunnguata Glacier, sub-Isunnguata, and the Russell Glacier) and southern Greenland (Kiattut Sermiat). Meltwater CH₄ concentrations vary …

Using Multiple Ecological Models To Inform Environmental Decision-Making, Kristy A. Lewis, Kenneth A. Rose, Kim De Mutsert, Shaye Sable, Cameron Ainsworth, Damian C. Brady, Howard Townsend

Faculty Publications

Coastal ecosystems are experiencing degradation from compound impacts of climate change and multiple anthropogenic disturbances. These pressures often act synergistically and complicate designing effective conservation measures; consequently, large-scale coastal restoration actions become a wicked problem. The purpose of this study was to use two different food web models in a coordinated manner to inform resource managers in their assessment of the ecological effects of a large-scale marsh restoration project. A team was formed that included the model developers and outside scientists, who were asked to use available model results of the calibrated simulations of an Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE) model …

Prospects For Gulf Of Mexico Environmental Recovery And Restoration, Denis A. Wiesenburg, Bob Shipp, F. Joel Fodrie, Sean Powers, Julien Lartigue, Kelly M. Darnell, Melissa M. Baustian, Cam Ngo, John F. Valentine, Kateryna Wowk

Faculty Publications

Previous oil spills provide clear evidence that ecosystem restoration efforts are challenging, and recovery can take decades. Similar to the Ixtoc 1 well blowout in 1979, the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill was enormous both in volume of oil spilled and duration, resulting in environmental impacts from the deep ocean to the Gulf of Mexico coastline. Data collected during the National Resource Damage Assessment showed significant damage to coastal areas (especially marshes), marine organisms, and deep-sea habitat. Previous spills have shown that disparate regions recover at different rates, with especially long-term effects in salt marshes and deepsea habitat. Environmental recovery …

End-To-End Modeling Reveals Species-Specific Effects Of Large-Scale Coastal Restoration On Living Resources Facing Climate Change, Kim De Mutsert, Kristy A. Lewis, Eric D. White, Joe Buszowski

Faculty Publications

Coastal erosion and wetland loss are affecting Louisiana to such an extent that the loss of land between 1932 and 2016 was close to 5,000 km². To mitigate this decline, coastal protection and restoration projects are being planned and implemented by the State of Louisiana, United States. The Louisiana Coastal Master Plan (CMP) is an adaptive management approach that provides a suite of projects that are predicted to build or maintain land and protect coastal communities. Restoring the coast with this 50-year large-scale restoration and risk reduction plan has the potential to change the biomass and distribution of …

A Synthesis Of Deepwater Horizon Impacts On Coastal And Nearshore Living Marine Resources, Steven A. Murawski, Joshua P. Kilborn, Adriana C. Bejarano, David Chagaris, David Donaldson, Frank J. Hernandez, Timothy C. Macdonald, Craig Newton, Ernst Peebles, Kelly L. Robinson

Faculty Publications

The 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil blowout in the Gulf of Mexico began on April 20, originating in the deep sea 66 km off the Louisiana coast. By early June, DWH oil had spread to coastal Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and western Florida. An estimated 2,113 km of shoreline were oiled, making DWH the largest marine oil spill in global history by length of affected shoreline. Additionally, a series of oil spill response measures were deployed, including diversions of Mississippi River discharge to forestall oil coming ashore, and the establishment of large-scale fishery closures, with both affecting coastal resources to varying …

Accuracy Assessment Of Global Internal-Tide Models Using Satellite Altimetry, Loren Carrere, Brian K. Arbic, Brian Dushaw, Gary Egbert, Svetlana Erofeeva, Florent Lyard, Richard D. Ray, Clement Ubelmann, Edward Zaron, Zhongxiang Zhao, Jay F. Shriver, Maarten Cornelis Buijsman, Nicolas Picot

Faculty Publications

Altimeter measurements are corrected for several geophysical parameters in order to access ocean signals of interest, like mesoscale or sub-mesoscale variability. The ocean tide is one of the most critical corrections due to the amplitude of the tidal elevations and to the aliasing phenomena of high-frequency signals into the lower-frequency band, but the internal-tide signatures at the ocean surface are not yet corrected globally.

Internal tides can have a signature of several centimeters at the surface with wavelengths of about 50–250 km for the first mode and even smaller scales for higher-order modes. The goals of the upcoming Surface Water …

Commuting Perturbations Of Operator Equations, Xue Xu, Jiu Ding

Faculty Publications

Let X be a Banach space and let T: X →X be a bounded linear operator with closed range. We study a class of commuting perturbations of the corresponding operator equation, using the concept of the spectral radius of a bounded linear operator. Our results extend the classic perturbation theorem for invertible operators and its generalization for arbitrary operators under the commutability assumption.

Dicer Represses The Interferon Response And The Double-Stranded Rna-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway In Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells, Chandan Gurung, Mona Fendereski, Krishna Sapkota, Jason Guo, Faqing Huang, Yan Lin Guo

Faculty Publications

Recent studies have demonstrated that embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are deficient in expressing type I interferons (IFN), the cytokines that play key roles in antiviral responses. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms and biological implications of this finding are poorly understood. In this study, we developed a synthetic RNA-based assay that can simultaneously assess multiple forms of antiviral responses. Dicer is an enzyme essential for RNA interference (RNAi), which is used as a major antiviral mechanism in invertebrates. RNAi activity is detected in wild-type ESCs but is abolished in Dicer knockout ESCs (D-/-ESCs) as expected. Surprisingly, D-/-ESCs have gained the ability …