Caffeine Intake Helps Maintain 3-Km Cycling Performance The Morning Following Sleep Restriction, Erin E. Horil

Masters Theses, 2010-2019

Abstract

Introduction: Although a full understanding of the role of sleep is debated, it is widely accepted that sleep is important for recovery from heavy exercise. Recent research suggests that sleep restriction (SR) may negatively impact recovery and subsequent performance. It is unknown if caffeine supplementation mitigates this performance decrement. Our objective was to investigate the effect of caffeine supplementation on exercise performance following one night of SR in trained cyclists.

Methods: Subjects (n=10) completed a 3-km time trial (TT) and an exhaustive bout of exercise in the evening (EX1), then returned to repeat the TT the following …

Exploring Rehabilitation Adherence And The Motivational Climate Created By Athletic Trainers: A Mixed Methods Approach, Kaleb W. Cusack

Masters Theses, 2010-2019

The purpose of the study was to explore the relationship between the athletic trainer created motivational climate and rehabilitation adherence displayed by their athletes. Four certified athletic trainers from one National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I institution participated. The study implemented a convergent mixed methods design, using the Rehabilitation Adherence Measure for Athletic Training as a quantitative measure of adherence and a semi-structured interview to establish the strategies athletic trainers use to organize the rehabilitation process, provide feedback to athletes, and evaluate rehabilitation progress. The semi-structured interview also allowed for other emerging themes during analysis. Results indicated that high-adhering athletes …

Caffeine Mouth Rinsing In The Fed State Does Not Enhance 3-Km Cycling Performance In The Morning Or Evening, Kayla Sweeney

Senior Honors Projects, 2010-2019

PURPOSE: To assess the effect of a caffeine mouth rinse on performance at different times of day. METHODS: 12 recreational cyclists completed a simulated 3-km time trial and 4 sets of 5 leg extension repetitions, twice in the morning and twice in the evening. 25 ml of 1.14% caffeine, or placebo solution was mouth rinsed before sets 3 and 4 of the leg extension and before the time trial. Treatments include: caffeine + morning, placebo + morning, caffeine + evening, and placebo + evening. RESULTS: The caffeine rinse had a negative impact on time trial performance in both the morning …

Hemostatic Responses To Exercise In A Polycythemia Vera Patient, Allison M. Huschke

Senior Honors Projects, 2010-2019

PURPOSE: To assess the hemostatic responses to exercise in a patient with Polycythemia Vera (PV). METHODS: Six female runners (≥15 miles/week) completed a maximal treadmill test. One subject had PV while the other five subjects made up the comparison group. Blood samples were taken before and within two minutes after exercise. VO2max was also recorded. RESULTS: Pre-exercise Factor VIII and tPA-antigen were similar in the PV subject and comparison group. Factor VIII and tPA-antigen increased dramatically in the PV subject (+100%, +1000%) in relation to the comparison group (+22.9 ± 8.7%, +108 ± 78%) after exercise. Pre-exercise PAI-1 was lower …

The Hemostatic Effects Of Acute Exposure To Colored Cornstarch Powder During A 5k Run, Robert C. Allsbrook

Senior Honors Projects, 2010-2019

PURPOSE: To examine the acute hemostatic effects of particulate matter (PM) in the form of colored corn starch powder during a 5 kilometer race. METHODS: 10 recreationally active adults completed two 5k runs, one with color and one without color. 10 mL blood samples were taken 6 hours prior to the trial and immediately following the trial. PAI-1 activity, FVIII antigen, and tPA activity were measured using an ELISA. RESULTS: No significant main effects or interaction effects (P<0.05) were observed among any of the variables although a trend (P = 0.082) was observed for increased PAI-1 activity during exercise in the color condition. CONCLUSIONS: There is a trend towards increased PAI-1 activity levels during exercise during color runs that could be due to increased inflammation. Furthermore, the lack of increased FVIII:ag and tPA activity suggests that the intensity of the exercise may not have been adequate and further research should be conducted in this area.

Macronutrient Supplementation For Endurance Athletes, Jonathan B. Hurst

Senior Honors Projects, 2010-2019

Purpose: The present study addressed two questions related to macronutrient supplementation during endurance exercise. Firstly, the effects of carbohydrate and protein co-ingestion on time trial (TT) performance were compared to carbohydrate alone. Secondly, the effects of isolated protein ingestion on TT performance were compared to a placebo.

Methods: Six trained cyclists (Age: 22 ± 1 years; Height: 167 ± 12 cm; Weight: 60 ± 10 kg; VO_2max: 62 ± 7 ml/kg/min) completed four experimental trials, consisting of constant-load cycling for two hours (55% W_max) immediately followed by a 30-km simulated time trial. During the trials, subjects …

Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor Response During Endurance Cycle Training: Impact Of Carbohydrate And Protein Supplementation, Jordan L. Parker

Senior Honors Projects, 2010-2019

Purpose: Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) is part of the superfamily of neurotrophins including: nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and neurotrophin-4 (NT-4). Recent evidence suggests that aerobic activity can increase BDNF levels both during and following exercise. Likewise, dietary habits have been shown to alter BDNF levels. However, nothing is known about the effect of BDNF levels during aerobic activity under specific dietary interventions. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of specific macronutrient supplementation on BDNF levels during aerobic exercise. Methods: We had the opportunity to determine BDNF levels in blood samples obtained from two …

A Low-Carbohydrate Ketogenic Diet Combined With Six Weeks Of Crossfit Training Improves Body Composition And Performance, Rachel M. Gregory

Masters Theses, 2010-2019

A low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet (LCKD) is a popular approach to weight and fat loss. CrossFit is a high-intensity power training (HIPT) type exercise for all levels of age and fitness that has gained recognition as one of the fasting growing sports in America. No previous research has been found which examines body composition changes or performance in individuals consuming a LCKD and participating in CrossFit training. PURPOSE: The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of a 6-week LCKD and CrossFit program on body composition and performance. METHODS: Twenty-seven non-elite CrossFit subjects (mean ± SD age = …

The Effect Of Sex And Footwear On Dynamic Changes During The Loaded Barbell Back Squat, Ameera N. Teal

Masters Theses, 2010-2019

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of sex and footwear on 3D kinematics, power output, and plantar pressure distribution during the loaded barbell back squat. METHODS: Eleven (four male, seven female) recreationally-active individuals completed six sets of three repetitions of the loaded barbell back squat at 60% of their measured 1RM. Using a randomized counterbalanced crossover design, one set was completed in each of the three footwear conditions – weightlifting shoes (WLS), running shoes (RS) and minimalist shoes (MS) – and 3D kinematics, ground reaction force (GRF), and plantar pressure distribution were collected. A two-way …

The Effect Of Acute Aerobic Exercise On Hemostasis In Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients, Ryan A. Martin

Masters Theses, 2010-2019

Purpose: To determine the hemostatic response after acute aerobic exercise in Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA). Methods: Eighteen males were recruited from the university and local community. Individuals who presented evidence of cardiovascular, pulmonary, or metabolic disease were excluded. Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) > 5 was criteria for OSA. Subjects performed a treadmill exercise test at 35% and 70% predicted VO₂reserve during the morning hours. Pre exercise blood samples were obtained after 15 minutes supine rest and within two minutes following exercise. Repeated Measures ANOVA were performed for Factor VIII antigen, tPA antigen, tPA activity, and PAI-1 activity across two time …

The Effect Of The Cyp1a2 -163 C>A Polymorphism On The Metabolism Of Caffeine And Effect On Performance, Gabrielle E. Giersch

Masters Theses, 2010-2019

Prior studies from our laboratory suggest that the -163 C > A polymorphism of the Cytochrome P450 (CYP1A2) gene influences the ergogenic effect of caffeine. Although this polymorphism has been known to influence the inducibility of hepatic CYP1A2 and the rate of caffeine metabolism, levels of caffeine and/or metabolites have never been reported in these aforementioned studies (1, 12, 16). Thus, a mechanistic link between the polymorphism and the ergogenic effect of caffeine is lacking. The purpose of this study was to determine if the CYP1A2 polymorphism affected caffeine metabolism between the genotypes (AA homozygotes and C allele carriers). Twenty male …

Athletic Trainers' Or Athletic Training Students' Perceptions Of Sexual Harassment By Student-Athletes In The Collegiate Setting, Amber M. Simmons

Masters Theses, 2010-2019

Sexual harassment is an issue that occurs in healthcare professions and on college campuses nationwide. Athletic trainers employed at the collegiate setting are healthcare professionals who work in close conjunction with student-athletes, which may predispose a risk of a sexual harassment occurrence. A study was conducted to investigate the sexual harassment of athletic trainers and athletic training students by student athletes at the collegiate setting. A Qualtrics survey, containing closed- and open-ended questions, was sent out to 297 CAATE-accredited athletic training program directors; the athletic training staff at these institutions were also sent the survey as well. The program directors …

Are There Bad Wins And Good Losses? Outcome Effects In Sport, Richard Erik Inglis

Masters Theses, 2010-2019

Abstract

Outcomes have been shown to distort feeling states, performance evaluations, and subsequent performances. This retrospective distortion represents an outcome bias, a phenomenon that has been studied extensively in a wide array of disciplines and domains. However, despite their importance, the effects of outcomes have received little attention in the sport corpus. In an attempt to remedy this oversight, 60 participants with basketball experience were recruited to take part in a free throw shooting competition. Participants completed two rounds of 20 free throws. Following their first round, participants were randomly assigned to either a negative outcome (lose by one shot) …

Connecting The Libraries And Athletics Through Information Literacy Instruction To Strength And Conditioning Interns, Lara Sapp, K.T. L. Vaughan

Libraries

Goal: To build a relationship between the libraries and athletics by connecting the Health Sciences Librarian and university athletics at James Madison University.

In the summer of 2015, the Associate Director of Strength and Conditioning approached the Health Sciences Librarian to discuss library support for their student interns.

A problem-based, information literacy instruction session was included in the didactic training of Strength and Conditioning interns. A collection of core journals and books was identified and developed. Access to these resources is facilitated through a guide tailored to the interdisciplinary nature of this population.

The methods closely parallel those used for …

Effects Of A Low-Carbohydrate Ketogenic Diet On Power Lifting Performance And Body Composition, Jessica L. Agee

Masters Theses, 2010-2019

The aim of the present study is to investigate whether a low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet (LCKD) is an effective strategy to decrease overall weight and fat mass, and preserve lean body mass (LBM) without compromising performance in trained, power-lifters. This was a six-week randomized controlled trial, with a LCKD intervention group and a normal diet control group (CON). The LCKD group was instructed to consume a diet with less than 7% carbohydrates, 50% fat, and 45% protein. Those in the CON group maintained an ad libitum diet. Both groups completed the same validated training protocol during the intervention. The CON had …

The Psychological Response To A Low Carbohydrate Ketogenic Diet In Combination With A Six-Week Strength Training Protocol, Matthew T. Thorp

Masters Theses, 2010-2019

The aim of the present study was to determine whether or not long-term adherence to a Low-Carbohydrate Ketogenic Diet (LCKD) combined with a powerlifting strength training protocol could produce a positive psychological response. This six-week randomized control trial consisted of a treatment (LCKD) group (7% carbohydrates, 50% fat and 45% protein) and a control (CON) group (ad libitum). Both groups completed a validated powerlifting training protocol, as well as the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Profile of Mood States. Multivariate testing and general linear modeling statistical analyses were used to compare psychological response between groups (p < 0.05) and found that there was a significant decrease in anxiety over the duration of six-weeks among both groups. No other psychological responses, including negative responses, were found to be significant. All participants significantly improved one-repetition max bench press, back squat, and deadlift (p < 0.05). The main findings of this study suggest that some positive psychological responses exist from long-term LCKD adherence, as well as potential increases in strength performance.

Comparison: Perception And Knowledge Of Protein Consumption In Female Athletes For Post Weight Lifting Recovery, Samantha Jane Lofton

Senior Honors Projects, 2010-2019

A study was conducted on James Madison University’s campus to assess the knowledge, beliefs, perceptions and habits of protein consumption post resistance training in female student athletes. Sixty-two female athletes who regularly partake in resistance training filled out a recovery-cue questionnaire containing 10 statements/questions on the subject of protein consumption. The data was analyzed using IBM SPSS, Version 21.0 and Microsoft Office Excel. Eight percent of respondents stated they are aware of how much protein they should be consuming post workout, and 21% feel what they consume post workout is an adequate amount of protein for muscle recovery. Forty-six percent …