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Articles 31 - 60 of 132

Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Application Of Recursive Least Square Method In Identication Of Dehydrogenation Reator, Guoyou Li, Ningning Gao, Wenhua Xia Jul 2020

Application Of Recursive Least Square Method In Identication Of Dehydrogenation Reator, Guoyou Li, Ningning Gao, Wenhua Xia

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The current production methods of styrene at home and abroad are mainly dhydrogenation of ethylbenzene which accounts for more than 90% of styrene production capacity in the world. To save energy, it was needed to optimize the system and its premise was to know the mathematical model of ethylbenzene dehydrogenation reactor. Due to the complexity of the reactor internal structure, mechanism modeling was more difficult to establish objective and accurate mathematics models. To solve this problem, it was used recursive least squares to conduct parameter identification. On the basis of actual plant data, ethylbenzene dehydrogenation reactor mathematical model was …


Research On Modeling Technology For Hard Cutting Process, Caixu Yue, Liu Xin, Jiang Nan, Xianli Liu, Genghuang He, Lingxiang Li Jun 2020

Research On Modeling Technology For Hard Cutting Process, Caixu Yue, Liu Xin, Jiang Nan, Xianli Liu, Genghuang He, Lingxiang Li

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The hard cutting has the features of the high maching flexibility, economical efficiency and environmental friendliness, and is widely used in automobile industry, bearing industry, hydraulic industry, etc. The simulation modeling not only plays an important role in predicting the performance of the hard machining and optimizing machining parameters, but also better reflects the nature of the machining and provides the theoretical guidance to the actual machining. The simulation modeling methods of the hard cutting at home and abroad are introduced, and the chip formation, cutting force, cutting temperature, tool wear and machined surface quality are summarized, and the …


Modeling And Simulation Of Heat Transfer Process Of Coke Oven Twin Flue, Kun Shen, Wang Ling, Tianyu Ma Jun 2020

Modeling And Simulation Of Heat Transfer Process Of Coke Oven Twin Flue, Kun Shen, Wang Ling, Tianyu Ma

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: To study the heat transfer process of flues in 5.5m coke oven with waste gas circulation, the heat transfer mechanism of flue in coke oven's combustion chamber and gas exchange process of twin flue were analyzed; the simulation models of upflow flue and downflow flue were built respectively. According to tables of coke pushing and coal charging sequence in coking production, combining with gas exchange process in twin flue, the simulation analysis on surface temperature characteristics of twin flue walls in real coking production process were achieved by the designed simulation model. The simulation results show that …


Modeling And Realization Of Radar Signal Environment Based On Systemvue, Limin Liu, Cheng Cheng, Zhuangzhi Han Jun 2020

Modeling And Realization Of Radar Signal Environment Based On Systemvue, Limin Liu, Cheng Cheng, Zhuangzhi Han

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aiming at the practical requirements of electronic reconnaissance subsystem in an electronic countermeasure simulation system, according to electronic reconnaissance forms and the distribution of two parties, a modeling method of radar signal environment was proposed. It provided the mixed signals source for electronic reconnaissance subsystem. The signal modeling principle was proposed, which defined the position information of radar platform and target platform in trajectory layer. The angle information was defined in antenna layer, which realized radar signal modeling in signal layer. The radar signal environment simulation system of electronic countermeasure was established based on SystemVue at last. It is …


Modeling And Numerical Simulation Of Micro-Tube Scale Effects In 3dp Process, Congping Chen, Xiaoyun Wang, Jieguang Huang, Li Bo Jun 2020

Modeling And Numerical Simulation Of Micro-Tube Scale Effects In 3dp Process, Congping Chen, Xiaoyun Wang, Jieguang Huang, Li Bo

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Wall slip and viscous dissipation are two main scale effects in 3DP (Three dimensional printing) process, which has influences on the material's flow properties and thermophysical properties and the printing quality. According to the two phenomena above, theoretic models of wall slip and viscous dissipation were established, respectively, and the software Polyflow was used to study the two scale effects and their interactions with molten ABS in micro-tubes of different radius. Simulation results show that wall slip level increases with the slip coefficient decreasing, and material's velocity decreases with the increase of tube radius; Viscous dissipation level decreases …


Modeling And Dynamic Research Based On Ritz Series For Ball Screw Drive System, Rongrong Qian, Minzhou Luo, Jianghai Zhao, Li Tao, Li Lu Jun 2020

Modeling And Dynamic Research Based On Ritz Series For Ball Screw Drive System, Rongrong Qian, Minzhou Luo, Jianghai Zhao, Li Tao, Li Lu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: To analyze the vibration performance of the ball screw drive system, the finite element model (FEM) of the simplified system by Ansys/Workbench was given to acquire the vibration mode and shape. Based on the vibration shape calculated from FEM, a set of hybrid basis function was used to generate the new Ritz series for building the system motion equation of the axial and torsional vibration. The pitch of the ball screw was considered in the method. A mathematical model which was easy to design the controller was developed. Through the numerical simulation, the modal characteristics and shape of …


Modeling And Simulation Of Hvdc Systems By Three-Phase Dynamic Phasor, Yunhao Zhao, Chongru Liu, Gengyin Li, Feilong Yun Jun 2020

Modeling And Simulation Of Hvdc Systems By Three-Phase Dynamic Phasor, Yunhao Zhao, Chongru Liu, Gengyin Li, Feilong Yun

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: A three-phase dynamic phasor (TPDP) model of High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) systems was proposed. The proposed model could rapidly solve the dynamic characteristics of HVDC systems for AC system symmetrical and asymmetrical operating conditions. Switch functions model of converter was enhanced according to commutation process analysis of the converter. Due to the frequency characteristics analysis results, the TPDP model of HVDC systems with the converter, DC line and controller were established through dynamic phasor theory. Simulation results show that the proposed model is effective and acceptable..


Research Of Modeling Of Spatial Information Support Sos Based On Complex Network Theory, Qingjun Zhang, Mingzhi Zhang, Qingjuan Zhang, Wu Xi Jun 2020

Research Of Modeling Of Spatial Information Support Sos Based On Complex Network Theory, Qingjun Zhang, Mingzhi Zhang, Qingjuan Zhang, Wu Xi

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Spatial information support system as the main body of space operations, in the future network of joint operations, plays a central role. Based on the characteristics of spatial information support system, a modeling method combining multi-agent, multi-resolution and complex network was proposed, and the spatial information support system model framework was constructed. Multi-agent model, multi - resolution model and complex network model were established, and the connectivity rate in the complex network model was simulated and analyzed, so as to lay the foundation for further research on the modeling of spatial information support system.


Simulation Research On Twc Dynamics Model During Cold Starting For Hybrid Electric Vehicle, Deng Tao, Xiaojing Li, Chunsong Lin, Renzhi Lu Jun 2020

Simulation Research On Twc Dynamics Model During Cold Starting For Hybrid Electric Vehicle, Deng Tao, Xiaojing Li, Chunsong Lin, Renzhi Lu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: To reduce the emissions for gasoline engine during cold starting, the influences of crevice effect, wet wall effect because of the low cylinder temperature, adsorption/desorption of cylinder oil film and incomplete combustion on the HC emissions were analyzed. Moreover, the influences of the storage and release of oxygen on effective oxygen concentration were considered. The three-way catalytic (TWC) model was established with the lumped parameter method and analyzed under NEDC cycle. The temperature of exhaust gas getting in and out of the catalytic converter, the quantity and the efficiency curve of emissions were obtained. Furthermore, the conversion efficiency …


Modeling Analysis And Prediction On Ncp Epidemic Transmission, Huaxiong Sheng, Wu Lin, Changliang Xiao May 2020

Modeling Analysis And Prediction On Ncp Epidemic Transmission, Huaxiong Sheng, Wu Lin, Changliang Xiao

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The modeling analysis on the NCP (Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia) epidemic transmission before and after the closure of Wuhan is presented. On the basis of preprocessing the epidemic data, the classical SIR model and differential recurrence method are used to analyze and forecast the epidemic situation in the stage of control. The theoretical value and measured value fits well. In the stage of free transmission, the logistic model is used to compare and analyze the epidemic data five days in advance or later with the actual data to show the importance of taking the epidemic prevention measures in time. The …


From Branches To Fibers - Investigating F-Actin Networks With Biochemistry And Mathematical Modeling, Melissa A. Riddle May 2020

From Branches To Fibers - Investigating F-Actin Networks With Biochemistry And Mathematical Modeling, Melissa A. Riddle

Senior Honors Projects, 2020-current

F-actin networks have different structures throughout the cell depending on their location or mechanical role. For example, at the leading edge of a migrating cell, F-actin is organized in a region called the lamellipodia as a branched network responsible for pushing the membrane outwards. Behind the lamellipodia is a lamellar actin network where focal adhesions and stress fibers originate, and then within the cell cortex, actin is arranged in a gel-like network. Stress fibers are an important organization of F-actin and how they arise from either the branched lamellipodia network or the gel-like cortex network is poorly understood. Our approach …


Development Of A Modeling Algorithm To Predict Lean Implementation Success, Richard Charles Barclay Jan 2020

Development Of A Modeling Algorithm To Predict Lean Implementation Success, Richard Charles Barclay

Doctoral Dissertations

”Lean has become a common term and goal in organizations throughout the world. The approach of eliminating waste and continuous improvement may seem simple on the surface but can be more complex when it comes to implementation. Some firms implement lean with great success, getting complete organizational buy-in and realizing the efficiencies foundational to lean. Other organizations struggle to implement lean. Never able to get the buy-in or traction needed to really institute the sort of cultural change that is often needed to implement change. It would be beneficial to have a tool that organizations could use to assess their …


Design Of A Novel Wearable Ultrasound Vest For Autonomous Monitoring Of The Heart Using Machine Learning, Garrett G. Goodman Jan 2020

Design Of A Novel Wearable Ultrasound Vest For Autonomous Monitoring Of The Heart Using Machine Learning, Garrett G. Goodman

Browse all Theses and Dissertations

As the population of older individuals increases worldwide, the number of people with cardiovascular issues and diseases is also increasing. The rate at which individuals in the United States of America and worldwide that succumb to Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is rising as well. Approximately 2,303 Americans die to some form of CVD per day according to the American Heart Association. Furthermore, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention states that 647,000 Americans die yearly due to some form of CVD, which equates to one person every 37 seconds. Finally, the World Health Organization reports that the number one cause of …


Detailed Modeling Of A Thermoelectric Generator For Maximum Power Point Tracking, Hayati̇ Mamur, Yusuf Çoban Jan 2020

Detailed Modeling Of A Thermoelectric Generator For Maximum Power Point Tracking, Hayati̇ Mamur, Yusuf Çoban

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) are used in small power applications to generate electrical energy from waste heats. Maximum power is obtained when the connected load to the ends of TEGs matches their internal resistance. However, impedance matching cannot always be ensured. Therefore, TEGs operate at lower efficiency. For this reason, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms are utilized. In this study, both TEGs and a boost converter with MPPT were modeled together. Detailed modeling, simulation, and verification of TEGs depending on the Seebeck coefficient, the hot/cold side temperatures, and the number of modules in MATLAB/Simulink were carried out. In addition, a …


Planar Motion Control Of A Cube Satellite Using Cold Gas Thrusters, Christian Lozoya Jan 2020

Planar Motion Control Of A Cube Satellite Using Cold Gas Thrusters, Christian Lozoya

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

This Thesis presents a mathematical model developed for the computational simulation ofCubeSat movement using four thrusters that permit uniaxial translation and rotation. Arbitrary functions are fit to boundary conditions to simulate the force, acceleration, velocity, and displacement of the CubeSat along a plane. The model is used to derive a motion control algorithm assuming constant pressure and mass. A single model describes both translation and rotation. This Thesis also explores the relationship between propellant consumption and the time required to complete a displacement implied by the model.


Research On Control Technology Of Aeroengine Heat Exchanger, Qingyang Jiang, Song Hua Dec 2019

Research On Control Technology Of Aeroengine Heat Exchanger, Qingyang Jiang, Song Hua

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to solve the high temperature problem caused by the high speed of the synergistic aspirating engine, this paper designs a control algorithm for the heat exchanger. In the process of designing the control algorithm, considering the strong nonlinearity, uncertainty and strong coupling of the engine, The decoupling study of the multi-input and multi-output linear model of the heat exchanger is carried out. The decoupling effect of two different decoupling methods on the strongly coupled heat exchanger is obtained. The fuzzy decoupling PID controller has short adjustment time and overshoot. Small, conclusions with better decoupling effects.


Research On Cost-Effectiveness Analysis And Modeling Of Equipment, Yueqiang Zhao, An Shi, Mai Qiang, Yinyin Lin Dec 2019

Research On Cost-Effectiveness Analysis And Modeling Of Equipment, Yueqiang Zhao, An Shi, Mai Qiang, Yinyin Lin

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: There are many methods to study the cost effectiveness analysis of equipment. It is very important to choose the right method and method combination . On this basis of analyzing and sorting out the research status at home and abroad, the collation and comparative study of cost estimation methods and modeling methods are carried out.The methods and classifications of effectiveness evaluation and calculating and aggregating efficiency indicators are sorted out. The methods suitable for cost-effectiveness analysis and decision-making are summarized. The characteristics of these methods in the analysis of equipment system and their applicability to engineering application are pointed …


Modeling And Simulation Of Missile Trajectory Based On Practical Sampling, Wu Shuai, Xiaohua Zhou, Lili Wang, Xingzhong Yao Nov 2019

Modeling And Simulation Of Missile Trajectory Based On Practical Sampling, Wu Shuai, Xiaohua Zhou, Lili Wang, Xingzhong Yao

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aiming at the problem of lacking the proper simulation method for missile trajectory in combat simulation training, this paper analyzes the limitations of the 6D and 3D simulation models, proposes a method of trajectory simulation with missile kinematics model and history measured data, and taking an air-to-surface ballistic missile with midcourse-terminal guidance as an example, describes the model construction process in detail. Through the verification, validation and simulation experiments, it shows that this method can simulate various types of missile trajectory with high confidence on both sides of “red and blue”, which has an important reference meaning for missile …


Design And Modeling Of A New Biomimetic Soft Robotic Jellyfish Using Ipmc-Based Electroactive Polymers, Zakai J. Olsen, Kwang J. Kim Nov 2019

Design And Modeling Of A New Biomimetic Soft Robotic Jellyfish Using Ipmc-Based Electroactive Polymers, Zakai J. Olsen, Kwang J. Kim

Mechanical Engineering Faculty Research

Smart materials and soft robotics have been seen to be particularly well-suited for developing biomimetic devices and are active fields of research. In this study, the design and modeling of a new biomimetic soft robot is described. Initial work was made in the modeling of a biomimetic robot based on the locomotion and kinematics of jellyfish. Modifications were made to the governing equations for jellyfish locomotion that accounted for geometric differences between biology and the robotic design. In particular, the capability of the model to account for the mass and geometry of the robot design has been added for better …


Investigation Of Subsurface Stratigraphy And Groundwater Dynamics In The Mississippi River Delta, An Li Oct 2019

Investigation Of Subsurface Stratigraphy And Groundwater Dynamics In The Mississippi River Delta, An Li

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The Mississippi River Delta (MRD) is socioeconomically important to the state of Louisiana and the United States. Various types of land-water system data have been collected in the MRD. However, very few efforts have been made to utilize these datasets in modeling regional stratigraphy and groundwater dynamics in the MRD, especially for the upper 50 m of the depth. In this interval of depth, the Mississippi River and surrounding interdistributary bays intensively interact with the groundwater system. The lack of knowledge in regional stratigraphy and groundwater dynamics hinder an understanding of how hydrogeological setting affects processes such as surface-groundwater interaction, …


Modeling And Characterization Of A Ring-Resonator Based Silicon Photonic Sensor On Silicon-On-Insulator (Soi), Gwangho Choi May 2019

Modeling And Characterization Of A Ring-Resonator Based Silicon Photonic Sensor On Silicon-On-Insulator (Soi), Gwangho Choi

Graduate Theses - Physics and Optical Engineering

The purpose of this work is to build silicon photonic devices and verify their functionalities. In particular, the structure of a ring resonator (RR) is analyzed and applied to various silicon photonic application in sensing. Silicon waveguides, grating couplers, directional couplers, and RRs are fabricated on the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer. Geometrical parameters and optical properties of the silicon devices are studied and also applied to the design of the aforementioned devices. The waveguide dimensions and, optical properties of the silicon waveguide such as dispersion and effective-index are examined. The RRs are made of a series of straight and bent waveguides …


Modeling And Timing Simulation Of Turbojet Engine Starting Process, Wang Lei, Liying Yang, Hongda Zhang, Yuqing He Apr 2019

Modeling And Timing Simulation Of Turbojet Engine Starting Process, Wang Lei, Liying Yang, Hongda Zhang, Yuqing He

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The turbojet engine is complicated in its starting process and requires collaboration and cooperation involving all the execution structures, thus higher demand is put forward for the control system. How to model the engine starting process, and then accurately describe and analyze the impact of actuator states on engine performance directly affect the engine control system performance. According to the working principle of the JetCat-P400 German turbojet starting process, the rotor speed mathematical model of the turbojet engine starting process is constructed by the component method. The parameters of the model are identified by combining the experimental data of …


Evaluation And Modeling Of Visual Fatigue In 3d Display Based On Ecg, Danli Wang, Xinpan Yang, Yue Kang, Haichen Hu Feb 2019

Evaluation And Modeling Of Visual Fatigue In 3d Display Based On Ecg, Danli Wang, Xinpan Yang, Yue Kang, Haichen Hu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: This study investigates and models the correlation between visual fatigue and ECG data by collecting the ECG data of the participants during watching 3D movies, combining with the subjective scores, the reaction time, and the questionnaires before and after the experiment. ECG data of 12 subjects were analyzed in both time and frequency domain. The results showed that subjective score and HR increased with the duration of viewing, while PNN50 decreased. Linear model of subjective score is established, and the R² of model is 0.930. Subjective questionnaires show significant changes in overall visual fatigue, dry eyes and nausea symptoms …


Historical Data Modeling Based On State Observation, Dong Ze, Erxin Yin Jan 2019

Historical Data Modeling Based On State Observation, Dong Ze, Erxin Yin

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aiming at the problem that the conventional historical data modeling method can not overcome the influence of disturbance on modeling accuracy, a historical data modeling method based on state observation is proposed. In this method, the data with the characteristic from dynamic to steady state are selected from the historical data as the modeling data, which is subjected to zero initialization processing based on the final steady state value. The processed data is then divided into two segments. The first segment is used to track the state of the prediction model, and the final observed state is used as …


Modeling And Simulation Of The Crosstalk On Aircraft Arinc429 Data Bus, Xudong Shi, Ruowen Wang, Jialin Wang, Hongxu Zhao Jan 2019

Modeling And Simulation Of The Crosstalk On Aircraft Arinc429 Data Bus, Xudong Shi, Ruowen Wang, Jialin Wang, Hongxu Zhao

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Based on the theory of multi-conductor transmission line, the crosstalk between a single cable and a UTP (unshielded twisted pairs) cable was studied. The MATLAB and CST were employed to do the theoretical calculation and modeling respectively, and the comparison result proved the validity and accuracy of the proposed model. Based on the UTP model, the shielding layer was used to build the STP(shielded twisted-wire pairs) model according to the ARINC429 specification, and the crosstalk which caused by a large voltage transient happening on the adjacent power line on the aircraft was further analyzed. The distance and length of …


Channel Modeling And Simulation Of Wireless Underground Sensor Networks Based On Magnetic Induction Technology, Zhouzhou Liu, Shen Liang Jan 2019

Channel Modeling And Simulation Of Wireless Underground Sensor Networks Based On Magnetic Induction Technology, Zhouzhou Liu, Shen Liang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aiming at the problem of high path loss, huge dynamic changes of channel conditions and large antenna size of the electromagnetic wave communication channel in wireless underground sensor networks ( WUSN), the channel characteristics of magnetic induction (MI) in the process of WUSN transmission are studied and the transmission principle of harmonic source in soil strata is analyzed. The influence of the polarization direction of the coil and the eddy current loss coefficient on the channel model is analyzed by the transmission equivalent circuit diagram, and the influence of the change of the frequency and the distance on the …


Ncer Assistance Agreement Annual Progress Report For Grant #83582401 - Assessment Of Stormwater Harvesting Via Manage Aquifer Recharge (Mar) To Develop New Water Supplies In The Arid West: The Salt Lake Valley Example, Ryan Dupont, Joan E. Mclean, Richard C. Peralta, Sarah E. Null, Douglas B. Jackson-Smith Nov 2018

Ncer Assistance Agreement Annual Progress Report For Grant #83582401 - Assessment Of Stormwater Harvesting Via Manage Aquifer Recharge (Mar) To Develop New Water Supplies In The Arid West: The Salt Lake Valley Example, Ryan Dupont, Joan E. Mclean, Richard C. Peralta, Sarah E. Null, Douglas B. Jackson-Smith

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

The goals of the original proposed project remain the same, that is, to test the hypothesis that Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) for stormwater harvesting is a technically feasible, socially and environmentally acceptable, economically viable, and legally feasible option for developing new water supplies for arid Western urban ecosystems experiencing increasing population, and climate change pressures on existing water resources. The project is being carried out via three distinct but integrated components that include: 1) Monitoring of existing distributed MAR harvesting schemes involving a growing number of demonstration Green Infrastructure (GI) test sites; 2) Integrated stormwater/vadose zone/groundwater/ ecosystem services modeling; and …


Monitoring And Evaluating The Influences Of Class V Injection Wells On Urban Karst Hydrology, James Adam Shelley Oct 2018

Monitoring And Evaluating The Influences Of Class V Injection Wells On Urban Karst Hydrology, James Adam Shelley

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

The response of a karst aquifer to storm events is often faster and more severe than that of a non-karst aquifer. This distinction is often problematic for planners and municipalities, because karst flooding does not typically occur along perennial water courses; thus, traditional flood management strategies are usually ineffective. The City of Bowling Green (CoBG), Kentucky is a representative example of an area plagued by karst flooding. The CoBG, is an urban karst area (UKA), that uses Class V Injection Wells to lessen the severity of flooding. The overall effectiveness, siting, and flooding impact of Injection Wells in UKA’s is …


Assured Android Execution Environments, Brandon P. Froberg Mar 2018

Assured Android Execution Environments, Brandon P. Froberg

Theses and Dissertations

Current cybersecurity best practices, techniques, tactics and procedures are insufficient to ensure the protection of Android systems. Software tools leveraging formal methods use mathematical means to assure both a design and implementation for a system and these methods can be used to provide security assurances. The goal of this research is to determine methods of assuring isolation when executing Android software in a contained environment. Specifically, this research demonstrates security properties relevant to Android software containers can be formally captured and validated, and that an implementation can be formally verified to satisfy a corresponding specification. A three-stage methodology called "The …


Rlgc(F) Modeling Of A Busbar Distribution System Via Measured S-Parameters Atcenelec And Fcc Bands, Zeynep Hasirci, İsmai̇l Hakki Çavdar, Mehmet Öztürk Jan 2018

Rlgc(F) Modeling Of A Busbar Distribution System Via Measured S-Parameters Atcenelec And Fcc Bands, Zeynep Hasirci, İsmai̇l Hakki Çavdar, Mehmet Öztürk

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

This paper addresses the extraction of accurate frequency-dependent per-unit-length RLGC parameters for busbar distribution systems using measured S-parameters for the CENELEC and FCC bands. A busbar is a distribution system element (three phase, low voltage) with a modular structure that carries electrical energy in buildings. The S-parameters of a busbar distribution system at different current levels (630 A, 1250 A, 2000 A) are measured with a vector network analyzer and then analyzed for three different two-port connections (L1-N, L2-N, L3-N). A frequency- dependent RLGC(f) model is used to characterize the busbar as a transmission line using a derivative-free optimization algorithm. …