Sports Sciences Commons^™

The Impact Of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Risk On Baseline Balance Assessment For Concussion In Collegiate Athletes, Ryan N. Moran, Nicholas G. Murray

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

PURPOSE: Recent literature has linked concussion and neuromuscular deficits in the lower extremity after injury. Neuromuscular control is frequently assessed using balance measures for concussion, but also dynamically to identify anterior cruciate ligament injury (ACL) risk via jump-landing movement screening. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of ACL injury risk on baseline balance assessment for concussion. METHODS: Thirty-nine healthy, collegiate female soccer (n=22) and volleyball (n=17) athletes completed the modified-Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction of Balance (m-CTSIB) and the Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) test as part of routine concussion baseline testing and injury …

Uphill, Level, And Downhill Running In A New Style Of Road-Racing Shoe, Hunter Mcwilliams, Iain Hunter, Jared Ward, Cal Bradshaw, Tyler Standifird

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Recent changes in road-racing shoe construction has prompted research comparing the metabolic benefit of new shoe constructions compared to older styles. Kinematic and kinetic changes with uphill and downhill running may affect the magnitude of benefit for this new style of racing shoe. PURPOSE: Due to the changes associated with downhill running, we hypothesize that new performance racing shoes will have a greater metabolic benefit when running downhill, than with level or uphill running. METHODS: Eighteen subjects (10 men and 8 women) ran on two separate days with shoe order reversed. They wore either the Saucony Type A …

Effects Of An Achilles Speedbridge On Ankle Joint Motion: A Case Study, Alfredo Cervantes, Kevin Valenzuela, Justin Demoss, Anaya Blade, Hunter J. Bennett

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Over 80% of Achilles injuries are related to individuals who participate in sports or recreational activities that involve either jumping or running. Current research does not provide insight into the longitudinal recovery effects following an Achilles repair surgery. PURPOSE: To evaluate the longitudinal effects of lower extremity kinematics following an Achilles Speedbridge surgery. METHODS: A 35-year-old male (1.85m, 86.4kg) presented right Achilles insertional tendinitis and a large retrocalcaneal bone spur which had fractured and was partially embedded in the Achilles tendon. One week prior to operation the subject completed over ground walking trials at 1.0 m/s velocity. Following …

Crossing Over To The Other Side; Studying Effect Of Fatigue When Walking In A Randomized & New Space, Joshua A. Vicente, Alex X. Krause, Yesenia Acosta-Marin, Ephraim Flores, Jaesung Joo, Jacob W. Hinkel-Lipsker

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Slips, trips, and falls (STFs) that lead to a substantial amount of workplace injuries. In any career that requires physical effort, it is crucial to maintain a strong reaction and response time to these unpredictable environments to maintain worker safety. In dynamic, ever-changing workplaces, it is important to know how to best mitigate trip and fall risk. However, there is little literature describing how physical fatigue affects young, healthy individuals’ ability to negotiate obstacles, as well as whether there are worker characteristics that may put them at greater risk of STFs.

PURPOSE: Therefore, our purpose is to identify the …

Biomechanical Changes In Running Post-Transition In A Triathlon, Luke Vankeersbilck, Travis Peterson Phd

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Triathletes often complain about lower limb discomfort when running after cycling (Quigley, 1996). Several studies have found differences in muscle activation (Chapman, 2009), kinematics (Rendos et al., 2013), and kinetic cost (Millet, 2001) during the transition run. These differences were also found to be more severe in less experienced triathletes (Chapman, 2008). PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine the kinetic differences between baseline and transition runs of inexperienced triathletes. METHODS: Twelve novice triathletes age: 29.4 ± 12.15 y, mass: 71.2 ± 10.3 kg, weekly running mileage: 24.4 ± 16.7 mi/week volunteered to participate. Athletes completed a 20 min …

Collision Tracking And Brain Mapping, Carl Russell Iii

The Journal of Purdue Undergraduate Research

No abstract provided.

Muscle Force Contributions To Ankle Joint Contact Forces During An Unanticipated Cutting Task In People With Chronic Ankle Instability, Hoon Kim, Rianna M. Palmieri-Smith, Kristof Kipp

Exercise Science Faculty Research and Publications

The purpose of this study was to compare muscle force contributions to ankle joint compression and anteroposterior shear forces between people with chronic ankle instability (CAI) and healthy controls (CON) during an unanticipated cutting task. Eleven people with CAI and 11 CON performed an unanticipated cutting task as three-dimensional motion capture, ground reaction force (GRF), and muscle activation data were collected. A musculoskeletal modeling was used to calculate talocrural joint compression and anteroposterior shear forces and parse out the contributions to these forces from ankle-spanning muscles and from GRF. Independent t-tests were used for statistical analysis. People with CAI exhibited …

Influence Of The Bar Position On Joint-Level Biomechanics During Isometric Pulling Exercises, Nayun Ahn, Hoon Kim, John Krzyszkowski, Stuart Roche, Kristof Kipp

Exercise Science Faculty Research and Publications

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the bar position on ankle, knee, and hip net joint moments (NJMs), relative muscular effort (RME), and vertical ground reaction forces (GRFs) during isometric pulling exercises, such as the isometric midthigh pull. Eight female lacrosse athletes performed maximal effort isometric pulls at 3 different bar positions (low: above patella, mid: midthigh, and high: crease of hip) while motion capture and GRF data were recorded. Net joint moments were calculated with inverse dynamics. Relative muscle effort was defined as the ratio between the inverse dynamics NJMs and the maximum theoretical …

Sports-Injury Recovery Through Psychological Interventions, Harley T. Hamilton

Intuition: The BYU Undergraduate Journal of Psychology

The biomechanics of an injury is the typical focus of athletic trainers and coaches. Surgery is often the result of sports injury and is routinely followed by a rehabilitation plan. This plan usually includes physical therapy and focuses on the return of mobility and function of the injured anatomical structure (Rodriguez et al., 2019). Athletic trainers are usually not properly trained on the psychological aspects of injury recovery (Bennett et al., 2016). Sometimes the involvement of a sports medicine professional (SMP) or sport psychology consultant (SPC) is necessary to help the athlete fully recover. Because there is a psychological change …

Prediction Of Throwing Distance In The Men’S And Women’S Javelin Final At The 2017 Iaaf World Championships, John Krzyszkowski, Kristof Kipp

Exercise Science Faculty Research and Publications

The purpose of this study was to use regularised regression models to identify the most important biomechanical predictors of throwing distance in elite male (M) and female (F) javelin throwers at the 2017 IAAF world championships. Biomechanical data from 13 male and 12 female javelin throwers who competed at the 2017 IAAF world championships were obtained from an official scientific IAAF report. Regularised regression models were used to investigate the associations between throwing distance and release parameters, whole-body kinematic and joint-level kinematic data. The regularised regression models identified two biomechanical predictors of throwing distances in both M and F javelin …

Line Hops And Side Hold Rotation Tests Load Both Anterior And Posterior Shoulder: A Biomechanical Study, Margie K. Olds, Nicole Lemaster, Kelsey Picha, Cody Walker, Nicholas R. Heebner, Timothy L. Uhl

Sports Medicine Research Institute Faculty Publications

Background: Clinical tests should replicate the stressful positions encountered during sport participation. Evaluating the kinetic and electromyographical demands of clinical tests enables clinicians to choose appropriate tests for specific sports.

Purpose: To describe the shoulder forces and muscle activation levels during closed chain functional tests of Line Hops (LH) and Side Hold Rotation (SHR).

Study Design: Descriptive biomechanical study.

Methods: Ten asymptomatic participants were examined in a university laboratory. Two functional tests were evaluated using three-dimensional video analysis and electromyography to measure shoulder forces, moments, and muscular activity levels.

Results: SHR produced a peak average posterior translation force of 4.84 …

The Application Of Biomechanical Technology In Sports, Timothy Leckrone

Senior Honors Theses

Technology in biomechanics encompasses eight major categories: artificial optical devices, anthropometry, timing devices, electrogoniometry, electromyography, dynamometry, inertial tracking systems, and modeling and simulation. As technology improves and becomes more accessible to the general population, it becomes easier to implement biomechanical technology into sports. For each area of focus, biomechanical technology has numerous points of current application or potential application. This application has benefit in injury prevention, technique improvement, rule enforcement, performance optimization, overall health and condition analysis, sports timing, and product development and testing. This thesis examines each area in turn as well as the various tools implemented in order …

Hip Moment And Knee Power Eccentric Utilisation Ratios Determine Lower-Extremity Stretch-Shortening Cycle Performance, Kristof Kipp, John Krzyszkowski, Jordi Heeneman

Exercise Science Faculty Research and Publications

The eccentric utilisation ratio (EUR) is calculated as the ratio between countermovement jump (CMJ) and squat jump (SJ) heights, and is an indicator of lower-extremity stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) performance in athletes. Joint-based EUR can also be calculated but have never been reported. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether jump height-based (JH-based) EUR can be predicted by joint-specific EUR. Nine NCAA Division I college athletes (age: 21 ± 1 year, height: 1.75 ± 0.15 m, mass: 71 ± 20 kg) performed three SJ and CMJ. During all jumps, kinematic and kinetic data were obtained and used to calculate …

Mechanical Deviations And Verbal-Cue Altered Gait In The Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome Population, Walter Menke

Theses and Dissertations--Kinesiology and Health Promotion

Femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS) is an abnormal physical hip morphology that causes functional changes and pain during gait. Mechanical gait differences in this population require further biomechanical investigation to elucidate characteristics unique to this group. Fixed speed gait trials were performed on force plates and analyzed in addition to isokinetic strength testing to find a multitude of biomechanical variables including joint moment, joint power, joint work, and peak joint angle. This work has discovered evidence of muscular deficits at the hip, specifically hip extension, as well as knee joint power contributions to gait when compared to controls. These findings suggest …

Validation Of An Inertial-Measurement-Unit System For Calculating Hip And Knee Flexion Angles During Gait, Joonsun Park

Master's Theses

Technological advances regarding Inertial Measurements Units (IMUs) have positioned this type of sensor as an alternative for camera-based motion capture. This study introduces a new IMU based system (IMU_sys) to measure hip and knee flexion angles. PURPOSE: To validate the use of a five-sensor IMU_sys for the measurement of knee and hip flexion angles during gait in adults and pediatrics at two different time points. METHODS: Bilateral hip and knee flexion patterns (LH, RH, LK, and RK) of twenty-two healthy participants (12 adults and 10 pediatric) between the ages of 8 – 35 years were investigated. Participants …

Survey Of Barbell Trajectory And Kinematics Of The Snatch Lift From The 2015 World And 2017 Pan-American Weightlifting Championships, Aaron Cunanan, W. G. Hornsby, Mark A. South, Kristina P. Ushakova, Satoshi Mizuguchi, Kimitake Sato, Kyle C. Pierce, Michael H. Stone

ETSU Faculty Works

Analysis of elite performances is important to elucidate the characteristics of effective weightlifting technique contributing to the highest level of achievement. The general technique of the weightlifting movements is well established. However, it is also apparent that weightlifting technique can differ based on athlete characteristics. Thus, existing technical models may not accurately reflect current technique of top performers or be applied generically to athletes of different skill, size, sex, or ability. Therefore, the purpose of this descriptive study was to update the scientific knowledge of snatch technique of top international weightlifters. This study used video analysis to determine barbell trajectory …

Countermovement Jump Assessment For Monitoring Prolonged Fatigue In Collegiate Female Soccer Players, Jeffrey A. Wilkins

Boise State University Theses and Dissertations

Introduction: Females are 4 to 6 times more likely to sustain an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury than their male counterparts during running and cutting sports, such as soccer. This sex disparity is thought to result from altered lower limb neuromuscular control that females present when fatigued at the end of practice or games. Yet, current fatigue monitoring techniques typically vary in their reliability, applicability and efficiency. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to test the feasibility of the countermovement jump (CMJ) to quickly and reliably monitor fatigue in female soccer athletes. Methods: Twenty-two (age: 19.3 ± 1.1 yrs, …

Effect Of Sport-Specific Demands On Swimmer's Shoulder, Jordan A. Thielbar

Honors Thesis

Swimming is a unique sport in that the shoulders generate most of the propulsive force. Therefore, due to the large amounts of repetitive force, the shoulders generate during freestyle, swimmer’s shoulder is the most common injury among competitive swimmers. Freestyle biomechanics, muscular imbalances and posture all play a pertinent role in a swimmer’s risk for developing a shoulder injury during their swimming career. Swimmers typically develop large muscular imbalances between their dominant and nondominant shoulders due to several sport-specific demands including freestyle stroke mechanics, breathing, and body roll. These muscular imbalances alter a swimmer’s posture and freestyle biomechanics which eventually …

Influences Of Functional And Psychological Factors On Biomechanics Following An Anterior Cruciate Ligament (Acl) Reconstruction, Chelsey Roe

Theses and Dissertations--Rehabilitation Sciences

Objective: The aims of this research were to identify gaps in the literature related to return to sport (RTS) test batteries following primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) (Aim 1) and define recovery in athletes from 4-9 months after ACLR across three domains: 1) psychological recovery and biomechanics (Aim 2), 2) rehabilitation quantity and biomechanics (Aim 3), and 3) functional performance and biomechanics (Aim 4). Ultimately, the results of this research would quantify recovery following ACLR in athletes with a desire to RTS and identify objective criteria throughout rehabilitation prior to RTS.

Participants: Twenty-two post-ACLR athletes 17 females, 8 males, …

Gait Entrainment In Coupled Oscillator Systems: Clarifying The Role Of Energy Optimization In Human Walking, Ryan T. Schroeder

Theses: Doctorates and Masters

Empirical evidence suggests that parameters of human gait (e.g. step frequency, step length) tend to minimize energy expenditure. However, it is unclear if individuals can adapt to dynamic environments in real time, i.e. continuously optimize energy expenditure, and to what extent. Two coupled oscillator systems were used to test the learned interactions of individuals within dynamic environments: (1) experienced farmworkers carrying oscillating loads on a flexible bamboo pole and (2) individuals walking on a treadmill while strapped to a mechatronics oscillator system providing periodic forces to the body. Reductionist trajectory optimization models predicted energy-minimizing gait interactions within the coupled oscillator …

Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction With Traditional Docking Compared To Novel Surgical Techniques, Kayley D. Guy, Brendon P. Mcdermott, Kaitlin Gallagher, Tyrone Washington

Health, Human Performance and Recreation Undergraduate Honors Theses

Background: Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction (UCLR) is a surgical procedure on one of the main ligaments that provides normal stability for the elbow joint against excessive valgus stress. Damage to this ligament is common in athletes performing overhead throwing activities, primarily baseball players, due to excessive valgus stress during the throwing motion. The most common form of treatment for this type of injury is reconstructive surgery of the ligament, especially if athletes wish to return to sport participation. This type of surgery is extremely invasive and requires extensive post-operative rehabilitation in order to facilitate return to play. To date, many …

Sex Effects On Ankle Biomechanics During Sports-Relevant Tasks And Peroneal Muscle Parameters, Wyatt D. Ihmels

Boise State University Theses and Dissertations

Introduction: Ankle sprains from excessive inversion are the most frequent sports- related injury. Common ankle prophylactics are designed to prevent injury by limiting excessive ankle inversion, yet may restrict other ankle motions leading to repeated re-injury. Females are twice as likely as males to suffer an ankle sprain, however, it is unknown if a sex dimorphism in ankle biomechanics exists when wearing ankle prophylactics, and whether differences in the peroneal musculature exist between sexes. Purpose: To quantify the ability of ankle prophylactics (Ankle Roll Guard (ARG), Brace, Control, and Tape) to prevent excessive ankle inversion during a sudden inversion event, …

Barbell Trajectory And Kinematics During Two International Weightlifting Championships, Aaron J. Cunanan

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Several methods have been used in the scientific literature to study the weightlifting pull. Broadly, these methods are used to measure kinematic or kinetic variables exhibited by the lifter, the barbell, or the lifter-barbell system. However, there is an apparent disconnect between weightlifting research and coaching practice that may reduce the perceived benefits of technique analysis among coaches and present some challenges for coaches who seek to incorporate technique analysis into their coaching practice. Differences and trends in the technique of competitive weightlifting performances are apparent from the available literature. However, there are also gaps in the literature due to …

Effect Of Wheelchair Transfer Surface Firmness On Acceleration Of The Torso, Cassandra Chang, Scott P. Mclean, Edward Merritt, Laura Vides

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Moving from a surface that provides adequate support can affect the quality of wheelchair transfers such that softer surfaces, which are less supportive may compromise these movements. PURPOSE: This research examined the effect of surface firmness on wheelchair transfer performance. METHODS: A convenience sample of fourteen healthy, able-bodied college students, who’s average height, weight and age were 76kg, 167 cm, and 20.5 years, respectively, participated in this study. Participants were taught a basic wheelchair transfer. A wireless triaxial accelerometer was positioned on the dorsal surface of the trunk at approximately the mid-thoracic level. Participants performed five trials under …

Can Changes In Running Biomechanics Under Body Weight Support Conditions Lead To Improvements In Aerobic And Anaerobic Energy Capacities?, Shernice A. Thomas, Christopher J. Arellano

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

During the ground contact phase of running, muscles in the lower limb are required to generate force to support body weight which is the most energy-demanding task during running. We are interested in understanding how running mechanics change when we reduce the need for body weight support and how these effects determine maximal metabolic power at top speed. PURPOSE: We aim to determine the biomechanical determinants that underlie peak metabolic power during body weight (BW)-supported running. METHODS: Twenty-five healthy young adults (age 18-36, M/F, BMI < 30.0) who are experienced runners will be recruited for this study. Subjects will complete a graded exercise test to determine their peak metabolic power output at 100% BW at 75% BW. During each trial, subjects’ rates of expired oxygen and carbon dioxide, stance and leg swing times, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and heart rate will be recorded. RESULTS: Our preliminary findings show that similar peak metabolic power output values, at top speeds, …

Running Economy Strongly Related To Ground Contact Time Imbalances, Aaron D. Piper, Erica G. Knowles, Nicholas A. Guerra, Eric J. Jones, Dustin P. Joubert

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Running economy (RE) can be defined as the oxygen consumption or caloric unit cost required to move at a specific velocity. In addition to a runner’s maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and lactate threshold (LT), RE is a key endurance performance determinant. Better RE is advantageous as it represents the ability to run at a lower relative percentage of VO2max at a given speed and reduces the rate of energy depletion. Ground contact time (GCT) has been associated with RE, however it has not been established how GCT imbalances between feet impact economy. Purpose: Determine the relationship between cadence, GCT, and …

Connecting The Pieces: How Low Back Pain Alters Lower Extremity Biomechanics And Shock Attenuation In Active Individuals, Alexa Johnson

Theses and Dissertations--Rehabilitation Sciences

Low back pain in collegiate athletes has been reported at a rate of 37% from a wide array of sports including soccer, volleyball, football, swimming, and baseball. Whereas, in a military population the prevalence of low back pain is 70% higher than the general population. Compensatory movement strategies are often used as an attempt to reduce pain. Though compensatory movement strategies may effectively reduce pain, they are often associated with altered lower extremity loading patterns. Those who suffer from chronic low back pain tend to walk and run slower and with less trunk and pelvis coordination and variability. Individuals with …

The Influence Of Fatiguing Exercise On Power Output, Lena Kate Perry

University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations

Physical fatigue impairs performance during high power, short duration activities. As technological developments permit new methods of measuring this effect, it is important to validate existing paradigms. The purpose was to determine if kinetic measurements from vertical jump (VJ) tests are influenced by fatigue based on explosive power outputs. A sample of athletes (9 men, 26 women) from a Division I NCAA sports program completed testing. To establish baseline VJ kinetics, athletes performed a controlled warm-up and then completed six jumps using Sparta Science technology, each separated by 15s rest. Sparta software computed three force outputs: Load, Explode and Drive. …

Risk Factors Associated With Low Back Pain In Golfers: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis, Jo Armour Smith, Andrew Hawkins, Marybeth Grant-Beuttler, Richard Beuttler, Szu-Ping Lee

Physical Therapy Faculty Articles and Research

Context:

Low back pain is common in golfers. The risk factors for golf-related low back pain are unclear but may include individual demographic, anthropometric, and practice factors as well as movement characteristics of the golf swing.

Objective:

The aims of this systematic review were to summarize and synthesize evidence for factors associated with low back pain in recreational and professional golfers.

Data Sources:

A systematic literature search was conducted using the PubMed, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus electronic databases through September 2017.

Study Selection:

Studies were included if they quantified demographic, anthropometric, biomechanical, or practice variables in individuals with and without golf-related …

Kinematic Comparison Of Underwater Dolphin And Flutter Kicking Performed In A Prone And Supine Body Position, Peter Robinson, Taylor L. Adams, Kali Rose, Mickey B. Scharbrough, Scott P. Mclean

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Despite an increasing emphasis on underwater dolphin kicking in competitive swimming, little objective research exists to explain its preference over flutter kicking. PURPOSE: To examine kinematic characteristics of flutter and dolphin kicking performed in prone and supine body positions. METHODS: Ten collegiate swimmers (1.77±0.07 m, 72.4±7.6 kg, 19.8±1.0 yrs) experienced with dolphin and flutter kicking completed eight 10 m maximal effort underwater kicking trials. Body position and kicking style were randomly varied between trials such that half of all trials were performed using each kicking style and each body position. A calibrated underwater camera was used to record …