Veterinary Medicine Commons^™

Heterochronic Serum Proteins, Jeffrey Mason

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Mechanism of ovarian-dependent enhancement of health and longevity in postreproductive female mice

Effects Of Prenatal Pesticide Exposure On The Fetal Brain And Placenta Transcriptomes In A Rodent Model, Corina Lesseur, Kirtan Kaur, Sean D Kelly, Karen Hermetz, Randy Williams, Ke Hao, Carmen J Marsit, W Michael Caudle, Jia Chen

Journal Articles

Organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides are among the most extensively used insecticides worldwide. Prenatal exposures to both classes of pesticides have been linked to a wide range of neurobehavioral deficits in the offspring. The placenta is a neuroendocrine organ and the crucial regulator of the intrauterine environment; early-life toxicant exposures could impact neurobehavior by disrupting placental processes. Female C57BL/6 J mice were exposed via oral gavage to an organophosphate, chlorpyrifos (CPF) at 5 mg/kg, a pyrethroid, deltamethrin (DM), at 3 mg/kg, or vehicle only control (CTL). Exposure began two weeks before breeding and continued every three days until euthanasia at gestational …

Dynamic Fecal Microbiota Transfer From Mice With Western Diet-Induced Severe Colitis And Colon Tumorigenesis Did Not Exacerbate Colitis Symptoms Or Colon Tumorigenesis In Recipient Mice Fed Either The Ain93g Diet Or The Total Western Diet, Abby D. Benninghoff

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Consumption of the total Western diet (TWD) in mice has been shown to increase gut inflammation, promote colon tumorigenesis, and alter the fecal microbiome composition in mice as com-pared to mice fed a healthy diet, AIN93G (AIN). However, it is unclear whether the gut micro-biome contributes directly to colitis-associated CRC in this model. The objective of this study was to determine whether dynamic fecal microbiota transfer (FMT) from host mice fed either AIN or TWD basal diets would alter colitis symptoms or colitis-associated CRC in recipient mice, which were fed either AIN or TWD directly using a 2x2 factorial experiment …

A Single-Cell Atlas Of Bovine Skeletal Muscle Reveals Mechanisms Regulating Intramuscular Adipogenesis And Fibrogenesis, Leshan Wang, Peidong Gao, Chaoyag Li, Qianglin Liu, Zeyang Yao, Yuxia Li, Xujia Zhang, Jiangwen Sun, Constantine Simintiras, Matthew Welborn, Kenneth Mcmillin, Stephanie Oprescu, Shihuan Kuang, Xing Fu

Computer Science Faculty Publications

Background: Intramuscular fat (IMF) and intramuscular connective tissue (IMC) are often seen in human myopathies and are central to beef quality. The mechanisms regulating their accumulation remain poorly understood. Here, we explored the possibility of using beef cattle as a novel model for mechanistic studies of intramuscular adipogenesis and fibrogenesis.

Methods: Skeletal muscle single-cell RNAseq was performed on three cattle breeds, including Wagyu (high IMF), Brahman (abundant IMC but scarce IMF), and Wagyu/Brahman cross. Sophisticated bioinformatics analyses, including clustering analysis, gene set enrichment analyses, gene regulatory network construction, RNA velocity, pseudotime analysis, and cell-cell communication analysis, were performed to elucidate …

Effect Of Acute And Repeated Noise Exposure On The Behaviour And Lipid Peroxidation In Brain Tissue Of Male And Female Mice, Gabriella Korsós, Kinga Fodor, Annamária Kiss, Anna Blázovics, Sándor György Fekete

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Despite the increasingly obvious sex differences, male animals are still predominantly used to study stress and related disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of repeated noise stress in female and male mice. In the experiment, 12 male and 12 and female SPF/VAF 6-week-old Crl:CD1(lcr) mice were used. After 5 days of acclimatization all animals were placed in the open-field for three consecutive days where each mouse spent 10 min daily without any noise treatment in order to get used to the circumstances of the test. On day 9 to record baseline behaviour the animals were …

Acute Oral Toxicity Study Of Ethanol Extract Of Oroxylum Indicum Leaf In Mice, Mohd Farhan Hanif Reduan, Fathin Faahimaah Abdul Hamid, Muhammad Luqman Nordin, Rumaizi Shaari, Ruhil Hayati Hamdan, Eric Lim Teik Chung, Tan Li Peng, Intan Noor Aina Kamaruzaman, Noramalina Noralidin

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

The Oroxylum indicumplant is aherbal plant commonly eaten by the locals in Malaysia while the application of herbal remedies from the plant has been inherited and passed down through generations. However, there is a lack of toxicity profiling of the plant, hence this research aimed toinvestigate acute oral toxicity ofethanol extract of O. indicumin C57BL/6 male mice at different concentrations, to determine the LD50of the plant extract. A total of twenty-five mice were randomly assigned into five experimental groups comprising the control (normal saline), vehicle (5% DMSO), low dose (1000 mg/kg bw), medium dose (2000 mg/kg bw) and high dose …

Effectiveness Of Embalming Solutions With Partial Replacement Of Formaldehyde And Phenol With Ethanol And Sodium Chloride On Mice Over 18 Months, Kriengyot Sajjacharoenpong, Pawana Chuesiri

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Animal preservation for anatomy teaching has been required to replace formaldehyde and phenolwhich represent a health hazard to humans. A comparative study of embalming solutions with partial replacement of formaldehyde and phenol with sodium chloride and ethanol was evaluated in mouse cadavers over an 18-month period. Twelve adult mouse carcasses were divided into six groups of two mice each. After openingthe mouse’s skin,the internal organswere removed and preserved with the remaining cadavers by freezing (Group I, control group) or in the respective embalming solution (Groups II to VI) and examined after 3, 6, 12 and 18 months. For the embalming …

Pancreas Of Coxsackievirus-Infected Dams And Their Challenged Pups: A Complex Issue, Sona Sarmirova, Maria Borsanyiova, Brigita Benkoova, Michaela Pospisilova, Rajkumar Rajasekaran, Katarina Berakova, Pavol Gomolcak, Jay Reddy, Shubhada Bopegamage

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

Enteroviral infections are frequent, often asymptomatic in humans and during gravidity. The present study is an extension of our previous investigations where we had shown pancreatitis in challenged pups of CVB4-E2-infected dams. Present investigation describes the effect of gestational infection with this virus on the pancreas of both dams and their challenged pups. Gravid CD1 outbred mice were orally infected with CVB4-E2 virus at different gestation times. Pups were challenged orally with the same virus after 25 days of birth. Organs were collected at selected intervals postinfection (p.i.), and replicating virus and viral-RNA copies were analyzed. Additional readouts included histopathology …

The Protective Efficacy Of Immunoglobulin Y From Immunized Chickens Against Salmonella Infections In Mice, Hasan Hüseyi̇n Hadi̇mli̇, Zafer Sayin, Gökçenur Sani̇oğlu Gölen

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of immunoglobulin Y (IgY) obtained from chickens immunized with Salmonella vaccines. Chickens were vaccinated three times with inactivated monovalent, bivalent, and combined vaccines. Immunized hen eggs were collected after the third vaccination and IgYs were purified. In total, 100 mice were orally challenged with Salmonella serotypes. After the challenge, IgYs were orally administered to mice. Mice were observed for morbidity and mortality. Fecal samples from the mice were also cultured for the reisolation of Salmonella serotypes. The antibody titers in the serum samples of vaccinated chickens were higher than those …

Efficacy Of Short Novel Antimicrobial And Anti-Inflammatory Peptides In A Mouse Model Of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (Mrsa) Skin Infection, Mohamed F. Mohamed, Mohamed N. Seleem

Department of Comparative Pathobiology Faculty Publications

The therapeutic efficacy of two novel short antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory peptides (RR and RRIKA) was evaluated in a mouse model of staphylococcal skin infection. RR (2%) and RRIKA (2%) significantly reduced the bacterial counts and the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-6, in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureusUSA 300-0114 skin lesions. Furthermore, the combined therapy of RRIKA (1%) and lysostaphin (0.5%) had significantly higher antistaphylococcal and anti-inflammatory activity compared to monotherapy. This study supports the potential use of these peptides for topical treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin infections.

Clones Of Streptococcus Zooepidemicus From Outbreaks Of Hemorrhagic Canine Pneumonia And Associated Immune Responses, Sridhar Velineni, John F. Timoney, Kim Russell, Heidi J. Hamlen, Patricia Pesavento, William D. Fortney, P. Cynda Crawford

Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center Faculty Publications

Acute hemorrhagic pneumonia caused by Streptococcus zooepidemicus has emerged as a major disease of shelter dogs and greyhounds. S. zooepidemicus strains differing in multilocus sequence typing (MLST), protective protein (SzP), and M-like protein (SzM) sequences were identified from 9 outbreaks in Texas, Kansas, Florida, Nevada, New Mexico, and Pennsylvania. Clonality based on 2 or more isolates was evident for 7 of these outbreaks. The Pennsylvania and Nevada outbreaks also involved cats. Goat antisera against acutely infected lung tissue as well as convalescent-phase sera reacted with a mucinase (Sz115), hyaluronidase (HylC), InlA domain-containing cell surface-anchored protein (INLA), membrane-anchored protein (MAP), SzP, …

Prolonged Pain Research In Mice: Trends In Reference To The 3rs, Jonathan Balcombe, Hope Ferdowsian, Lauren Briese

Jonathan Balcombe, PhD

This literature review documents trends in the use of mice in prolonged pain research, defined herein as research that subjects mice to a source of pain for at least 14 days. The total amount of prolonged pain research on mice has increased dramatically in the past decade for the 3 pain categories examined: neuropathic, inflammatory, and chronic pain. There has also been a significant rise in the number of prolonged mouse pain studies as a proportion of all mouse studies and of all mouse pain studies. The use of transgenic mice has also risen significantly in prolonged pain research, though …

Laboratory Rodent Welfare: Thinking Outside The Cage, Jonathan P. Balcombe

Jonathan Balcombe, PhD

This commentary presents the case against housing rats and mice in laboratory cages; the commentary bases its case on their sentience, natural history, and the varied detriments of laboratory conditions. The commentary gives 5 arguments to support this position: (a) rats and mice have a high degree of sentience and can suffer, (b) laboratory environments cause suffering, (c) rats and mice in the wild have discrete behavioral needs, (d) rats and mice bred for many generations in the laboratory retain these needs, and (e) these needs are not met in laboratory cages.

Preference Testing As Environmental Enrichment Assessment For Laboratory Mice, Navakanit Sachanonta, Waridtha Sa-Ngeunreung, Somchai Sa-Ing-Kaew, Raywadee Butraporn

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

In the field of biomedical research, a wide variety of environmental enrichment items are available for laboratory mice to fulfill its physiological and behavioral needs which influence the outcome of animal experiments. However, to take a decision on the most suitable enrichment, researchers are likely to consider the cost of enrichment item more than animal preference and animal well-being. To develop a suitable environmental enrichment program for mice in Laboratory Animal Center, National Institute of Health (LAC-Thai NIH), we evaluated mouse preference for cages containing different types of nesting material and enrichment device. We carried out a simple preference test …

Role Of An Iron-Dependent Transcriptional Regulator In The Pathogenesis And Host Response To Infection With Streptococcus Pneumoniae., Radha Gupta, Minny Bhatty, Edwin Swiatlo, Bindu Nanduri

College of Veterinary Medicine Publications and Scholarship

Iron is a critical cofactor for many enzymes and is known to regulate gene expression in many bacterial pathogens. Streptococcus pneumoniae normally inhabits the upper respiratory mucosa but can also invade and replicate in lungs and blood. These anatomic sites vary considerably in both the quantity and form of available iron. The genome of serotype 4 pneumococcal strain TIGR4 encodes a putative iron-dependent transcriptional regulator (IDTR). A mutant deleted at idtr (?idtr) exhibited growth kinetics similar to parent strain TIGR4 in vitro and in mouse blood for up to 48 hours following infection. However, ?idtr was significantly attenuated in a …

Evaluation Of The Pathogenicity Of Candida Zeylanoides In Balb/C Mice, Alireza Khosravi, Hojjatollah Shokri, Donya Nikaein, Ahmad Erfanmanesh, Mahnaz Fatahinia, Jalal Ashrafi Hlan

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Systemic candidiasis is an opportunistic infection caused by Candida species in animals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pathogenicity of different doses of Candida zeylanoides in BALB/c mice. Thirty mice were selected in this study. Different doses of the yeast were intravenously inoculated to the animals. At first, clinical signs and survival time of infected mice were recorded. Then both mycological and histological examinations were performed for detection of Candida in different tissues. The results showed that the injection of 1 × 10^8 cells of C. zeylanoides caused high mortality (group 1). The mortalities occurred within 7-12 …

Investigation Of The Role Of Tnf-A Converting Enzyme (Tace) In The Inhibition Of Cell Surface And Soluble Tnf-A Production By Acute Ethanol Exposure., Maltzan Kristine Von, Wei Tan, Stephen B. Pruett

College of Veterinary Medicine Publications and Scholarship

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a fundamental role in the immune system by detecting pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) to sense host infection. Ethanol at doses relevant for humans inhibits the pathogen induced cytokine response mediated through TLRs. The current study was designed to investigate the mechanisms of this effect by determining whether ethanol inhibits TLR3 and TLR4 mediated TNF-? secretion through inhibition of transcription factor activation or post-transcriptional effects. In NF-?B reporter mice, activation of NF-?B in vivo by LPS was inhibited by ethanol (LPS alone yielded 170,000?35,300 arbitrary units of light emission; LPS plus ethanol yielded 56,120?16880, p = …

Experimental Infection Of Mice And Baby Chickens With Thailand Strain Of Chikungunya Virus, Sonthaya Tiawsirisup, Pichanan Rattanakampol, Warritar Navavichit, Hemmarat Ratpiyapaporn

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

This study was conducted to investigate Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection in mammal and avian byusing mice and baby chickens as model animals. Thailand 2010 and Ross/186 strain (reference strain) were used inthis study. 104, 106 and 108 CID50 of CHIKV were inoculated to four- and six-week-old mice. Blood was collected andtested for virus for seven days. 108 CID50 of CHIKV was inoculated to two-week-old mice. Blood was collected andtested for virus for five days. For the baby chickens, 102, 104, 106 and 108 CID50 of CHIKV were inoculated to five-dayoldbaby chickens. Blood was collected and tested for virus for seven …

Safety Evaluations Of Ethanolic Extract Of Moringa Oleifera Lam. Seed In Experimental Animals, Songpol Chivapat, Pornchai Sincharoenpokai, Praw Suppajariyawat, Anudep Rungsipipat, Suphan Phattarapornchaiwat, Vanida Chantarateptawan

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

The safety of ethanolic extract from the seeds of Moringa oleifera was evaluated for its oral toxicity by acute toxicity test and subchronic toxicity study in experimental animals. The acute toxicity test in mice showed that the extract at doses ranging from 5.1 to 10.0 g/kg caused toxic signs and dose dependent mortality. Oral administration of the extract in rats at doses of 100, 500 and 1000 mg/kg/day for 90 consecutive days revealed that male rats treated with the extract at 1000 mg/kg had a significant decrease in RBC but this alteration was within rats reference range. A significant decrease …

Acute And Subchronic Toxicity Study Of Ardisia Ellipica Thunb. Fruit Extract, Nalinphat Saktiyasunthorn, Songpol Chivapat, Pornchai Sincharoenpokai, Anudep Rungsipipat, Nongnuth Maneechai, Boonyanee Suphaphon, Aussavashai Shuayprom

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Several plants species in the genus Ardisia contained various biologically active compounds. Ram Yai orPilangkasa (Ardisia elliptica Thunb.) has been used in traditional medicines. The objective of this study was to evaluatethe safety of ethanolic extract of A. elliptica fruit in animal models by oral administration. Acute toxicity test in miceby gavage the extract at each dose of 2.5 g/kg twice revealed no abnormal signs, mortality and gross lesion of vitalorgans. Subchronic toxicity study was investigated in one hundred Wistar rats separated into five groups, each oftwenty (ten males and ten females). Two control groups received distilled water and 0.5% …

Acute And Chronic Toxicity Of Moringa Oleifera Linn Leaves Extracts, Songpol Chivapat, Pornchai Sincharoenpokai, Nalinphat Saktiyasuthorn, Aussavachai Shuaprom, Pratom Thongsrirak, Apirak Sakpetch, Anudep Rungsipipat

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Moringa oleifera leaves have been reported to possess potential hypotensive and hypocholesterolemic andhypoglycemic activities; nevertheless toxicological data of this herb in animal models have still been scanty. Theobjective of this study was to evaluate both acute and chronic toxicity of the water extract of M. oleifera leaves by oraladministration. Acute toxicity test in mice by gavage with the extract twice, each at the dose of 10 g/kg, revealed thatthe extract produced no acute toxic symptoms and gross lesions of vital organs. Chronic toxicity study wasinvestigated in eighty Wistar rats allocated into four groups, each of ten per sex. Group 1 …

Effect Of Culture Medium Volume On The Development And Viability Of Microinjected Or Noninjected One-Cell Hybrid And Cd-1 Strain Mouse Embryos, Haydar Bağiş, Hande Odaman Mercan

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

We investigated the effects of drop volume on the development of mouse presumptive zygotes to the completely hatched blastocyst stage. For this aim, we established 3 experimental groups. In the first group, we cultured hybrid presumptive zygotes to the hatched blastocyst stage in 10 presumptive zygotes per 5, 10, 20, 40 and 50 µl drops. In the second group, we used microinjected hybrid zygotes for culture. In the last group, we cultured CD-1 mouse presumptive zygotes to the hatched blastocyst stage. There was no statistical difference in the first group. In contrast, the data demonstrated that there were significant differences …

A Scanning Electron Microscope Examination Of Heligmosomum Costellatum, Kader Yildiz, Külti̇gi̇n Çavuşoğlu

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The morphology of Heligmosomum costellatum, a nematode of field mice (Microtus epiraticus), was described by scanning electron microscope. The scanning electron microscopic view of this nematode revealed that the anterior end was surrounded by 2 cephalic vesicles. The 2 copulatory spicules of the male were enveloped in membrane and the male bursa was large. The female posterior end was characterized by a caudal spine. The body of this parasite had transverse ridges.

Pathological Findings In Acute Amitraz Intoxication In Mice, Ayhan Fi̇lazi̇, Tolga Güvenç, Cavi̇t Kum, Seli̇m Sekki̇n

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

This study examined the pathological changes in tissues and organs with acute intoxications with amitraz and its veterinary medicinal formulation. In total 312 healthy white English mice (Mus musculus), 156 female and 156 male, were used for this purpose. The solutions were given to the mice by gavage at the following dosages: 500, 1000, 1500, 1800, 2200 or 2500 mg of technical amitraz/kg and 50, 100, 250, 500, 750 or 1000 mg of amitraz/kg in a veterinary formulation. There was an interval of 1 week after the administration of the study medication. Necropsies were performed immediately on the mice that …

Comparison Of Ifat And Elisa Results In Mice Experimentally Infected With Toxocara Canis, Hasan Ayçi̇çek, Mehmet Tanyüksel

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Toxocariasis is a disease which indicates a wide symptomatic spectrum and occurs usually by the ingestion of infective Toxocara canis (rarely Toxocara cati) eggs by humans as a paratenic host. In this study, the sera samples of experimentally infected mice were evaluated on different days by IFAT and ELISA. Regarding the sera samples obtained on the 15^{th} and following days of the study, the groups seropositivity in IFAT by adult and larval sectional antigens and in TES-ELISA were 70, 73.3 and 96.7%, respectively. In the control group, seronegativity in IFAT by adult and larval sectional antigens, and in T. canis …

Effects Of Alcohol, Passive Smoking And Alcohol Plus Passive Smoking On Some Serum Biochemical Variables In Mice, Mustafa Altinişik, Muharrem Balkaya, Funda Kargin, Hümeyra Ünsal, Cengi̇z Ünsal

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The effects of alcohol, passive smoking and alcohol+passive smoking on certain biochemical variables were investigated in mice serum. For this purpose, 72 female and 49 male Swiss albino mice were used. The animals were approximately 10 weeks old at the beginning of the experiment and their initial body weights ranged from 22 to 31 g. All animals were divided randomly into four groups; the control, alcohol, passive smoking and alcohol+passive smoking groups. Alcohol was given in drinking water at a v/v ratio of 10% during the first week, 20% during the second week and 30% during the following four weeks. …

Analysis Of The Crude Antigen Of Hymenolepis Nana From Mice By Sds-Page And The Determination Of Specific Antigens In Protein Structure By Western Blotting, Bahadir Gönenç

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Protein bands of crude antigens of Hymenolepis nana were determined by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. Thirty Swiss albino mice were allotted into two groups of 15 each as positive (infected with H. nana) and negative (non-infected with H. nana) groups. The natural infections of H. nana and other helminths were determined by centrifugal flotation of faeces. After bleeding, the mice were necropsied and their guts were examined for H. nana and other intestinal helminths. Sera from mice were tested by Western blotting and the bands obtained from positive and negative groups were compared. The specific protein band for H. nana …

The Effects Of An Electromagnetic Field (60-90 Hz And 5 Mt) On Blood Electrolyte Levels In Diurnal Rhythm, Gökhan Eraslan, Mehmet Akdoğan, Ali̇ Bi̇lgi̇li̇, Murat Kanbur, Fatma Şahi̇ndokuyucu

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

In this study, 120 British male mice, weighing 35-40 g, and 5 months old were used. Three groups, one control (Group I) and two experimental (Groups II and III), were formed. One experimental group (Group II) received 60 Hz and 5 mT, while the other (Group III) received 90 Hz frequency and 5 mT magnetic flux density efficacy electromagnetic field (EMF), between 900 and 1700. During this period, blood was taken every hour and blood electrolyte levels (Ca^{++}, P^{+++}, Na^{+}, K^{+}, Cl^{-}) were evaluated. In conclusion, in almost all periods and groups only sodium and calcium levels showed a steady …

The Effect Of Trifolium Pratense On Spermatogenesis And Its Acute Toxicity (Ld_{50}) In Mice, Tülay Bakirel, Oya Keleş, H. Hakan Bozkurt, Kemal Ak

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Trifolium pratense contains phytoestrogens and thus it has estrogenic activity. Estrogen has an important role in the development of the reproductive system and the maintanence of its function, and for this reason the effect of Trifolium pratense on sperm parameters and spermatogenesis was examined. Furthermore, its acute toxicity was established. In this study, the motility and morphology of epididymal spermatozoa taken from animals fed diets contains 20% and 40% Trifolium pratense, were affected. Statistically insignificant differences in the diameter of the seminiferous tubule and the number of primary spermatocytes between the control and experimental groups were observed. Intraperitoneal LD_{50} was …

Visceral Larva Migrans In Mice Caused By Eating Toxocara Canis-Infected Chick Livers, Erkut Tüzer, Müfi̇t Toparlak, Ayşen Gargili, Aynur Gülanber, Vedat Keleş, İlker Efi̇l, Meltem Ulutaş Esatgi̇l

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

In this study, two subjects, 1) whether Visceral Larva Migrans (VLM) takes place when T. canis larvae-infected chick livers are eaten and 2) whether any differences are present between larval distributions, clinical signs and pathological disorders of the infections caused by eggs and infected liver, were investigated in the chick-mouse model. For this purpose, 15-day-old broiler chicks (n=42) and 3-month-old albino mice (n=62) were used. Thirty chicks were each infected orally with 5000 infective T.canis eggs. These chicks, composed of 6 groups, were necropsied at 2-day intervals and their livers were fed to 42 mice in 6 experimental groups. In …