Sports Sciences Commons^™

Peroneal Reaction Time After Ankle Sprain: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis, Matthew C. Hoch, Patrick O. Mckeon

Human Movement Studies & Special Education Faculty Publications

Background: Many studies have examined the temporal response of the peroneal muscles to sudden inversion perturbation in patients with a previous ankle sprain. The purpose of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to synthesize the evidence and determine whether peroneal reaction time (PRT) impairments are present after ankle sprain. Methods: An electronic search was conducted using PubMed Central and EBSCOhost (1965-January 2013). Articles were included if they 1) examined the PRT to sudden inversion perturbation in patients with a history of ankle sprain using a mechanical tilt platform, 2) made comparisons with a control group or contralateral limb with no …

Proceed To Checkout? The Impact Of Time In Advanced Ticket Purchase Decisions, Brendan Dwyer, Joris Drayer, Stephen L. Shapiro

Human Movement Studies & Special Education Faculty Publications

When purchasing tickets in advance, sports consumers are often faced with uncertainty. Most notably, in today's real-time environment, it can be challenging for consumers to determine how ticket prices and seat availability will change over time. Guided by the generic advanced-booking decision model, the current study investigated the role of time, ticket source (primary or secondary market), and team identification in advanced ticket purchasing by exploring a consumer's perceptions of ticket availability and finding a lower price. The results suggest the perceived likelihood of ticket availability and finding a lower priced ticket increased as the date of the game drew …

The Effectiveness Of Prophylactic Ankle Braces In Reducing The Incidence Of Acute Ankle Injuries In Adolescent Athletes: A Critically Appraised Topic, Kelley E. Farwell, Cameron J. Powden, Meaghan R. Powell, Cailee W. Mccarty, Matthew C. Hoch

Human Movement Studies & Special Education Faculty Publications

Clinical Scenario: Ankle injuries constitute a large number of injuries sustained by adolescent athletes participating in high school athletics. Prophylactic ankle bracing may be an effective and efficient method to reduce the incidence of ankle injuries in adolescent athletes in the secondary-school setting. Clinical Question: Do prophylactic ankle braces reduce the incidence of acute ankle injuries in adolescent athletes? Summary of Key Findings: Two of the three included studies reported that prophylactic ankle braces reduced the incidence of ankle injuries compared with no ankle bracing. Clinical Bottom Line: There is moderate evidence to support the use of prophylactic ankle braces …

Dynamic Ticket Pricing In Sport: An Agenda For Research And Practice, Joris Drayer, Stephen L. Shapiro, Seoki Lee

Human Movement Studies & Special Education Faculty Publications

For decades, the airline and hotel industries have regularly changed prices to keep pace with fluctuating levels of consumer demand. This demand-based approach to pricing is referred to as revenue management. Meanwhile, the sport industry has traditionally underpriced tickets using a cost-based approach in order to maximize attendance and promote fan satisfaction. However, as operating costs have grown, sport organizations are now forced to reconsider these conservative pricing practices. Subsequently, in 2009, the San Francisco Giants were the first team to utilize dynamic pricing, which is a strategy that mirrors the revenue management approach. While data supporting or refuting the …

Developing A Pricing Strategy For The Los Angeles Dodgers, Denise Linda Parris, Joris Drayer, Stephen L. Shapiro

Human Movement Studies & Special Education Faculty Publications

In 2011, the Los Angeles Dodgers Stadium averaged 36,236 fans per game, dropping from 43,979 in 2010 and 46,440 in 2009, an overall loss of about 10,000 fans per game in just two years. In 2011, The Dodgers' attendance ranking fell from first to eleventh in Major League Baseball (MLB), which amounted to a loss of over 800,000 tickets sold per year, as well as the resulting revenue from concessions and parking. Despite the Dodgers' long and storied history, ticket demand had been negatively influenced by inconsistent performance, mounting bad publicity surrounding owner Frank McCourt's divorce, the beating of a …

Influence Of Personal And Lesson Factors On Caloric Expenditure In Physical Education, Ang Chen, Haichun Sun, Xihe Zhu, Catherine D. Ennis

Human Movement Studies & Special Education Faculty Publications

Background: Increasing caloric expenditure in physical education is considered an effective school-based approach to addressing the child obesity epidemic. This study was designed to determine synergistic influences of student characteristics and lesson factors on caloric expenditure in elementary and middle school physical education.

Methods: The study used a multi-level design. Level-1 factors included personal characteristics: age, gender, and body mass index. Level-2 factors included lesson length, content, and school level. Based on the Center for Disease Control and Prevention age-gender adjusted growth chart, students in 87 classes from 14 elementary and 15 middle schools were pre-screened into "Overweight", "Healthy weight", …

A Functional Agility Short-Term Fatigue Protocol Changes Lower Extremity Mechanics, Nelson Cortes, David Quammen, Shawn Lucci, Eric Greska, James Onate

Human Movement Studies & Special Education Faculty Publications

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a functional agility fatigue protocol on lower extremity biomechanics between two unanticipated tasks (stop-jump and sidestep). The subjects consisted of fifteen female collegiate soccer athletes (19 ± 0.7 years, 1.67 ± 0.1 m, 61.7± 8 kg) free of lower extremity injury. Participants performed five trials of stop-jump and sidestep tasks. A functional short-term agility protocol was performed, and immediately following participants repeated the unanticipated running tasks. Lower extremity kinematic and kinetic values were obtained pre and post fatigue. Repeated measures analyses of variance were conducted for each dependent variable …

Plantar Vibrotactile Detection Deficits In Adults With Chronic Ankle Instability, Matthew C. Hoch, Patrick O. Mckeon, Richard D. Andreatta

Human Movement Studies & Special Education Faculty Publications

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the vibrotactile detection thresholds of the plantar cutaneous afferents in subjects with chronic ankle instability compared with healthy control subjects. Methods: Eight adults with chronic ankle instability and eight adults with no ankle sprain history participated. Vibrotactile detection thresholds were assessed using a mechanical stimulus generator system, mounted onto an articulated microscope arm, which delivered sinusoidal vibrotactile inputs to the foot sole at three different sites: head of the first metatarsal, base of the fifth metatarsal, and the heel. Vibrotactile stimulation was delivered at a range of test frequencies that corresponded …

Fitness, Fatness, And Metformin Response, Corey A. Rynders

Human Movement Studies & Special Education Faculty Publications

We appreciate the comments of Dr. Falk and Mr. Dotan and would like to respond to their concerns. As we indicate in the discussion of our article (1), we realize that changes in maturation and body composition can affect the assessment of VO_2max. However, we do not feel that the change in VO_2peak observed in the subjects that improved VO_2peak was primarily related to a reduction in body weight.

The Effectiveness Of Injury-Prevention Programs In Reducing The Incidence Of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Sprains In Adolescent Athletes, Jeffrey Paszkewicz, Tristen Webb, Brian Waters, Cailee Welch Mccarty, Bonnie Van Lunen

Human Movement Studies & Special Education Faculty Publications

Clinical Scenario: There is a high incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in adolescents participating in pivoting sports such as soccer, basketball, and handball. Most ACL injuries in athletes are noncontact injuries, with a mechanism of sudden deceleration, change in direction, or landing from a jump. These mechanisms coupled with an increase in contraction of the quadriceps have been shown as risk factors for ACL injuries. Injuries to the ACL may require surgery, a long rehabilitation, and the potential for reinjury. Studies have shown reductions in lower extremity injury rates using training protocols that focus on landing mechanics, balance …

An Analysis Of Donor Involvement, Gender, And Giving In College Athletics, Stephen L. Shapiro, Lynn L. Ridinger

Human Movement Studies & Special Education Faculty Publications

Involvement has been examined extensively within the consumer behavior literature. However, limited research exists concerning involvement and charitable contributions. Additionally, because of women's growing financial power, college athletic departments are increasingly interested in understanding how to attract greater numbers of female donors. Therefore, the primary purpose of this study was to examine gender differences in donor involvement using Zaichkowsky's (1994) Personal Involvement Inventory (PII). Several demographic characteristics of donors were also compared by gender. A sample of 1,664 donors from three NCAA Division I universities participated in this study. The PII was found to be an adequate measure of donor …

Segmenting Motivation: An Analysis Of Fantasy Baseball Motives And Mediated Sport Consumption, Brendan Dwyer, Stephen L. Shapiro, Joris Drayer

Human Movement Studies & Special Education Faculty Publications

Fantasy sport consumer behavior research is a burgeoning area of inquiry as this growing segment of sport fans exhibits unconventional, yet robust media consumption habits. In addition, consumer motivation and market segmentation represent core principles within the study of marketing, yet the integration of these two essential concepts with regard to sport consumers is limited. The purpose of this study was to explore fantasy baseball motives, develop a motive-based taxonomy of users, and quantify the differences between segments through an examination of mediated sport consumption. An exploratory hierarchal cluster analysis with a subsequent K-means analysis was conducted to determine the …

Exercise In The Treatment And Prevention Of Diabetes, Sheri R. Colberg, Carmine R. Grieco

Human Movement Studies & Special Education Faculty Publications

The inclusion of regular physical activity is critical for optimal insulin action and glycemic control in individuals with diabetes. Current research suggests that Type II diabetes mellitus can be prevented and that all types of diabetes can be controlled with physical activity, largely through improvements in muscular sensitivity to insulin. This article discusses diabetes prevention and the acute and chronic benefits of exercise for individuals with diabetes, along with the importance and impact of aerobic, resistance, or combined training upon glycemic control. To undertake physical activity safely, individuals also must learn optimal management of glycemia.

Benefits Of Hiking: A Means-End Approach On The Appalachian Trail, Eddie Hill, Marni Goldenberg, Barbara Freidt

Human Movement Studies & Special Education Faculty Publications

The purpose of this research was to examine the outcomes prompting hiking along the Appalachian Trail (AT). By using means-end theory, linkages between attributes, consequences, and values of the AT hiking experience were made. The researchers conducted forty-three interviews of AT hikers. Self-fulfillment, self-reliance, fun and enjoyment of life, and warm relationships with others were some of the values that emerged. Specifically, strong links existed between hiking and exercise, exercise and health, health and fun and enjoyment of life. While this area of research on the AT is new, results of this study can be used by recreational professionals that …

Dietary Supplements And Sports Performance: Metabolites, Constituents, And Extracts, Melvin H. Williams

Human Movement Studies & Special Education Faculty Publications

This is the fifth in a series of six articles to discuss the major classes of dietary supplements ( vitamins; minerals; amino acids; herbs or botanicals; and metabolites/constituents/extracts). The major focus is on efficacy of such dietary supplements to enhance exercise or sports performance.

Dietary Supplements And Sports Performance: Herbals, Melvin H. Williams

Human Movement Studies & Special Education Faculty Publications

This is the fourth in a series of six articles to discuss the major classes of dietary supplements (vitamins; minerals; amino acids; herbs or botanicals; metabolites, constituents/extracts, or combinations). The major focus is on efficacy of such dietary supplements to enhance exercise or sport performance.

Looking At Gender Differences Through The Lens Of Sport Spectators, Lynn Ridinger, Daniel C. Funk

Human Movement Studies & Special Education Faculty Publications

This paper explores common assumptions about the intrinsic differences between male and female consumers within a subset of leisure consumption - sport spectating. This research utilized the Sports Interest Inventory (SII) (Funk, Mahony & Ridinger, 2002) to examine differences between spectators (N = 959) attending men's and women's basketball games at a NCAA Division I institution. MANOVA results revealed nine differences for Team-Gender, seven differences for Spectator-Gender, and three interaction effects. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that three core interest factors (university pride, team interest, and vicarious achievement) explained a significant proportion of variance in commitment and attendance behavior for …

Effect Of A Single Bout Of Prior Moderate Exercise On Cutaneous Perfusion In Type 2 Diabetes, Sheri R. Colberg, Henri K. Parson, Tanja Nunnold, D. Robb Holton, Aaron I. Vinik

Human Movement Studies & Special Education Faculty Publications

In diabetic individuals, increased shunting of circulation away from the skin may exist, contributing to their greater risk for ulcerations and poor cutaneous healing. In a prospective study (1), we previously found a lower skin perfusion during local heating in the foot dorsum of sedentary type 2 diabetic individuals compared with active people without diabetes. This defect was present despite normal increases in skin interstitial nitric oxide (NO), suggesting that NO is either ineffective or not involved (2). A prior bout of maximal exercise also lessened the impaired responsiveness to local heating of the dorsal foot in active type 2 …

Dietary Supplements And Sports Performance: Amino Acids, Melvin H. Williams

Human Movement Studies & Special Education Faculty Publications

This is the third in a series of six articles to discuss the major classes of dietary supplements (vitamins; minerals; amino acids; herbs or botanicals; metabolites, constituents/extracts, or combinations). The major focus is on efficacy of such dietary supplements to enhance exercise or sport performance.

Dietary Supplements And Sports Performance: Minerals, Melvin H. Williams

Human Movement Studies & Special Education Faculty Publications

Minerals are essential for a wide variety of metabolic and physiologic processes in the human body. Some of the physiologic roles of minerals important to athletes are their involvement in: muscle contraction, normal hearth rhythm, nerve impulse conduction, oxygen transport, oxidative phosphorylation, enzyme activation, immune functions, antioxidant activity, bone health, and acid-base balance of the blood. The two major classes of minerals are the macrominerals and the trace elements. The scope of this article will focus on the ergogenic theory and the efficacy of such mineral supplementation. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2( 1): 43-49, 2005.

Validation Of A New Method For Estimating Vo2max Based On Vo2 Reserve, David P. Swain, James A. Parrott, Anna R. Bennett, J. David Branch, Elizabeth A. Dowling

Human Movement Studies & Special Education Faculty Publications

Purpose: The American College of Sports Medicine's (ACSM) preferred method for estimating maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O_2max) has been shown to overestimate V̇O_2max, possibly due to the short length of the cycle ergometry stages. This study validates a new method that uses a final 6-min stage and that estimates V̇O_2max from the relationship between heart rate reserve (HRR) and V̇O₂ reserve. Methods: A cycle ergometry protocol was designed to elicit 65–75% HRR in the fifth and sixth minutes of the final stage. Maximal workload was estimated by dividing the workload of the final stage by …

Dietary Supplements And Sports Performance: Introduction And Vitamins, Melvin H. Williams

Human Movement Studies & Special Education Faculty Publications

Sports success is dependent primarily on genetic endowment in athletes with morphologic, psychologic, physiologic and metabolic traits specific to performance characteristics vital to their sport. Such genetically-endowed athletes must also receive optimal training to increase physical power, enhance mental strength, and provide a mechanical advantage. However, athletes often attempt to go beyond training and use substances and techniques, often referred to as ergogenics, in attempts to gain a competitive advantage. Pharmacological agents, such as anabolic steroids and amphetamines, have been used in the past, but such practices by athletes have led to the establishment of anti-doping legislation and effective testing …

Characterizing Consumer Motivation As Individual Difference Factors: Augmenting The Sports Interest Inventory (Sii) To Explain Level Of Spectator Support, Daniel C. Funk, Daniel F. Mahony, Lynn L. Ridinger

Human Movement Studies & Special Education Faculty Publications

The central focus of this study was to examine how individual difference factors could be used to explain various levels of consumer support for a specific sport property. The present study extends the Sport Interest Inventory (SII) in order to enhance current understanding of consumer motives in relation to sport in general and women's competitive sport in particular. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the 12-item Sport Interest Inventory, measuring 14 individual difference factors related to spectator interest in soccer. Multiple Linear regression analysis revealed that five motivational characteristic--(a) sport interest, (b) team interest, (c) vicarious achievement, (d) role modeling, and (e) …

Vo2 Reserve And The Minimal Intensity For Improving Cardiorespiratory Fitness, David P. Swain, Barry A. Franklin

Human Movement Studies & Special Education Faculty Publications

Purpose: The American College of Sports Medicine has stated that aerobic: training needs to occur at a minimum threshold intensity of 50% VO_2max for most healthy adults and at 40% VO_2max for those with a very low initial fitness. Recently, the concept of VO₂ reserve (% VO₂R, i.e., a percentage of the difference between maximum and resting VO₂ has been introduced for prescribing exercise intensity, This analysis was designed to determine the threshold intensity for improving cardiorespiratory fitness expressed as %VO₂R units. Methods: Previous studies in healthy subjects (N = 18) that …

Is There A Threshold Intensity For Aerobic Training In Cardiac Patients?, David P. Swain, Barry Franklin

Human Movement Studies & Special Education Faculty Publications

Purpose: Recent guidelines have recommended the use of a percentage of oxygen uptake reserve ((V) over dot O₂R) for prescribing aerobic exercise intensity for cardiac patients. Moreover, these guidelines suggest that a threshold intensity may exist, below which no improvement in peak oxygen uptake ((V) over dot O-_2peak) occurs, The purpose. therefore. was to translate the intensity of aerobic exercise in previous training studies using cardiac patients into %(V) over dot O₂R units, and determine whether a threshold intensity exists, Methods: Twenty-three studies, using 28 groups of aerobically trained cardiac patients. were identified in …

Pumping Dietary Iron: Implications For Aerobic Endurance Exercise, Melvin H. Williams

Human Movement Studies & Special Education Faculty Publications

(First paragraph) In an earlier issue of ACSM's Health & Fitness Journal (Sept/Oct, 988), Barry A. Franklin, Ph. D., FACSM, president of ACSM, authored an article called," Pumping Iron: Rationale, Benefits, Safety, and Prescription" where he presented evidence supporting the health benefits of resistance training an anaerobic type of exercise training. As we all know, aerobic endurance exercise training also conveys multiple health benefits.

Effect Of 14 Weeks Of Resistance Training On Lipid Profile And Body Fat Percentage In Premenopausal Women, Bharathi Prabhakaran, Elizabeth A. Dowling, J. David Bramch, David P. Swain, Brian C. Leutholtz

Human Movement Studies & Special Education Faculty Publications

Objectives-To study the effects of a supervised, intensive (85% of one repetion maximum (1-RM)) 14 week resistance training programme on lipid profile and body fat percentage in healthy sedentary, premenopausal women.

Subjects-Twenty four women (mean (SD) age 27 (7) years) took part in the study Subjects were randomly assigned to either a non-exercising control group or a resistance exercise training group. The resistance exercise training group took part in supervised 45-50 minute resistance training sessions (85% of 1-RM I), three days a week on non-consecutive days for 14 weeks. The control group did not take part in any …