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Articles 31 - 56 of 56

Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Ammonium Cycling And Nitrifier Community Composition In Eutrophic Waters Affected By Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms, Justyna J. Hampel Jan 2019

Ammonium Cycling And Nitrifier Community Composition In Eutrophic Waters Affected By Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms, Justyna J. Hampel

Browse all Theses and Dissertations

Non-point source nitrogen (N) from agriculture is a main driver of eutrophication in aquatic systems, which often manifests as toxin producing cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cyanoHABs). Non-N2 fixing cyanobacteria, such as Microcystis, thrive on chemically reduced N forms (e.g., ammonium (NH4+) and urea) used as the main N form in fertilizer. NH4+ turnover rates are important components of the aquatic N cycle in eutrophic lakes affected by cyanoHABs. Regeneration of NH4+ can contribute to the internal cycling of NH4+, which can sustain cyanoHABs when external loads are low. Additionally, NH4+ uptake by cyanobacteria competes directly with nitrification, another important pathway …

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Using Paleolimnology To Establish Baseline Conditions For Metal Contaminants In Advance Of Proposed Mining To Inform A Northern Community-Led Aquatic Monitoring Program, Tłı̨Chǫ Lands, Northwest Territories, Canada., James Telford Jan 2019

Using Paleolimnology To Establish Baseline Conditions For Metal Contaminants In Advance Of Proposed Mining To Inform A Northern Community-Led Aquatic Monitoring Program, Tłı̨Chǫ Lands, Northwest Territories, Canada., James Telford

Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)

The Marian Watershed Stewardship Program (MWSP), a community-driven aquatic ecosystem monitoring program, was developed by the Tłı̨chǫ Government to address concerns regarding the cumulative impacts of multiple potential stressors. In particular, the MWSP aims to develop methods that will be effective for detecting potential pollution from the proposed cobalt-gold-copper-bismuth NICO mine within Tłı̨chǫ Lands. In collaboration with the MWSP, paleolimnological methods and geochemical normalization are used to establish pre-mine baselines of lake sediment metals concentrations in the Marian River watershed prior to mine development. This baseline framework can be used to assess for pollution from surficial sediment once the mine …

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Spatiotemporal Dynamics Of Nitrogen And Carbon Biogeochemistry In A Wetland-Stream Sequence, Patrick E. Hurley Jan 2019

Spatiotemporal Dynamics Of Nitrogen And Carbon Biogeochemistry In A Wetland-Stream Sequence, Patrick E. Hurley

Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers

Studies of aquatic ecosystems often segregate streams from the influential ponds, lakes, and wetland zones that act as important transitions between terrestrial and fluvial systems. Across the aquatic landscape, these zones interact to form linked ecosystems that function as discrete nutrient processing domains, shifting biogeochemical signals due to spatial and temporal variability in hydrologic and biologic controls. Using a mass-balance approach, we profiled nutrient dynamics along a 23-km wetland-stream sequence over three seasons. Hydrologic, morphologic, and biologic conditions, as well as landscape attributes, were quantified to determine potential controls on biogeochemical cycling in a tributary of the Upper Clark Fork …

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Colloidal And Truly Dissolved Metal(Loid)S In Wastewater Lagoons And Their Removal With Floating Treatment Wetlands, Lauren Sullivan Jan 2019

Colloidal And Truly Dissolved Metal(Loid)S In Wastewater Lagoons And Their Removal With Floating Treatment Wetlands, Lauren Sullivan

Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers

Climate change is predicted to cause continuing declines in late-season streamflow, thus increasing the relative contribution of wastewater effluent to surface water flows. Wastewater effluent represents a critical point source of metal and metalloid contamination to aquatic ecosystems and wastewater lagoons are the most common wastewater treatment system in the rural United States. Although the fraction of total wastewater metals and metalloids in "dissolved" forms (defined here asnm) likely drives the potential for negative effects on receiving waters, this broad operational definition lumps truly dissolved solutes (nm) with small colloids and nanomaterials (1-450 nm; hereafter colloids). This size distinction may …

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Springtime Benthic Fluxes In The Salish Sea: Environmental Parameters Driving Spatial Variation In The Exchange Of Dissolved Oxygen, Inorganic Carbon, Nutrients, And Alkalinity Between The Sediments And Overlying Water, Emma I. Rigby Jan 2019

Springtime Benthic Fluxes In The Salish Sea: Environmental Parameters Driving Spatial Variation In The Exchange Of Dissolved Oxygen, Inorganic Carbon, Nutrients, And Alkalinity Between The Sediments And Overlying Water, Emma I. Rigby

WWU Graduate School Collection

Recent decades have seen changes to biogeochemical cycles in the Salish Sea, including alterations in water column nutrients, an expansion of hypoxic zones, and bottom water acidification. Marine sediments can be a major contributor to these biogeochemical cycles by exchanging solutes with bottom water. In an effort to understand the sediment biogeochemistry of the Salish Sea further, benthic fluxes of dissolved oxygen (DO), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), pH, total alkalinity (TA), and nutrients (ammonium, nitrate+nitrite, phosphate, silicate) between the sediment and the overlying water were directly measured using incubated flux cores at 42 sites in April and early May 2018. …

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Characterizing Diatom Biofilms And Their Influence On The Sand Biogeochemistry Of High Energy Beaches, Logan C. Jarrell Oct 2018

Characterizing Diatom Biofilms And Their Influence On The Sand Biogeochemistry Of High Energy Beaches, Logan C. Jarrell

Honors Theses

High energy beaches are among the most dynamic ecological settings on Earth. Compared to mudflats, diatoms of high energy beaches have been more neglected in the literature, particularly true of the intertidal biofilms that form and dissipate with nutrient cycling and light intensity over the tidal cycle. Although short lived, the productivity of these biofilms may be critical to the organic-poor sand. Through sediment coring and subsequent analyses of the uppermost sand of three suspected biofilm stations—non-runnel, runnel crest, and runnel trough—along with seemingly bare sand as a control, this study sought to verify the presence of diatom biofilms and …

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Investigation Of Biogeochemical Mechanisms Of Greenhouse Gas Production In The Urban Hudson River Estuary, Brian Alan Brigham Sep 2018

Investigation Of Biogeochemical Mechanisms Of Greenhouse Gas Production In The Urban Hudson River Estuary, Brian Alan Brigham

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

Coastal megacities deposit significant amounts of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and other pollutants into surrounding waters. These inputs, including wastewater and surface water runoff, may affect estuarine and adjacent wetland biogeochemical cycles, microbial production and ultimately greenhouse gas (GHG) efflux. In many megacities pollutant loading is typically greatest after periods of precipitation when the volume of wastewater and storm water runoff exceeds local sanitation capacity, resulting in the discharge of raw sewage into adjacent waters. These combined sewage overflow (CSO) events have received considerable attention primarily due to their potential impact on human health and eutrophication. However, whether these events …

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Flow Regime Influences On Stream And Riparian Soil Carbon Dynamics In The Ozark Highlands And Boston Mountains Of Arkansas, Allyn Dodd Aug 2018

Flow Regime Influences On Stream And Riparian Soil Carbon Dynamics In The Ozark Highlands And Boston Mountains Of Arkansas, Allyn Dodd

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

The natural flow regime exerts primacy over lotic ecosystem patterns and processes. However, little work has examined the influence of flow regime on instream and riparian carbon (C) dynamics in minimally-impacted, temperate forested systems. To date, most research efforts have focused on characterizing C movement and transformations across biomes and land use categories; however, flow regime represents an overlooked, finer level of detail that may drive differences in ecosystem function. My dissertation objective was to measure C fixation and movement within and across multiple environmental spheres (e.g. within stream channels, between stream surfaces and the atmosphere, and from riparian soils …

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Carbon Dynamics In Tropical Lake Malawi, Maxon Ngochera May 2018

Carbon Dynamics In Tropical Lake Malawi, Maxon Ngochera

Theses and Dissertations

Large lakes of the world play a vital role in the global carbon cycle as they act both as conduits and sinks of terrestrially and atmospherically derived carbon. Lake Malawi, lying at the extreme southernmost end of the East African Rift Valley is one of the largest, deepest and most ancient of the African Great Lakes. In this study, the spatial and seasonal variation of direct measurements of air and water pCO2 were taken for a period of one annual cycle using a vessel of opportunity along the north-south axis of Lake Malawi. These data, together with limnological and meteorological …

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Geochemical And Microbiological Controls On Mercury Methylation In Natural Waters, Alison M. Agather Jan 2018

Geochemical And Microbiological Controls On Mercury Methylation In Natural Waters, Alison M. Agather

Browse all Theses and Dissertations

Mercury (Hg) is a global pollutant toxic to humans and wildlife. Monomethylmercury (MMHg) is a bioavailable compound that bioaccumulates and biomagnifies in food webs. Humans are primarily exposed to MMHg from seafood consumption (Sunderland 2007), and high quantities of the neurotoxin lead to reduced neurocognitive functioning in adults and the children of exposed mothers (Cohen et al. 2005, Yokoo et al. 2003). Negative effects from MMHg accumulation on the health of humans and wildlife requires a more complete understanding of the chemistry and microbiology driving Hg methylation in both marine and freshwater systems. This work focuses on water column distribution, …

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Evaluating Sediments As An Ecosystem Service In Western Lake Erie Through Quantification Of Nitrogen Cycling Pathways, Ashlynn Rose Boedecker Jan 2018

Evaluating Sediments As An Ecosystem Service In Western Lake Erie Through Quantification Of Nitrogen Cycling Pathways, Ashlynn Rose Boedecker

Browse all Theses and Dissertations

Lake Erie experiences annual cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (HABs), comprised mostly of non-nitrogen-fixing Microcystis, due to excess nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) inputs (eutrophication). Lake Erie's watershed is mostly agricultural, and fertilizers, manure, and drainage practices contribute to high nutrient loads. This study aimed to clarify the role of Lake Erie sediments in either exacerbating or mitigating conditions that fuel HABs via recycling and/or removal, respectively, of excess N and P. Sediment-water interface N dynamics were evaluated in low HAB (2016, dry) and high HAB (2017, wet spring and early summer) years. Intact sediment cores and overlying water were collected …

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Characterizing Cdom Spectral Variability From Seas To Space, Brice Grunert Jan 2018

Characterizing Cdom Spectral Variability From Seas To Space, Brice Grunert

Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports

Colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) absorption varies significantly across the global oceans, presumably due to differences in source and degradation pathways. Tracking this variability on a global, or even regional, scale requires broad temporal and spatial sampling at high frequency. Satellite remote sensing provides this platform; however, current and near future sensors are/will be limited to measurements within the UV and visible wavelengths (> 350 nm) while most optical proxies estimating CDOM composition, and relevant for understanding largescale biogeochemical processes, use wavelengths less than 350 nm. This dissertation examines global variability in CDOM spectral variability utilizing a variety of optical …

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East African Weathering Dynamics Controlled By Vegetation-Climate Feedbacks, Sarah J. Ivory, Michael M. Mcglue, Geoffrey S. Ellis, Adam Boehlke, Anne-Marie Lézine, Annie Vincens, Andrew S. Cohen Sep 2017

East African Weathering Dynamics Controlled By Vegetation-Climate Feedbacks, Sarah J. Ivory, Michael M. Mcglue, Geoffrey S. Ellis, Adam Boehlke, Anne-Marie Lézine, Annie Vincens, Andrew S. Cohen

Earth and Environmental Sciences Faculty Publications

Tropical weathering has important linkages to global biogeochemistry and landscape evolution in the East African rift. We disentangle the influences of climate and terrestrial vegetation on chemical weathering intensity and erosion at Lake Malawi using a long sediment record. Fossil pollen, microcharcoal, particle size, and mineralogy data affirm that the detrital clays accumulating in deep water within the lake are controlled by feedbacks between climate and hinterland forest composition. Particle-size patterns are also best explained by vegetation, through feedbacks with lake levels, wildfires, and erosion. We develop a new source-to-sink framework that links lacustrine sedimentation to hinterland vegetation in tropical …

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Linking Organic Matter Dynamics To Management, Restoration, And Climate In The Florida Everglades, Peter Regier Jun 2017

Linking Organic Matter Dynamics To Management, Restoration, And Climate In The Florida Everglades, Peter Regier

FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The Florida Everglades is a massive and highly managed subtropical wetland ecosystem, strongly influenced by anthropogenic control of freshwater distribution and highly susceptible to a changing climate, including rising sea-level and changes in temperature and rainfall. Shifting hydrologic regimes impact ecosystem function and biogeochemistry, which in turn control the sources, fate, and transport of organic matter. As a master environmental variable, it is essential to understand how organic matter dynamics will respond to changes in the balance between freshwater and saltwater associated with landscape-scale Everglades restoration efforts and climate change. The research comprising this dissertation improves current understanding of the …

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Methylmercury Bioaccumulation In Spotted Salamanders (Ambystoma Maculatum) In Southern Ohio, Rachel Alex Walker Jan 2017

Methylmercury Bioaccumulation In Spotted Salamanders (Ambystoma Maculatum) In Southern Ohio, Rachel Alex Walker

Browse all Theses and Dissertations

Mercury (Hg) is a volatile element increasing in concentration in the environment as a result of anthropogenic emissions. Microorganisms can transform mercury into monomethylmercury (MMHg), the form of Hg that bioaccumulates, biomagnifies, and can harm humans and wildlife. Most studies of MMHg bioaccumulation in wildlife have focused on aquatic organisms due to consumption of fish being the primary route of human exposure to MMHg. However, organisms in terrestrial ecosystems also are exposed to MMHg that may impact ecosystem biodiversity, food-web dynamics, and organisms and ecosystem health. I investigated bioaccumulation and maternal transfer of MMHg in spotted salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum) captured …

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Changes Of Soil Biogeochemistry Under Native And Exotic Plants Species, Yujie Hua Jan 2015

Changes Of Soil Biogeochemistry Under Native And Exotic Plants Species, Yujie Hua

FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Invasive plant species are major threats to the biodiversity and ecosystem stability. The purpose of this study is to understand the impacts of invasive plants on soil nutrient cycling and ecological functions. Soil samples were collected from rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere of both native and exotic plants from three genera, Lantana, Ficus and Schinus, at Tree Tops Park in South Florida, USA. Experimental results showed that the cultivable bacterial population in the soil under Brazilian pepper (invasive Schinus) was approximately ten times greater than all other plants. Also, Brazilian pepper lived under conditions of significantly lower available phosphorus …

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Topographic Controls On N2o And N2 Efflux In A Temperate Forest, Eric M. Enanga Dec 2014

Topographic Controls On N2o And N2 Efflux In A Temperate Forest, Eric M. Enanga

Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository

The release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere is becoming an increasingly important problem due to the overwhelming evidence of the relationship between rising greenhouse gas concentrations and increased global temperatures. It is important that we gain a better understanding of the processes controlling the release of N2O, a powerful greenhouse gas. Topographic influences on soil temperature, moisture, reduction-oxidation (redox) potential, dissolved organic carbon, and nitrate conditions, which in turn influence N2O release, were investigated in a natural temperate forest ecosystem in Ontario, Canada. Wetland positions were observed to have the conditions most suited for N …

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Wetlands And Greenhouse Gas Fluxes: Causes And Effects Of Climate Change – A Meta-Analysis, Robert E. Ventura Jan 2014

Wetlands And Greenhouse Gas Fluxes: Causes And Effects Of Climate Change – A Meta-Analysis, Robert E. Ventura

Pomona Senior Theses

Climate change is one of the largest problems facing this generation. Anthropogenically caused increases of greenhouse gas emissions is a significant culprit to this problem. Although the obvious problems such as cars, industry, and urbanism garnish a significant amount of the criticism, natural sources such as wetlands are also beginning to contribute to this issue. This is becoming increasingly significant as wetlands shift from being sinks of greenhouse gases to becoming sources as various anthropogenic impacts, including global warming itself, begin to affect the health of the wetlands. The aim of this project is to look at four common types …

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Heavy Metal Pollution In The Paso Del Norte Region:Historical Reconstruction And Source Interpretation, Eugenia G. Shekhter Jan 2013

Heavy Metal Pollution In The Paso Del Norte Region:Historical Reconstruction And Source Interpretation, Eugenia G. Shekhter

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

A unique and complex situation of heavy metal pollution arose in the El Paso del Norte region, one of the largest and oldest metropolitan areas on the US-Mexican border. This region with its complex topography is home to more than 2.2 million people sharing the same environment. Although many studies have been conducted in the region to identify the sources of environmental contamination, the cumulative history of heavy metal pollution is still incomplete. In order to identify the patterns of heavy metal dispersion and to test the hypothesis that the American Smelting and Refining Company (ASARCO) was a considerable contributor …

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Phosphorus In Phoenix: A Budget And Spatial Representation Of Phosphorus In An Urban Ecosystem, Genevieve S. Metson, Rebecca L. Hale, David M. Iwaniec, Elizabeth M. Cook, Jessica R. Corman, Christopher S. Galletti, Daniel L. Childers Jan 2012

Phosphorus In Phoenix: A Budget And Spatial Representation Of Phosphorus In An Urban Ecosystem, Genevieve S. Metson, Rebecca L. Hale, David M. Iwaniec, Elizabeth M. Cook, Jessica R. Corman, Christopher S. Galletti, Daniel L. Childers

School of Natural Resources: Faculty Publications

As urban environments dominate the landscape, we need to examine how limiting nutrients such as phosphorus (P) cycle in these novel ecosystems. Sustainable management of P resources is necessary to ensure global food security and to minimize freshwater pollution. We used a spatially explicit budget to quantify the pools and fluxes of P in the Greater Phoenix Area in Arizona, USA, using the boundaries of the Central Arizona– Phoenix Long-Term Ecological Research site. Inputs were dominated by direct imports of food and fertilizer for local agriculture, while most outputs were small, including water, crops, and material destined for recycling. Internally, …

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The Biogeochemistry Of Carbon Isotopes In Local Lakes, Stephen Edward Sadurski Jan 2012

The Biogeochemistry Of Carbon Isotopes In Local Lakes, Stephen Edward Sadurski

Browse all Theses and Dissertations

Photosynthesis, respiration, and decay of organic matter all involve the transfer of carbon among the carbon-bearing species in the systems. These biogeochemical processes also fractionate the carbon isotope composition, which results in changes to the carbon isotope composition of the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) pool. This thesis presents two separate, but related studies regarding the influence of biogeochemical processes on carbon isotopes in local lakes. Crystal Lake is a small but deep glacial lake (12.5 acres, 11.9 meters). The study shows that during thermal stratification, the heaviest carbon can be found in the epilimnion near the surface, where photosynthesis dominates …

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Model Comparisons For Estimating Carbon Emissions From North American Wildland Fire, Nancy H. F. French, Willam J. De Groot, Liza K. Jenkins, Brendan M. Rogers, Ernesto Alvarado, Brian Amiro, Bernardus De Jong, Scott Goetz, Elizabeth Hoy, Edward Hyer, Robert Keane, B. E. Law, Donald Mckenzie, Steven G. Mcnulty, Roger Ottmar, Diego R. Perez-Salicrup, James Randerson, Kevin M. Robertson, Merritt Turetsky Dec 2011

Model Comparisons For Estimating Carbon Emissions From North American Wildland Fire, Nancy H. F. French, Willam J. De Groot, Liza K. Jenkins, Brendan M. Rogers, Ernesto Alvarado, Brian Amiro, Bernardus De Jong, Scott Goetz, Elizabeth Hoy, Edward Hyer, Robert Keane, B. E. Law, Donald Mckenzie, Steven G. Mcnulty, Roger Ottmar, Diego R. Perez-Salicrup, James Randerson, Kevin M. Robertson, Merritt Turetsky

Michigan Tech Research Institute Publications

Research activities focused on estimating the direct emissions of carbon from wildland fires across North America are reviewed as part of the North American Carbon Program disturbance synthesis. A comparison of methods to estimate the loss of carbon from the terrestrial biosphere to the atmosphere from wildland fires is presented. Published studies on emissions from recent and historic time periods and five specific cases are summarized, and new emissions estimates are made using contemporary methods for a set of specific fire events. Results from as many as six terrestrial models are compared. We find that methods generally produce similar results …

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Alteration Of Groundwater And Sediment Geochemistry In A Sulfidic Backswamp Due To Melaleuca Quinquenervia Encroachment, Scott G. Johnston, Peter G. Slavich, Phillip Hirst Jan 2010

Alteration Of Groundwater And Sediment Geochemistry In A Sulfidic Backswamp Due To Melaleuca Quinquenervia Encroachment, Scott G. Johnston, Peter G. Slavich, Phillip Hirst

Professor Scott G Johnston

Extensive encroachment of the native tree species Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) Blake has occurred on a coastal floodplain sulfidic backswamp in eastern Australia. Almost 50% of the open swamp area c. 1870 is now monospecific M. quinquenervia forest. Encroachment has been associated with shortened hydroperiods and land management changes following drainage for agriculture. Large differences to shallow groundwater and sediment geochemistry were observed beneath both individual M. quinquenervia trees and encroaching forests compared to open swamp. Groundwater beneath M. quinquenervia had enhanced titratable acidity and acidic metal cations, increased concentrations of other ionic species (Cl–, SO42–), altered ionic ratios, and increased …

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Nitrogen Transport, Transformation And Cycling Through A Mountain Lake, Bull Trout Lake, Idaho, Usa, Ryan Settle Lockwood May 2009

Nitrogen Transport, Transformation And Cycling Through A Mountain Lake, Bull Trout Lake, Idaho, Usa, Ryan Settle Lockwood

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The effects of a mountain lake on nitrogen dynamics in a sub-alpine watershed were examined via watershed monitoring, mesocosm experiments, microcosm experiments, and enzymatic assays during spring and summer of a single year. Our study addressed the questions: (1) How does hydrologic transport through the lake affect the net fluxes of dissolved nitrogen (N) species? (2) What are the net effects of the littoral zone biota on dissolved N fluxes? (3) What are the seston and benthic uptake rates of nitrate? (4) What is the magnitude of N retention in littoral zone sediments? (5) What role does microbial hydrolysis of …

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Environmental Controls On The Landscape-Scale Biogeography Of Stream Bacterial Communities, Noah Fierer, Jennifer L. Morse, Sean T. Berthrong, Emily S. Bernhardt, Robert B. Jackson Sep 2007

Environmental Controls On The Landscape-Scale Biogeography Of Stream Bacterial Communities, Noah Fierer, Jennifer L. Morse, Sean T. Berthrong, Emily S. Bernhardt, Robert B. Jackson

Environmental Science and Management Faculty Publications and Presentations

We determined the biogeographical distributions of stream bacteria and the biogeochemical factors that best explained heterogeneity for 23 locations within the Hubbard Brook watershed, a 3000-ha forested watershed in New Hampshire, USA. Our goal was to assess the factor, or set of factors, responsible for generating the biogeographical patterns exhibited by microorganisms at the landscape scale. We used DNA fingerprinting to characterize bacteria inhabiting fine benthic organic matter (FBOM) because of their important influence on stream nutrient dynamics. Across the watershed, streams of similar pH had similar FBOM bacterial communities. Streamwater pH was the single variable most strongly correlated with …

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Hydrographic Observations During The 2002 Ioc Contaminant Baseline Survey In The Western Pacific Ocean, C. I. Measures, Greg A. Cutter, W. M. Landing, R. T. Powell Mar 2006

Hydrographic Observations During The 2002 Ioc Contaminant Baseline Survey In The Western Pacific Ocean, C. I. Measures, Greg A. Cutter, W. M. Landing, R. T. Powell

OES Faculty Publications

The 2002 IOC Contaminant Baseline Survey in the western Pacific Ocean was the fourth in a series of cruises intended to establish the contemporary concentrations of trace elements and other materials in the major water masses of the ocean and to illuminate the pathways by which materials delivered to the surface ocean are incorporated in the subsurface waters. The expedition occupied 9 vertical profile stations encompassing the subtropical and subarctic gyre of the western North Pacific. In addition, underway surface water samples were collected during transits between the stations. This paper uses the temperature, salinity, nutrient, oxygen, and chlorophyll data …

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