Veterinary Medicine Commons^™

Significance Of Heat-Stable And Heat-Labile Enterotoxins In Porcine Colibacillosis In An Additive Model For Pathogenicity Studies, Weiping Zhang, Emil M. Berberov, Jessica Freeling, D. He, Rodney A. Moxley, David H. Francis

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

Although heat-stable (ST) and heat-labile (LT) enterotoxins produced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) have been documented as important factors associated with diarrheal diseases, investigations assessing the contributions of individual enterotoxins to the pathogenesis of E. coli infection have been limited. To address the individual roles of enterotoxins in the diarrheal disease caused by K88-positive ETEC in young pigs, enterotoxin-positive and -negative isogenic E. coli strains were constructed by using pBR322 to clone and express LT and STb. Four strains, K88⁺ astA, K88⁺ astA/pBR322, K88⁺ astA STb⁺, and K88⁺ astA LT⁺, were constructed …

Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Icp0 Localizes In The Stromal Layer Of Infected Rabbit Corneas And Resides Predominantly In The Cytoplasm And/Or Perinuclear Region Of Rabbit Keratocytes, Naoyuki Morishige, James V. Jester, Julie Naito, Nelson Osorio, Andrew Wahlert, Clinton J. Jones, Roger D. Everett, Steven L. Weschler, Guey Chuen Perng

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

Herpes stromal keratitis (HSK) results from the reactivation of herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) in the cornea. The subsequent corneal inflammation and neovascularization may lead to scarring and visual loss. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying HSK remain unknown. The presence of stromal HSV-1 viral proteins or antigens in the HSK cornea remains a subject of debate. It was recently reported that HSV-1 ICP0 rapidly diffuses out of infected rabbit corneas. To investigate further the presence of HSV-1 ICP0 in the infected cornea, particularly in the corneal stroma, ex vivo confocal microscopy was used to scan rabbit corneas infected with …

Avian Influenza: Trade Issues, Toby Moore, Nancy Morgan

Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease: Publications

In 2003, an outbreak of a highly pathogenic H5N1 strain of avian influenza (AI) in Southeast Asia, notably in Vietnam but also in Thailand, focused extensive local and international media coverage on the disease and its potential human health consequences. The media coverage has followed subsequent AI outbreaks in the People’s Republic of China, the Republic of Korea, and Japan, and westward through Russia into Eastern Europe and the Middle East. Health officials remain on alert because the virus has crossed the species barrier, causing more than 100 human deaths over the last 2 years. Other deaths, most recently in …

Bovine Herpesvirus 1 Immediate-Early Protein (Bicp0) Interacts With The Histone Acetyltransferase P300, Which Stimulates Productive Infection And Gc Promoter Activity, Yange Zhang, Yunquan Jiang, Vicki Geiser, Joe Zhou, Clinton J. Jones

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

The immediate-early protein, bICP0, of Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) transactivates viral promoters and stimulates productive infection. bICP0 is expressed constitutively during productive infection, as its gene contains an immediate- early and an early promoter. Like other ICP0 homologues encoded by members of the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, bICP0 contains a zinc RING finger located near its N terminus. Mutations that disrupt the bICP0 zinc RING finger impair its ability to activate transcription, stimulate productive infection, inhibit interferon-dependent transcription in certain cell types and regulate subnuclear localization. bICP0 also interacts with a cellular chromatin-remodeling enzyme, histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1), and can relieve …

Effects Of Moraxella (Branhamella) Ovis Culture Filtrates On Bovine Erythrocytes, Peripheral Mononuclear Cells, And Corneal Epithelial Cells, Henry E. Cerny, Douglas G. Rogers, Jeffrey T. Gray, David R. Smith, Susanne Hinkley

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) is a highly contagious ocular disease that affects cattle of all ages and that occurs worldwide. Piliated hemolytic Moraxella bovis is recognized as the etiologic agent of IBK. According to data from the Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory System, however, Moraxella (Branhamella) ovis has been isolated with increasing frequency from cattle affected with IBK. The objective of this study was, therefore, to examine M. ovis field isolates for the presence of the putative virulence factors of M. bovis. Culture filtrates from selected M. ovis field isolates demonstrated hemolytic activity on bovine erythrocytes and cytotoxic activity on …

Transcriptome Signature Of Virulent And Attenuated Pseudorabies Virus-Infected Rodent Brain, Christina Paulus, Patricia J. Sollars, Gary E. Pickard, Lynn W. Enquist

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

Mammalian alphaherpesviruses normally establish latent infections in ganglia of the peripheral nervous system in their natural hosts. Occasionally, however, these viruses spread to the central nervous system (CNS), where they cause damaging, often fatal, infections. Attenuated alphaherpesvirus derivatives have been used extensively as neuronal circuit tracers in a variety of animal models. Their circuit-specific spread provides a unique paradigm to study the local and global CNS response to infection. Thus, we systematically analyzed the host gene expression profile after acute pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection of the CNS using Affymetrix GeneChip technology. Rats were injected intraocularly with one of three selected …

The Cattle Industry's Guidelines For The Care And Handling Of Cattle

Nebraska Beef Quality Assurance Program

Cattlemen have long recognized the need to properly care for livestock. Sound animal husbandry practices, based on decades of practical experience and research, are known to impact the wellbeing of cattle, individual animal health and herd productivity. Cattle are produced in very diverse environments and geographic locations in the United States. There is not one specific set of production practices that can be recommended for all cattle producers. Personal experience, training and professional judgment can serve as a valuable resource for providing proper animal care.

Bats: Important Reservoir Hosts Of Emerging Viruses, Charles H. Calisher, James E. Childs, Hume E. Field, Tony Schountz, Kathryn V. Holmes

Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease: Publications

The remarkable mammals known as “bats” and “flying foxes” (order Chiroptera [“hand wing”]) may be the most abundant, diverse, and geographically dispersed vertebrates (Table 1). Although a great deal is known about them, detailed information is needed to explain the astonishing variations of their anatomy, their lifestyles, their roles in ecosystems ecology, and their importance as reservoir hosts of viruses of proven or potential significance for human and veterinary health.

PrpSc Accumulation In Fetal Cotyledons Of Scrapieresistant Lambs Is Influenced By Fetus Location In The Uterus, Janet Alverson, Katherine I. O'Rourke, Timothy V. Baszler

Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease: Publications

Placentae from scrapie-infected ewes have been shown to accumulate PrP^Sc when the genotype of the fetus is of a susceptible genotype (VRQ/VRQ, ARQ/VRQ or ARQ/ARQ). Cotyledons from fetuses of genotypes ARR/ARR, ARQ/ARR and ARQ/VRR have previously been shown to be resistant to PrP^Sc accumulation. By using ewes from a naturally infected scrapie flock, cotyledons from fetuses of multiple births of different genotypes were examined. PrP^Sc was detected in fetal cotyledons of genotype ARQ/ARQ, but not in cotyledons from their dizygotic twin of genotype ARQ/ARR. This confirms earlier reports of single fetuses of these genotypes, but is the …

Comparison Of Two Automated Immunohistochemical Procedures For The Diagnosis Of Scrapie In Domestic Sheep And Chronic Wasting Disease In North American White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus Virginianus) And Mule Deer (Odocoileus Hemionus), T. V. Baszler, M. Kiupel, E. S. Williams, B. V. Thomsen, T. Gidlewski, D. L. Montgomery, Katherine I. O'Rourke, S. M. Hall

Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease: Publications

Two commercially available automated immunohistochemistry platforms, Ventana NexES and DakoCytomation Autostainer Universal Staining System, were compared for diagnosing sheep scrapie and cervid chronic wasting disease. Both automated platforms used the same antiprion protein monoclonal primary antibodies, but different platform-specific linker and amplification reagents and procedures. Duplicate sections of brainstem (at the level of the obex) and lymphoid tissue (retropharyngeal lymph node or tonsil) from the same tissue block were immunostained for the comparison. Examination of 1,020 tissues from 796 sheep revealed 100% concordance of results between the Ventana NexES and DakoCytomation platforms for diagnosing sheep scrapie from lymphoid tissue (103/103 …

Preliminary Observations Of Genetic Susceptibility Of Elk (Cervus Elaphus Nelsoni) To Chronic Wasting Disease By Experimental Oral Inoculation, Amir N. Hamir, Thomas Gidlewski, Terry R. Spraker, Janice M. Miller, Lynn Creekmore, Michelle Crocheck, Thomas Cline, Katherine I. O'Rourke

Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease: Publications

To compare the genetic susceptibility of elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) with various alleles of the PRNP gene, which encodes the normal cellular prion protein, to chronic wasting disease (CWD), eight 8-monthold elk calves of 3 genotypes (2 132MM, 2 132LM, and 4 132LL) were orally dosed with CWD-infected brain material from elk. During postinoculation (PI) month 23, both 132MM elk had lost appetite, developed clinical signs of weight loss and central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction, and were euthanized. Two other elk (both 132LM) developed similar clinical signs of disease and were euthanized during PI month 40. All 4 …

Avian Influenza: Human Pandemic Concerns, Donna K. Carver, Elizabeth A. Krushinskie

Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease: Publications

The likelihood that the next human influenza pandemic virus will emerge from the Asian strain of the H5N1 high pathogenic bird influenza virus that is causing widespread outbreaks in Eurasia remains unknown. (See Glossary for italicized terms.) Because these bird influenza outbreaks remain primarily an animal disease, there is hope that a human pandemic can be prevented. Eradication of the H5N1 high pathogenic bird influenza virus needs to occur at the farm level in the countries where it is currently circulating. Funding of prevention, surveillance, and eradication efforts in the countries where outbreaks are occurring or in at-risk countries will …

Chronic Wasting Disease Of Elk And Deer And Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Comparative Analysis Of The Scrapie Prion Protein, Zhiliang Xie, Katherine I. O'Rourke, Zhiqian Dong, Allen L. Jenny, Julie A. Langenberg, Ermais D. Belay, Lawrence B. Schonberger, Robert B. Petersen, Wenquan Zou, Quingzhong Kong, Pierluigi Gambetti, Shu G. Chen

Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease: Publications

Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a transmissible prion disease that affects elk and deer, poses new challenges to animal and human health. Although the transmission ofCWDto humans has not been proven, it remains a possibility. If this were to occur, it is important to know whether the “acquired” human prion disease would show a phenotype including the scrapie prion protein (PrP^Sc) features that differ from those associated with human sporadic prion disease. In this study, we have compared the pathological profiles and PrP^Sc characteristics in brains of CWD-affected elk and deer with those in subjects with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob …

Department Of Veterinary And Biomedical Sciences: 2006 Annual Report

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Information and History

Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Personnel . 9-16

Faculty .. 9

VBMS Researchers, Postdoctoral and Senior Research Associates . 10

VBMS Adjunct and Courtesy Faculty .... 11

Emeriti Faculty .. 11

VBMS Faculty and Staff by Function and Unit .. 9-16

VBMS Honors, Awards and Recognitions, 2006 17-19

VBMS Committee Assignments, 2006/2007 . 20-22

Faculty Profiles . 23-45

Raul G. Barletta, BS, MS, PhD .. 23

Bruce W. Brodersen, BS, DVM, MS, PhD .... 24

Michael P. Carlson, BS, MS, PhD ... 25

Subash Das, BSV c, MVSc, PhD .... 26

Alan R. Doster, DVM, MS, PhD, ACVP . …

Wildlife Tuberculosis In South African Conservation Areas: Implications And Challenges, A.L. Michel, R.G. Bengis, D.F. Keet, M. Hofmeyr, L.M. De Klerk, P.C. Cross, A.E. Jolles, D. Cooper, I.J. Whyte, P. Buss, J. Godfroid

Michigan Bovine Tuberculosis Bibliography and Database

Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium bovis, was first diagnosed in African buffalo in South Africa’s Kruger National Park in 1990. Over the past 15 years the disease has spread northwards leaving only the most northern buffalo herds unaffected. Evidence suggests that 10 other small and large mammalian species, including large predators, are spillover hosts. Wildlife tuberculosis has also been diagnosed in several adjacent private game reserves and in the Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park, the third largest game reserve in South Africa.

The tuberculosis epidemic has a number of implications, for which the full effect of some might only be seen in the long-term. …

The Role Of Indirect Transmission In The Epidemiology Of Bovine Tuberculosis In Cattle And White-Tailed Deer In Michigan, Amanda Elizabeth Fine

Michigan Bovine Tuberculosis Bibliography and Database

Understanding the epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis transmission in Michigan is an essential component of nationwide efforts to control and eradicate bovine tuberculosis (TB). Determining the role of indirect transmission in bovine TB dynamics is a key to the application of epidemiologically effective methods of disease control in both livestock and wildlife populations. The objective of this dissertation was to characterize the persistence of M. bovis in the environment and its potential role in the indirect transmission of disease among and between cattle (Bos taurus and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Michigan.

Michigan Bovine Tuberculosis Eradication Project: Activities Report And Conference Proceedings 2006, Bridget Kavanagh-Patrick

Michigan Bovine Tuberculosis Bibliography and Database

Bovine tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that is close to being eradicated in the United States, but still poses a significant risk to domestic livestock, wildlife, companion animals and humans throughout the world.

The Michigan Bovine TB Eradication Project involves a multi-agency team of experts from the Michigan Departments of Agriculture (MDA), Natural Resources (DNR) and Community Health (DCH); Michigan State University (MSU) and the US Department of Agriculture (USDA).

Survival Of Mycobacterium Bovis On Feedstuffs Commonly Used As Supplemental Feed For White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus Virginianus), Mitchell V. Palmer, Diana L. Whipple

Michigan Bovine Tuberculosis Bibliography and Database

Mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis, has become established in free-ranging white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus in northeastern Michigan. The practice of supplemental feeding of white-tailed deer during the winter is believed to contribute to transmission of M. bovis between deer. The current study was conducted to determine the ability of M. bovis to survive on various feedstuffs commonly used as supplemental feed for deer in northeast Michigan (i.e., apples, corn, carrots, sugar beets, potatoes, and hay) and the effect of maintenance at 220 C, 8 C, and 23 C on survival. Mycobacterium bovis survived on all feedstuffs at …

Advances In Bovine Tuberculosis Diagnosis And Pathogenesis: What Policy Makers Need To Know, Mitchell V. Palmer, W. Ray Waters

Michigan Bovine Tuberculosis Bibliography and Database

The mainstay of tuberculosis diagnosis in cattle and deer has been the tuberculin skin test. Recent advances have allowed the incorporation of blood based assays to the diagnostic arsenal for both cattle and deer. Use of defined and specific antigens has allowed for improved specificity of cell mediated assays in both cattle and deer and advances in antibody tests for tuberculosis have potential for use in free-ranging and captive cervid populations. Combined use of blood-based assays with skin testing will require further understanding of the effect of skin testing on the accuracy of blood based assays. Models of experimental infection …

Wild Boar And Red Deer Display High Prevalences Of Tuberculosis-Like Lesions In Spain, Joaquín Vicente, Ursula Höfle, Joseba M. Garrido, Isabel G. Fernández-De-Mera, Ramón Juste, Marta Barral, Christian Gortazar

Michigan Bovine Tuberculosis Bibliography and Database

We describe the distribution of tuberculosis-like lesions (TBL) in wild boar (Sus scrofa) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Spain. Animals with TBL were confirmed in 84.21% of mixed populations (n = 57) of red deer and wild boar and in 75% of populations of wild boar alone (n = 8) in central and southern Spain (core area). The prevalence of TBL declined towards the periphery of this region. In the core area, the prevalence ranged up to 100% in local populations of wild boar (mean estate prevalence 42.51%) and up to 50% in red deer …

Progress In Diagnosis, Treatment And Elimination Of Echinococcosis And Cysticercosis, Peter M. Schantz

Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease: Publications

Here I review the current status of geographical occurrence and public health significance of echinococcosis (Echinococcus spp. infections) and cysticercosis (Taenia solium infection) with special emphasis on the remarkable technologic progress achieved in recent decades that has led to greater understanding of the biology and epidemiology of these cestode infections. The greatest remaining challenges are to apply this knowledge and technology to improved medical management and prevention of these infections.

Premature Induction Of An Immunosuppressive Regulatory T Cell Response During Acute Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection, Jacob D. Estes, Qingsheng Li, Matthew R. Reynolds, Stephen W. Wietgrefe, Lijie Duan, Timothy Schacker, Louis J. Picker, David I. Watkins, Jeffrey D. Lifson, Cavan Reilly, John V. Carlis, Ashley T. Haase

Qingsheng Li Publications

Here we report the results of an investigation into the possibility that one mechanism responsible for the establishment of persistent human immunodeficiency virus infection is an early regulatory T (T_reg) cell response that blunts virus- specific responses. Using the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)–infected rhesus macaque model, we show that, indeed, viral replication and immune activation in lymphatic tissue drive a premature immunosuppressive response, with dramatic increases in the frequencies of CD4⁺CD25⁺FOXP3⁺ Treg cells, transforming growth factor–β1⁺ cells, interleukin–10+ cells, and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase+CD3⁺ cells.When we compared SIV infection with rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV) …

The Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Locus That Encodes The Latency-Associated Transcript Enhances The Frequency Of Encephalitis In Male Balb/C Mice, Clinton J. Jones, Melissa Inman, Weiping Peng, Gail A. Henderson, Alan R. Doster, Guey-Chuen Perng, Anisa Kaenjak Angeletti

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is the leading cause of virus-induced encephalitis; however, the viral genes that regulate encephalitis have not been well characterized. In this study, we tested whether the LAT (latency-associated transcript) locus regulates the frequency of encephalitis in male or female mice. Male BALB/c mice are more susceptible to HSV-1-induced encephalitis than age-matched female BALB/c mice. Deletion of LAT coding sequences reduced the frequency of encephalitis. A recombinant virus containing the first 1.5 kb of the LAT coding sequence induces levels of encephalitis in male BALB/c mice similar to those induced by wild-type HSV-1.

Enhanced Pathogenicity Of Candida Albicans Pre-Treated With Subinhibitory Concentrations Of Fluconazole In A Mouse Model Of Disseminated Candidiasis, Dhammika H.M.L.P. Navarathna, Jacob M. Hornby, Natasha Hoerrmann, Anne M. Parkhurst, Gerald E. Duhamel, Kenneth Nickerson

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

Objectives: To investigate the relative pathogenicity of Candida albicans treated with subinhibitory concentrations of fluconazole in a mouse model of disseminated candidiasis. Previous studies indicate that these cells secrete 10 times more farnesol than do untreated cells. In our usage, subinhibitory means a concentration which causes a prominent decrease in turbidity but still allows some cell growth. Methods: C. albicans A72 cells were grown overnight in 0–5.0 mM fluconazole, washed, and inoculated in mice by tail vein injection. Groups of 15 or 16 mice were injected with 1.3 • 10⁶cells and mortality was recorded for 7 days post-inoculation. …

A Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Mutant Expressing A Baculovirus Inhibitor Of Apoptosis Gene In Place Of Latency-Associated Transcript Has A Wild-Type Reactivation Phenotype In The Mouse, Ling Jin, Guey-Chuen Perng, Kevin R. Mott, Nelson Osorio, Julie Naito, David J. Brick, Dale Carpenter, Clinton J. Jones, Steven L. Wechsler

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

The latency-associated transcript (LAT) is essential for the wild-type herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) high-reactivation phenotype since LAT^- mutants have a low-reactivation phenotype. We previously reported that LAT can decrease apoptosis and proposed that this activity is involved in LAT’s ability to enhance the HSV-1 reactivation phenotype. The first 20% of the primary 8.3-kb LAT transcript is sufficient for enhancing the reactivation phenotype and for decreasing apoptosis, supporting this proposal. For this study, we constructed an HSV-1 LAT^- mutant that expresses the baculovirus antiapoptosis gene product cpIAP under control of the LAT promoter and in place of …

Examining The Risk Of Disease Transmission Between Wild Dall’S Sheep And Mountain Goats, And Introduced Domestic Sheep, Goats, And Llamas In The Northwest Territories, Elena Garde, Susan Kutz, Helen Schwantje, Alasdair Veitch, Emily Jenkins, Brett Elkin

Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease: Publications

This risk assessment has been carried out following the guidelines for Health Risk Analysis entitled “Wild Animal Translocations” prepared by the Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre (http://wildlife1.usask.ca). It includes 9 comprehensive appendices of bacterial, viral, parasitic and fungal organisms reported from domestic sheep, goats, llamas and wild sheep and mountain goats. The report is a breakdown of those appendices into discussions of organisms of major concern, organisms of unknown concern, organisms of minimal concern, and those that cause no apparent disease, are not transmissible between the species of interest, or do not occur in Canada. Where possible, organisms were assigned …

United States Patent: D-Alanine Racemase Mutants Of Mycobacteria And Uses Therefore, Raul G. Barletta, Ofelia Barletta-Chacon

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

The present invention is directed to D-alanine racemase mutants of mycobacterial species. The D-alanine racemase gene (alrA) is involved in the systhesis of D-alanine, a basic component of peptidoglycan that forms the backbone of the bacterial cell wall. The present invention is also directed to methods of making live-attenuated vaccines against pathogenic mycobacteria using such alrA mutants and to the vaccines made according to such methods. The present invention is further directed to use of alrA mutants in methods for screening antimycobacterial agents that are synergistic with peptidoglycan inhibitors. Finally, the present invention is directed to methods to identify new …

Antibody Responses In Reindeer (Rangifer Tarandus) Infected With Mycobacterium Bovis, W. R. Waters, M. V. Palmer, J. P. Bannantine, R. Greenwald, J. Esfandiari, P. Andersen, J. Mcnair, J. M. Pollock, K. P. Lyashchenko

Michigan Bovine Tuberculosis Bibliography and Database

Despite having a very low incidence of disease, reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) are subject to tuberculosis (TB) testing requirements for interstate shipment and herd accreditation in the United States. Improved TB tests are desperately needed, as many reindeer are falsely classified as reactors by current testing procedures. Sera collected sequentially from 11 (experimentally) Mycobacterium bovis-infected reindeer and 4 noninfected reindeer were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunoblotting, and multiantigen print immunoassay (MAPIA) for antibody specific to M. bovis antigens. Specific antibody was detected as early as 4 weeks after challenge with M. bovis. By MAPIA, sera …

Weast Nile Virus Serosurveillance In Iowa White-Tailed Deer (1999-2003), Julian Santatella, Robert Mclean, Jeffrey S. Hall, James S. Gill, Richard A. Bowen, Harlo H. Hadow, Larry Clark

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Sera from white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were collected in Iowa during the winter months (1999-2003), 2 years before and after West Nile virus (WNV) was first reported in Iowa (2001), and were analyzed for antibodies to WNV. Samples from 1999 to 2001 were antibody negalive by blocking enzyme-linikedI immunosorbent assay (bELISA) and plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT₉₀). Prevalence derived from bELISA (2002, 12.7%; 2003. 11.2%) and WNV PRNT₉₀ (2002,7.9%; 2003, 8.5%) assays were similar. All sanlples were negative for antibodies against St. Louis encephalitis virus as determined by PRNT₉₀. Antibodies to flaviviruses were …

The Locus Encompassing The Latency-Associated Transcript Of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Interferes With And Delays Interferon Expression In Productively Infected Neuroblastoma Cells And Trigeminal Ganglia Of Acutely Infected Mice, Weiping Peng, Gail A. Henderson, Melissa Inman, Lbachir Benmohamed, Guey-Chuen Perng, Steven L. Wechsler, Clinton J. Jones

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

The herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) latency-associated transcript (LAT) is the only abundant viral transcript expressed in latently infected neurons. LAT inhibits apoptosis, suggesting that it regulates latency by promoting the survival of infected neurons. The LAT locus also contains a newly described gene (AL), which is antisense to LAT and partially overlaps LAT encoding sequences. When human (SK-N-SH) or mouse (neuro-2A) neuroblastoma cells were infected with a virus that does not express LAT or AL gene products (dLAT2903), beta interferon (IFN- β) and IFN- α RNA expression was detected earlier relative to the same cells infected with HSV-1 …