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Articles 3121 - 3150 of 3436

Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Using Multiple Statistical Prototypes To Classify Continuously Valued Data, Tony R. Martinez, Dan A. Ventura Jan 1995

Using Multiple Statistical Prototypes To Classify Continuously Valued Data, Tony R. Martinez, Dan A. Ventura

Faculty Publications

Multiple Statistical Prototypes (MSP) is a modification of a standard minimum distance classification scheme that generates muItiple prototypes per class using a modified greedy heuristic. Empirical comparison of MSP with other well-known learning algorithms shows MSP to be a robust algorithm that uses a very simple premise to produce good generalization and achieve parsimonious hypothesis representation.

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Slow Motion In One-Dimensional Cahn-Morral Systems, Christopher P. Grant Jan 1995

Slow Motion In One-Dimensional Cahn-Morral Systems, Christopher P. Grant

Faculty Publications

In this paper we study one-dimensional Cahn-Morral systems, which are the multicomponent analogues of the Cahn-Hilliard model for phase separation and coarsening in binary mixtures. In particular, we examine solutions that start with initial data close to the preferred phases except at finitely many transition points where the data has sharp transition layers, and we show that such solutions may evolve exponentially slowly; i.e., if ε is the interaction length then there exists a constant C such that in exp(C/ε) units of time the change in such a solution is o(1). This corresponds to extremely slow coarsening of a multicomponent …

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Waterjet Cutting Of Cross-Linked Glass, Fang Yuan, John A. Johnson, David D. Allred, Robert H. Todd Jan 1995

Waterjet Cutting Of Cross-Linked Glass, Fang Yuan, John A. Johnson, David D. Allred, Robert H. Todd

Faculty Publications

The cutting of cross-linked glasses such as silica and Corning 7059 can be difficult. We conducted an experimental study to determine the feasibility of using a high-speed waterjet to cut thin Corning 7095 glass. Cutting using either pure de-ionized high pressure water at 380 MPa (55 000 psi) or de-ionized water with entrained garnet abrasive was studied. The roughness of the cut surfaces was measured and compared. Photomicrographs were taken of glass examples cut at different traversing rates with pure water and with the abrasive entrained waterjet. Comparative studies of cutting with and without the entrained abrasive material showed that …

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Xenon 147-Nm Resonance Ƒ Value And Trapped Decay Rates, H. M. Anderson, Scott D. Bergeson, D. A. Doughty, J. E. Lawler Jan 1995

Xenon 147-Nm Resonance Ƒ Value And Trapped Decay Rates, H. M. Anderson, Scott D. Bergeson, D. A. Doughty, J. E. Lawler

Faculty Publications

The absorption oscillator strength of the xenon 147-nm resonance transition is measured to be 0.264±0.016. This value is from direct absorption measurements with equivalent widths from ≈ 1 to ≈ 10 cm-1. This ƒ-value measurement is compared to others in the literature and is used in Monte Carlo simulations of trapped decay rates. The simulations include an angle-dependent partial frequency redistribution. The simulation results are compared to trapped decay rates in the literature.

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Semiclassical Quantization Of A Nonintegrable System: Pushing The Fourier Method Into The Chaotic Regime, Karl Sohlberg, Randall B. Shirts Nov 1994

Semiclassical Quantization Of A Nonintegrable System: Pushing The Fourier Method Into The Chaotic Regime, Karl Sohlberg, Randall B. Shirts

Faculty Publications

Semiclassical Einstein–Brillouin–Keller (EBK) quantization of the nonintegrable Hénon–Heiles Hamiltonian succeeds using the Fourier transform method of Martens and Ezra. Two innovations are required for this success: (1) the use of tunneling corrected quantizing actions obtained from an approximate, one-dimensional Hamiltonian and (2) exploitation of intermediate-time approximate quasiperiodicity or "vague tori'' wherein the Fourier transform of chaotic motion over 10–100 vibrational periods allows the determination of frequencies and amplitudes which approximate motion during the time interval. Approximate tori, actions, and EBK energy levels are then straightforward. We use an interpolation method to smooth over small resonance zones that are not expected …

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A Vlsi Implementation Of A Parallel, Self-Organizing Learning Model, Tony R. Martinez, George L. Rudolph, Linton G. Salmon, Matthew G. Stout Oct 1994

A Vlsi Implementation Of A Parallel, Self-Organizing Learning Model, Tony R. Martinez, George L. Rudolph, Linton G. Salmon, Matthew G. Stout

Faculty Publications

This paper presents a VLSI implementation of the Priority Adaptive Self-organizing Concurrent System (PASOCS) learning model that is built using a multi-chip module (MCM) substrate. Many current hardware implementations of neural network learning models are direct implementations of classical neural network structures - a large number of sample computing nodes connected by a dense number of weighted links. PASOCS is one of a class of ASOCS (Adaptive Self-Organizing Concurrent System) connectionist models whose overall goal is the same as classical neural networks models, but whose functional mechanisms differ significantly. This model has potential application in areas such as pattern recognition, …

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Spiders: A New User Interface For Rotation And Visualization Of N-Dimensional Point Sets, William A. Barrett, Kirk L. Duffin Oct 1994

Spiders: A New User Interface For Rotation And Visualization Of N-Dimensional Point Sets, William A. Barrett, Kirk L. Duffin

Faculty Publications

We present a new method for creating n-dimensional rotation matrices from manipulating the projections of n-dimensional data coordinate axes onto a viewing plane. A user interface for n-dimensional rotation is implemented. The interface is shown to have no rotational hysteresis.

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The Structure And Dynamics Of The Cs2 Molecular Ion, Karl Sohlberg, Chan Yibai Sep 1994

The Structure And Dynamics Of The Cs2 Molecular Ion, Karl Sohlberg, Chan Yibai

Faculty Publications

Several common elementary methods of computing molecular properties, prerequisite to molecular dynamics studies, are tested for their validity for CS+2. Judged sufficiently accurate, these methods are then used to aid in investigating the collisionally activated dissociation of CS+2 upon impact with xenon. Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus (RRKM) unimolecular decay rate calculations are presented and compared to experimental studies employing collisional activation. RRKM theory is shown to reproduce the experimental results for collision energies near threshold. When corrected for vibrational anharmonicity, the RRKM calculation shows agreement with the experimental results over a slightly wider range of energies. A discussion is given on the applicability …

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Emitted Current Instability From Silicon Field Emission Emitters Due To Sputtering By Residual Gas Ions, W.I. Karain, Larry V. Knight, David D. Allred, A. Reyes-Mena Jul 1994

Emitted Current Instability From Silicon Field Emission Emitters Due To Sputtering By Residual Gas Ions, W.I. Karain, Larry V. Knight, David D. Allred, A. Reyes-Mena

Faculty Publications

We have fabricated arrays of silicon field emitters using semiconductor lithography techniques. The density of the tips was 10^5/cm^2. The maximum current that can be extracted from each emitter is limited by resistive heating. We have investigated how the electron current emitted changes under constant applied voltage. We found that the current is very sensitive to the vacuum conditions. We attribute this to sputtering of the emitters due to ionized residual gas molecules. The poorer the vacuum, the higher the instability in the current. We studied this phenomenon at 10^6 and 10-x Torr. The model of two concentric spherical shells …

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Mesostructure Of Photoluminescent Porous Silicon, David D. Allred, F. Ruiz, C. Vázquez-López, Jesus González-Hernández, G. Romero-Paredes, R. Peña-Sierra, G. Torres-Delgado Jul 1994

Mesostructure Of Photoluminescent Porous Silicon, David D. Allred, F. Ruiz, C. Vázquez-López, Jesus González-Hernández, G. Romero-Paredes, R. Peña-Sierra, G. Torres-Delgado

Faculty Publications

Scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy were used to characterize the microstructure of photoluminescent porous silicon (PS) layers formed by the anodic etching (HF:H2O:ethanol), at various current densities, of p-type (100) silicon wafers possessing resitivity in the range 1-2 Ω cm. Existing models for the origin of luminescence in PS are not supported by our observations. Cross-sectional as well as surface atomic force micrographs show the material to be clumpy rather than columnar; rodlike structures are not observed down to a scale of 40 nm. A three-dimensional model of the mesostructure of porous silicon is discussed. Room-temperature …

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Raman Spectroscopic Study Of The Formation Of T-Mosi2 From Mo/Si Multilayers, Ming Cai, David D. Allred, A. Reyes-Mena Jul 1994

Raman Spectroscopic Study Of The Formation Of T-Mosi2 From Mo/Si Multilayers, Ming Cai, David D. Allred, A. Reyes-Mena

Faculty Publications

We have used Raman spectroscopy, large- and small-angle x-ray diffraction spectroscopy of sputter-deposited, vacuum-annealed, soft x-ray Mo/Si thin-film multilayers to study the physics of silicide formation. Two sets of multilayer samples with d-spacing 8.4 and 2.0 nm have been studied. Annealing at temperatures above 800 °C causes a gradual formation of amorphous MoSi2 interfaces between the Si and Mo layers. The transition from amorphous to crystalline MoSi2 is abrupt. The experimental results indicate that nucleation is the dominant process for the early stage and crystallization is the dominant process after nucleation is well advanced. In the thicker multilayer, a portion …

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A Multi-Chip Module Implementation Of A Neural Network, Tony R. Martinez, George L. Rudolph, Linton G. Salmon, Matthew G. Stout Mar 1994

A Multi-Chip Module Implementation Of A Neural Network, Tony R. Martinez, George L. Rudolph, Linton G. Salmon, Matthew G. Stout

Faculty Publications

The requirement for dense interconnect in artificial neural network systems has led researchers to seek high-density interconnect technologies. This paper reports an implementation using multi-chip modules (MCMs) as the interconnect medium. The specific system described is a self-organizing, parallel, and dynamic learning model which requires a dense interconnect technology for effective implementation; this requirement is fulfilled by exploiting MCM technology. The ideas presented in this paper regarding an MCM implementation of artificial neural networks are versatile and can be adapted to apply to other neural network and connectionist models.

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Proof Of Correctness For Asocs Aa3 Networks, J. Cory Barker, Tony R. Martinez Mar 1994

Proof Of Correctness For Asocs Aa3 Networks, J. Cory Barker, Tony R. Martinez

Faculty Publications

This paper analyzes adaptive algorithm 3 (AA3) of adaptive self-organizing concurrent systems (ASOCS) and proves that AA3 correctly fulfills the rules presented. Several different models for ASOCS have been developed. AA3 uses a distributed mechanism for implementing rules so correctness is not obvious. An ASOCS is an adaptive network composed of many simple computing elements operating in parallel. An ASOCS operates in one of two modes: learning and processing. In learning mode, rules are presented to the ASOCS and incorporated in a self-organizing fashion. In processing mode, the ASOCS acts as a parallel hardware circuit that performs the function defined …

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Predicting Missionary Service, Bert Burraston Jan 1994

Predicting Missionary Service, Bert Burraston

Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this thesis was to test the antecedents of religiosity on religious commitment. Specifically, what dimensions of religiosity predict if a young-adult Mormon male will serve a mission. Both Logistic Regression and LISREL were used to examine data from the Young Men's Study, in order to predict Mission. The six variables, Religious Intention, Public Religiosity, Religious Negativism, Family Structure, Tithing, and Smoking were found to have direct effects on missionary service. Four more variables were found to have important indirect effects on Mission. The four variables are Parents Church Attendance, Home Religious Observances, Agree With Parents' Values, and …

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Oscillator Strengths For Fe Ii Transitions At 224.918 And 226.008 Nanometers, Scott D. Bergeson, K. L. Mullman, J. E. Lawler Jan 1994

Oscillator Strengths For Fe Ii Transitions At 224.918 And 226.008 Nanometers, Scott D. Bergeson, K. L. Mullman, J. E. Lawler

Faculty Publications

We report accurate experimental absorption oscillator strengths (f-values) for transitions out of the ground level of Fe II to the z4Do7/2 and z4Do9/2 levels at 224.918 and 226.008 nm (air wavelengths) to be 0.00182(14) and 0.00244(19), respectively. The number in parenthesis is the uncertainty in the last digits. These two lines are important for studying Fe abundances and grain depletions in the interstellar medium. These f-values are determined by combining emission branching fractions with radiative lifetimes. Branching fractions are measured using classical spectroradiometry on an optically thin source. Radiative lifetimes are from …

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The Importance Of Using Multiple Styles Of Generalization, Tony R. Martinez, D. Randall Wilson Nov 1993

The Importance Of Using Multiple Styles Of Generalization, Tony R. Martinez, D. Randall Wilson

Faculty Publications

There are many ways for a learning system to generalize from training set data. There is likely no one style of generalization which will solve all problems better than any other style, for different styles will work better on some applications than others. This paper presents several styles of generalization and uses them to suggest that a collection of such styles can provide more accurate generalization than any one style by itself. Empirical results of generalizing on several real-world applications are given, and comparisons are made on the generalization accuracy of each style of generalization. The empirical results support the …

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Towards A General Distributed Platform For Learning And Generalization, Brent W. Hughes, Tony R. Martinez Nov 1993

Towards A General Distributed Platform For Learning And Generalization, Brent W. Hughes, Tony R. Martinez

Faculty Publications

Different learning models employ different styles of generalization on novel inputs. This paper proposes the need for multiple styles of generalization to support a broad application base. The Priority ASOCS model (Priority Adaptive Self-organizing Concurrent System) is overviewed and presented as a potential platform which can support multiple generalization styles. PASOCS is an adaptive network composed of many simple computing elements operating asynchronously and in parallel. The PASOCS can operate in either a data processing mode or a learning mode. During data processing mode, the system acts as a parallel hardware circuit. During leaming mode, the PASOCS incorporates rules, with …

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Rsvp: A New Resource Reservation Protocol, Daniel Zappala, Stephen Deering, Deborah Estrin, Scott Shenker, Lixia Zhang Sep 1993

Rsvp: A New Resource Reservation Protocol, Daniel Zappala, Stephen Deering, Deborah Estrin, Scott Shenker, Lixia Zhang

Faculty Publications

The current Internet architecture, embodied in the Internet Protocol (IP) network protocol, offers a very simple service model: point-to-point best-effort service. In recent years, several new classes of distributed applications have been developed, such as remote video, multimedia conferencing, data fusion, visualization, and virtual reality. It is becoming increasingly clear that the Internet’s primitive service model is inadequate for these new applications. This inadequacy stems from the failure of the point-to-point best-effort service model to address two application requirements. First, many of these applications are very sensitive to the quality of service their packets receive. For a network to deliver …

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Large Amplitude L=1 Coherent Structures In Non-Neutral Plasmas Confined In A Cylindrical Trap, Ross L. Spencer, Grant W. Mason Jun 1993

Large Amplitude L=1 Coherent Structures In Non-Neutral Plasmas Confined In A Cylindrical Trap, Ross L. Spencer, Grant W. Mason

Faculty Publications

The computation of l= 1 coherent structures in non-neutral plasmas with arbitrary density profiles and for large displacements of the plasma from the symmetry axis of a confining cylindrical trap is described. As the structures are displaced from the axis, they revolve about the symmetry axis with a frequency that typically increases with displacement. The plasma also is distorted into an approximately elliptical shape. The frequency shifts and the eccentricities as a function of displacement, plasma size, and the shape of the density profile are both computed numerically and calculated analytically. The results are shown to be consistent with data …

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Photoluminescence And Absorption Studies Of Defects In Cdte And Znxcd1-Xte Crystals, Cheryl Barnett Davis, David D. Allred, A. Reyes-Mena, Jesus González-Hernández, Ovidio González, Bret C. Hess, Worth P. Allred May 1993

Photoluminescence And Absorption Studies Of Defects In Cdte And Znxcd1-Xte Crystals, Cheryl Barnett Davis, David D. Allred, A. Reyes-Mena, Jesus González-Hernández, Ovidio González, Bret C. Hess, Worth P. Allred

Faculty Publications

We have studied at cryogenic temperatures photoluminescence features which lie more than 0.15 eV below the band edge in ZnxCd1-xTe (0≤x≤0.09) crystals. The same features, namely a defect band which lies at about 0.13-0.20 eV below the band-gap energy and a peak at 1.1 eV, that are observed in pure CdTe samples are observed in these alloy materials. In annealed samples we observe that the 1.1 eV feature, which has been attributed to tellurium vacancies, increases with fast cooling. Increased concentrations of tellurium vacancies can be understood in terms of the phase diagram of CdTe which indicates that higher concentrations …

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Exponential Growth Of An Unstable L=1 Diocotron Mode For A Hollow Electron Column In A Warm-Fluid Model, S. Neil Rasband, Ross L. Spencer, Richard R. Vanfleet Mar 1993

Exponential Growth Of An Unstable L=1 Diocotron Mode For A Hollow Electron Column In A Warm-Fluid Model, S. Neil Rasband, Ross L. Spencer, Richard R. Vanfleet

Faculty Publications

Numerical investigations of a warm-fluid model with an isothermal equation of state for the perpendicular dynamics of an axisymmetric, magnetically confined pure electron plasma predict an exponentially unstable, l=1, diocotron mode for hollow density profiles. The unstable mode can be identified with a stable, nonsmooth mode that exists in cold drift models but which is destabilized by finite temperature effects. The unstable mode has many properties similar to the experimental results reported by Driscoll [Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 645 (1990)].

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Low-Frequency Feature In The First-Order Raman Spectrum Of Amorphous Carbon, David D. Allred, Qi Wang, Jesus González-Hernández Mar 1993

Low-Frequency Feature In The First-Order Raman Spectrum Of Amorphous Carbon, David D. Allred, Qi Wang, Jesus González-Hernández

Faculty Publications

In the first-order Raman spectrum of amorphous carbon (a-C) there is a low-frequency feature in the 200-900-cm-1 region. This feature is characteristic of the highly disordered amorphous-carbon materials. We note that the intensity of this feature is very sensitive to the thermal history of samples, thus suggesting that it is an important measure of the degree of disorder of the a-C materials. We also discuss the relationship between this feature and the phonon density of states of graphite.

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Precision Spectroscopy Using The Lamb Dip In A Pure Ion Plasma, P. N. Barnes, Grant W. Hart Feb 1993

Precision Spectroscopy Using The Lamb Dip In A Pure Ion Plasma, P. N. Barnes, Grant W. Hart

Faculty Publications

The use of the Lamb dip as a technique for precision spectroscopy in a non-neutral plasma is explored through computer modeling. Using singly ionized magnesium as the ion and under typical pure ion plasma conditions, the measurement appears to be feasible. Under the conditions calculated here, the Lamb dip is only 4% wider than the natural linewidth of the transition.

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Radiative Lifetimes, Branching Ratios, And Absolute Transition Probabilities In Cr Ii And Zn Ii, Scott D. Bergeson, J. E. Lawler Jan 1993

Radiative Lifetimes, Branching Ratios, And Absolute Transition Probabilities In Cr Ii And Zn Ii, Scott D. Bergeson, J. E. Lawler

Faculty Publications

New absolute atomic transition probability measurements are reported for 12 transitions in Cr II and two transitions in Zn II. These transition probabilities are determined by combining branching ratios measured by classical techniques and radiative lifetimes measured by time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence. The measurements are compared with branching fractions, radiative lifetimes, and transition probabilities in the literature. The 206 nm resonance multiplets in Cr II and Zn II are included in this work. These multiplets are very useful in determining the distribution of the elements in the gas versus grain phases in the interstellar medium.

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Oscillator Strengths Of The Si Ii 181 Nanometer Resonance Multiplet, Scott D. Bergeson, J. E. Lawler Jan 1993

Oscillator Strengths Of The Si Ii 181 Nanometer Resonance Multiplet, Scott D. Bergeson, J. E. Lawler

Faculty Publications

We report Si II experimental log (gf)-values of –2.38(4) for the 180.801 nm line, of –2.18(4) for the 181.693 nm line, and of –3.29(5) for the 181.745 nm line, where the number in parenthesis is the uncertainty in the last digit. The overall uncertainties (~10%) include the 1 σ random uncertainty (~6%) and an estimate of the systematic uncertainty. The oscillator strengths are determined by combining branching fractions and radiative lifetimes. The branching fractions are measured using standard spectroradiometry on an optically thin source; the radiative lifetimes are measured using time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence.

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Ti-Ii Transition Probabilities And Radiative Lifetimes In Ti+ And The Solar Titanium Abundance, A. Bizzarri, M.C.E. Huber, A. Noels, N. Grevesse, Scott D. Bergeson, P. Tsekeris, J. E. Lawler Jan 1993

Ti-Ii Transition Probabilities And Radiative Lifetimes In Ti+ And The Solar Titanium Abundance, A. Bizzarri, M.C.E. Huber, A. Noels, N. Grevesse, Scott D. Bergeson, P. Tsekeris, J. E. Lawler

Faculty Publications

Transition probabilities of 100 Ti-II emission lines, originating from 7 different atomic levels, have been determined by combining branching fractions with radiative lifetimes. The branching fractions were meaures using Fourier transform spectroscopy on a hollow cathode. The radiative lifetimes of these 7 – and 35 additional – levels were measured using time resolved laser-induced fluorescence on a slow Ti ion beam. The transition probabilities of 21 very weak lines have been used to derive a solar titanium abundance of aTi=log(NTi/NH)+12=5.04±0.04 dex, which is insensitive to the solar model. This value is in …

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Transition Probabilities For The 3s23p(2PO)–3s3p2(4P) Intersystem Lines Of Si Ii, Anthony G. Calamai, Peter L. Smith, Scott D. Bergeson Jan 1993

Transition Probabilities For The 3s23p(2PO)–3s3p2(4P) Intersystem Lines Of Si Ii, Anthony G. Calamai, Peter L. Smith, Scott D. Bergeson

Faculty Publications

Intensity ratios of lines of the spin-changing "intersystem" multiplet of Si II (4P → 2Po) at 234 nm have been used to determine electron densities and temperatures in a variety of astrophysical environments. However, the accuracy of these diagnostic calculations have been limited by uncertainties associated with the available atomic data. We report the first laboratory measurement, using an ion-trapping technique, of the radiative lifetimes of the three metastable levels of the 3s3p2 4P term of Si II. Our results are 104 ± 16, 406 ± 33, and 811 ± 77 µs for …

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Linear Theory Of Non-Neutral Plasma Equilibrium In A Tilted Magnetic Field, Ross L. Spencer, Grant W. Hart Nov 1992

Linear Theory Of Non-Neutral Plasma Equilibrium In A Tilted Magnetic Field, Ross L. Spencer, Grant W. Hart

Faculty Publications

A linear perturbation expansion has been found that allows the rapid and accurate calculation of the response of a non-neutral plasma to a tilted magnetic field. The results of the calculation have been found to agree with previous three-dimensional equilibrium calculations, and also to agree with Keinigs' [Phys. Fluids 24, 860 (1981)] calculation of zero-frequency resonances caused by magnetic field errors. This expansion also allows the perturbed velocity to be calculated. It is speculated that this perturbed flow may be related to the enhanced radial transport in a non-neutral plasma with a tilted magnetic field.

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Use Of Raman Spectroscopy In Characterizing Soft X-Ray Multilayers: Tools In Understanding Structure And Interfaces, Ming Cai, Qi Wang, David D. Allred, Larry V. Knight, Dorian M. Hatch, A. Reyes-Mena, Guizhong Zhang Oct 1992

Use Of Raman Spectroscopy In Characterizing Soft X-Ray Multilayers: Tools In Understanding Structure And Interfaces, Ming Cai, Qi Wang, David D. Allred, Larry V. Knight, Dorian M. Hatch, A. Reyes-Mena, Guizhong Zhang

Faculty Publications

Our group is studying the structure and interfaces of soft x-ray multilayers by various techniques including x-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopy is particularly useful since it is sensitive to the identity of individual bonds and thus can potentially characterize the abruptness of interfaces in multilayers. Blocking interfacial mixing is very important in achieving and maintaining high reflectivity. We report our studies of the as-deposited and postannealed structure of Mo/Si and W/C multilayers. The Mo/Si system is probably the most widely studied multilayer currently because of its potential applications for soft x-ray projection lithography for the range of 13 …

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Adaptive Boundary Detection Using “Live-Wire” Two-Dimensional Dynamic Programming, William A. Barrett, Bryan S. Morse, Eric N. Mortensen, Jayaram Udupa Oct 1992

Adaptive Boundary Detection Using “Live-Wire” Two-Dimensional Dynamic Programming, William A. Barrett, Bryan S. Morse, Eric N. Mortensen, Jayaram Udupa

Faculty Publications

An adaptive boundary detection algorithm that uses two-dimensional dynamic programming is presented. The algorithm is less constrained than previous one-dimensional dynamic programming algorithms and allows the user to interactively determine the mathematically optimal boundary between a user-selected seed point and any other dynamically selected "free” point in the image. Interactive movement of the free point by the cursor causes the boundary to behave like a “live wire” as it adapts to the new minimum cost path between the seed point and the currently selected free point. The algorithm can also be adapted or customized to learn boundary-defining features for a …

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