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Full-Text Articles in Movement and Mind-Body Therapies

Proceedings Of The 25th International Symposium On Adapted Physical Activity: Easy Read Edition Of The Symposium Proceedings, Catherine Carty, Niamh Cronin, Ian Coleman Horgan, Stuart Dodd, Jack Dowling, Lydia Murphy, Alex Nicholls, Yann O'Carroll, Robbie O'Neill, Meabh Rohan, Brandon Rumian, Diarmuid O'Connor, Eamonn Carroll, Gerard O'Carroll, Jasmin Richter, Mary Shanahan, Aaron Doherty, Sasha Fitzgerald, Katie Lyons, Katie Mahoney, Afeefah Memon, Conor Moriarty, Adrian O'Sullivan, Dylan Shine, Michelle Enright, Phil Mcsweeney, Sophie Casey Jun 2026

Proceedings Of The 25th International Symposium On Adapted Physical Activity: Easy Read Edition Of The Symposium Proceedings, Catherine Carty, Niamh Cronin, Ian Coleman Horgan, Stuart Dodd, Jack Dowling, Lydia Murphy, Alex Nicholls, Yann O'Carroll, Robbie O'Neill, Meabh Rohan, Brandon Rumian, Diarmuid O'Connor, Eamonn Carroll, Gerard O'Carroll, Jasmin Richter, Mary Shanahan, Aaron Doherty, Sasha Fitzgerald, Katie Lyons, Katie Mahoney, Afeefah Memon, Conor Moriarty, Adrian O'Sullivan, Dylan Shine, Michelle Enright, Phil Mcsweeney, Sophie Casey

Publications

This book is the Easy Read Proceedings of the 25th International Symposium of Adapted Physical Activity (ISAPA 2025), hosted by Munster Technological University under the Patronage of UNESCO. A small number of printed books are available in MTU libraries, and there is a digital version available online on the South West Open Research Deposit.


Non-Pharmacological Pain Management Educational Capstone, Alexander J. Birdsall, Cassandra Nelson Apr 2026

Non-Pharmacological Pain Management Educational Capstone, Alexander J. Birdsall, Cassandra Nelson

Spring 2026 OTD Capstone Symposium

Upper extremity (UE) pain affects approximately 30.7% of adults in the United States and is associated with decreased function and participation. Despite evidence supporting non-pharmacological approaches, pharmacological interventions remain commonly used. This capstone project implemented and evaluated an occupation-based educational program to promote non-pharmacological pain management among adults receiving outpatient occupational therapy for UE conditions. This 14-week project included 10 participants and utilized a mixed-methods design with pre-, mid-, and post-surveys. The program consisted of an introduction and three modules addressing therapeutic movement, physical agent modalities, and sensory regulation. Outcome measures included pain, activity engagement, medication use, confidence, and program …


Changes In Activity Levels Observed In Elementary Grade Levels., Kelsie R. Harvey Apr 2026

Changes In Activity Levels Observed In Elementary Grade Levels., Kelsie R. Harvey

2026 Honors Symposium

Background: Physical activity is important for children, recess is a great opportunity for physical activity, however, little is known how physical activity during recess changes throughout a school year, which is important for identifying key potential intervention points.  Purpose: To determine how physical activity of elementary students changes throughout the school year. Methodology: This is a research-based, longitudinal, observational study design. Through local observations at a nearby elementary school, we can analyze the activity levels of elementary students. Trained research assistants conducted systematic research observation using SOPLAY (System for Observing Play and Leisure Activity in Youth) method. SOPLAY measures the …


Proceedings Of The 25th International Symposium On Adapted Physical Activity, Catherine Carty, Gerard Masdeu Yelamos Dec 2025

Proceedings Of The 25th International Symposium On Adapted Physical Activity, Catherine Carty, Gerard Masdeu Yelamos

Publications

This volume presents the Proceedings of the 25th International Symposium of Adapted Physical Activity (ISAPA 2025), hosted by Munster Technological University under the Patronage of UNESCO. It is intended as a permanent scholarly record of the symposium, its themes, and its contributions across research, practice, policy, culture, and inclusion in line with CoARA principles.


The Acute Effects Of High-Intensity Functional Training On Inhibitory Control, Julia Daniel, Amaryllis Rubalcaba, Brianna Valadez Apr 2025

The Acute Effects Of High-Intensity Functional Training On Inhibitory Control, Julia Daniel, Amaryllis Rubalcaba, Brianna Valadez

Posters - 2025

High-Intensity Functional Training (HIFT), such as CrossFit®, integrates high-intensity, multi-joint movements and has gained attention for its potential to enhance both physical and cognitive performance. While acute resistance exercise (RE) is known to influence physiological responses like heart rate variability (HRV) and cognitive functions such as inhibitory control, the specific effects of CrossFit®—a structured HIFT program—on cognitive outcomes remain underexplored, particularly when comparing trained CrossFit participants to untrained or non-CrossFit populations. HIFT’s unique combination of cardiorespiratory and muscular stress may uniquely enhance cognitive processing speed and response stability, especially in individuals with chronic CrossFit® experience. However, it is unclear how …


Optimizing Pelvic Health: Evaluating The Efficacy Of Prenatal Strength And Resistance Training Combined With Pelvic Floor Muscle Exercises In Reducing Pelvic Organ Prolapse Risk, Samantha Requilman Apr 2025

Optimizing Pelvic Health: Evaluating The Efficacy Of Prenatal Strength And Resistance Training Combined With Pelvic Floor Muscle Exercises In Reducing Pelvic Organ Prolapse Risk, Samantha Requilman

Nursing | Student Research Posters

Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is the descent of pelvic organs—such as the bladder, rectum, or uterus—into the vaginal canal, causing symptoms like discomfort, incontinence, and pain. Beyond physical effects, postpartum women may also experience anxiety, decreased self-confidence, and fear of symptom progression. Research by O’Boyle et al. (2002) highlights that POP studies have focused more on treatment than prevention and suggests that while pelvic floor muscle exercises (PFME) are supported as effective preventive strategies, POP remains prevalent in pregnancy. There are limited research studies on the effectiveness of prenatal resistance training in the prevention of pelvic dysfunctions and this study …


The Diagnosis And Treatment Of Prostate Cancer, Lilly Bernard Jan 2025

The Diagnosis And Treatment Of Prostate Cancer, Lilly Bernard

Student Research Poster Presentations 2025

The purpose of this project is to discuss all aspects of prostate cancer, with a focus on radiation therapy as a treatment option. An overview of the disease is provided, including statistics, risk factors, symptoms, the process of diagnosis, treatment options, and a case study. Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men and second leading cause of cancer death in the United States, making it widespread and deadly. This means that it is important to understand as much as possible about the disease in order to achieve the best outcomes possible. The project lists experiences from patients who …


Incorporating Mindfulness Techniques In Therapeutic Practices To Impact A Patient’S Pain Perception, Abigail E. Masters Jan 2025

Incorporating Mindfulness Techniques In Therapeutic Practices To Impact A Patient’S Pain Perception, Abigail E. Masters

2025 Honors Symposium

Background: Chronic pain is a widespread condition that affects millions of individuals and leads to substantial healthcare costs, with estimates in the U.S. ranging from $560 billion to $635 billion annually. Traditional pain management heavily relies on opioid prescriptions, which, while effective in the short term, have contributed to the ongoing opioid crisis due to risks of addiction and dependency. As a result, there is a growing interest in alternative, non- pharmacological approaches to pain management, including mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs). MBIs have been increasingly recognized for their ability to help patients modulate pain perception and improve overall well-being. This study …


Developing A Nursing Early-Intervention Bundle To Decrease The Prevalence Of Post-Intensive Care Syndrome, Aneesha Biju Jan 2025

Developing A Nursing Early-Intervention Bundle To Decrease The Prevalence Of Post-Intensive Care Syndrome, Aneesha Biju

Nursing | Student Research Posters

Post-intensive care syndrome (PICS) has become an increasingly recognized challenge in critical care as more patients survive prolonged mechanical ventilation and lengthy ICU stays. Although lifesaving interventions support recovery from the primary illness, many patients develop new or worsened physical, cognitive, or psychological impairments after discharge. These complications often limit independence, slow recovery, and create long-term burdens for both patients and families. Research shows that early, consistent nursing interventions, such as delirium prevention, early mobility, mental health support, and family communication, can reduce the risk of PICS. The absence of a unified and standardized approach results in inconsistent practices and …


Examining Anxiety And Coping Strategies With Persons With Parkinson's Disease (Pwpd) Who Routinely Exercise, Ashlynn Milburn, Angela Labrie Blackwell, Karen Aranha, Maggie Abbott Dec 2024

Examining Anxiety And Coping Strategies With Persons With Parkinson's Disease (Pwpd) Who Routinely Exercise, Ashlynn Milburn, Angela Labrie Blackwell, Karen Aranha, Maggie Abbott

Fall 2024 OTD Capstone Symposium

Forty to 50% of the PwPD are reported to experience anxiety (Kwok et al., 2019). Anxiety is psychological distress characterized by excessive worry, and apprehension about future events (Khatri et al., 2020). Psychological distress with this population is secondary to care dependency, poor work and social function, increased physical and cognitive decline, increased dementia risk, and high mortality rate (Kwok et al., 2019).Exercise and meditation have been found to be useful coping strategies to manage one’s physical condition as well as psychosocial factors such as anxiety, with PD (Mantri et al., 2021).Although these coping strategies have the potential to reduce …


Flow: An Ot-Based Yoga Program, Na'talia Orebeau, Keisa Boykin, Sadé Barnswell Aug 2024

Flow: An Ot-Based Yoga Program, Na'talia Orebeau, Keisa Boykin, Sadé Barnswell

Summer 2024 OTD Capstone Symposium

At-risk youth are at risk for decreased mental wellness and occupational engagement. There are limited programs available from an occupational therapist standpoint for the population. Flow: An OT-Based Yoga Program focused on bridging this gap by providing a 10-week program focusing on emotional regulation skills, social skills, and occupational engagement.


Analysis Of Continuous Gait Data Requires Temporal Alignment Of Gait Phases, Elham Alijanpour, Kathryn Riis, Daniel M. Russell Jan 2023

Analysis Of Continuous Gait Data Requires Temporal Alignment Of Gait Phases, Elham Alijanpour, Kathryn Riis, Daniel M. Russell

College of Health Sciences Posters

A statistical method for comparing time-continuous curves, such as the kinematics of gait cycles, is statistical parametric mapping analysis (SPM) (Pataky, 2010). According to a recent study, SPM results were sensitive to how each stride's beginning was defined (Honert & Pataky, 2021). Nonetheless, for meaningful comparisons between gait cycles, temporal alignment of phases within a stride may be required (Helwig et al., 2011). With both temporally aligned and unaligned gait data, the goal was to evaluate SPM results for different walking speeds using various gait cycle definitions. Participants in this study were 10 young, healthy adults. To figure out the …


Clinical Effectiveness Of An Aquatic Exercise Program On Strength, Balance, Quality Of Life And Emotional Well-Being In Those With Visual Impairments: A Protocol Study, Laura Murphy, Nicole Joers, Alyssa Buonavolonta Jan 2023

Clinical Effectiveness Of An Aquatic Exercise Program On Strength, Balance, Quality Of Life And Emotional Well-Being In Those With Visual Impairments: A Protocol Study, Laura Murphy, Nicole Joers, Alyssa Buonavolonta

Student Research Poster Presentations 2023

As of 2019, at least 2.2 billion people worldwide are living with some degree of visual impairment according to the World Health Organization. Generic physical therapy has been shown to benefit those with visual impairments. In a 2014 systematic review, researchers analyzed multiple studies that focused on the visually impaired population and their progress on strengthening after participating in exercise programs. They found that the generalized PT helped to improve the performance on tests of physical function in those with visual impairments. There has been minimal research on aquatic therapy and those with visual impairments, yet there have been other …


Examining The Efficacy Of Yoga Nidra On Sleep Quality With Persons With Parkinson’S Disease (Pwpd), Kimberly Morrow, Karen Aranha, Angela Blackwell Jan 2023

Examining The Efficacy Of Yoga Nidra On Sleep Quality With Persons With Parkinson’S Disease (Pwpd), Kimberly Morrow, Karen Aranha, Angela Blackwell

Fall 2023 Virtual OTD Capstone Symposium

A pilot mixed methods study utilizing quantitative and qualitative phenomenological study methods to understand the overall the benefits of using Yoga Nidra on sleep quality and sleep management, and more precisely the dosage of Yoga Nidra.


Sensory Integration For Survivors Of Intimate Partner Violence (Ipv), Nadien Albanna Apr 2022

Sensory Integration For Survivors Of Intimate Partner Violence (Ipv), Nadien Albanna

Spring 2022 Virtual OTD Capstone Symposium

Since the start of the global pandemic, stay-at-home orders forced IPV survivors to stay in the home with abusers, increasing the risk of abuse, and the impact of psychological trauma. (Bright et al., 2020). Occupational therapists are trained professionals in incorporating sensory-based strategies to focus on the somatic manifestations experienced by the body from trauma and can help to regulate physiological and psychological responses through sensory stimuli (Mcgreevy & Boland et al., 2020). The development of this project sparked an opportunity to publish a new framework to introduce the role of sensory integration in treating survivors of intimate partner violence …


Exercise Testing And Prescription With Cancer Patients To Help Relieve Cancer-Related Fatigue (Crf), Tanner Hendricks, Paul Williams Apr 2022

Exercise Testing And Prescription With Cancer Patients To Help Relieve Cancer-Related Fatigue (Crf), Tanner Hendricks, Paul Williams

EXSI 432/532: Research Methods in Exercise Science: Research Proposal Posters

CRF is one of the most prominent side effects in cancer patients (Savina & Zaydiner, 2019). 80-100% of cancer patients report experiencing CRF (American Cancer Society, 2020) • Rest was a crucial recommendation for cancer patients, but now it is being replaced with physical activity (Backer et al., 2007). CRF can lead to: (Horneber et al., 2012): decreased physical activity, hinderance of recovery, Mood swings (depression often occurs), exhaustion (physical and mental), impaired physical performance.


Pathology Of Atrial Fibrillation And Methods For Testing And Prescribing Exercise, Abby Callahan, Logan Barrett Apr 2022

Pathology Of Atrial Fibrillation And Methods For Testing And Prescribing Exercise, Abby Callahan, Logan Barrett

EXSI 432/532: Research Methods in Exercise Science: Research Proposal Posters

Atrial fibrillation is one of the most common arrhythmias which is diagnosed to nearly 450,000 Americans each year (CDC, 2021). Atrial fibrillation is a conduction defect of the atria and is often characterized as an irregular heart rate that often causes poor blood flow. Atrial fibrillation is commonly associated with very rapid and chaotic atrial depolarizations that result in an irregular and sometimes rapid response of the ventricles (Jacobs, 2018). This condition can potentially have no symptoms, but when symptoms do appear they can include shortness of breath, fatigue, and palpitations. Treatments of atrial fibrillation include blood thinners, minimally invasive …


The Effects Of Occupational Therapy For Damaged Hand Muscles In Females With Scleroderma, Abby Callahan Apr 2022

The Effects Of Occupational Therapy For Damaged Hand Muscles In Females With Scleroderma, Abby Callahan

EXSI 432/532: Research Methods in Exercise Science: Research Proposal Posters

Scleroderma limits individuals in normal activities of daily living. Occupational therapy is recommended for individuals with scleroderma within the first few years of the disease. Studies have shown that occupational therapy is effective in individuals with scleroderma. Scleroderma or systemic sclerosis is a complex polygenetic disease that has 2 subtypes: Limited Affects individuals' muscles and how they functions, Diffuse Affects individuals’ internal organs (Shah, 2013). The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of occupational therapy in damaged hand muscles of females with scleroderma.


Insulin Resistance And Hba1c Benefits For Adolescents And Adults Aged 18-70 With Type 1 Diabetes After Completing Hiit Programs, Logan Barrett Apr 2022

Insulin Resistance And Hba1c Benefits For Adolescents And Adults Aged 18-70 With Type 1 Diabetes After Completing Hiit Programs, Logan Barrett

EXSI 432/532: Research Methods in Exercise Science: Research Proposal Posters

T1D is considered an autoimmune disease in which the pancreas is unable to produce insulin to balance blood glucose levels. Research has shown that type 1 diabetes is also the result of an autoimmune reaction that induces the destruction to the pancreatic betacells in the pancreas, which produce insulin (Rodbard, 2017). HIIT is a style of exercise that has gained popularity throughout the 2010s (Ito, 2019). HIIT involves a series of anaerobic exercises at high intensity levels (>80% of VO2 peak) (Lee, A., Johnson, N., McGill, M., & Overland, J., 2020).


The Effects Caffeine Has On A 3-Minute Rowing Test, Abby Callahan, Molly Montgomery, Logan Barrett Apr 2022

The Effects Caffeine Has On A 3-Minute Rowing Test, Abby Callahan, Molly Montgomery, Logan Barrett

EXSI 432/532: Research Methods in Exercise Science: Research Proposal Posters

Research question: Does a relative amount of caffeine (2 mg/kg) increase the distance 18-24-year-olds are able to row if implemented 1 hour prior to a 5-minute rowing test when compared to no caffeine? The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of caffeine on 5-minute rowing distance in 18–24-year-olds. According to Grgic et. al (2020), caffeine ingestion of doses of 6 mg/kg and 9 mg/kg significantly improved 2000-meter rowing ergometer by approximately 4 seconds (i.e., caffeine ingestions reduced the time needed to complete the distance). According to Del Coso et. al (2012), during this study the caffeine beverage …


The Effects Of A Caffeine Pill On Time Performance Between Male And Female Division 1 Collegiate Swimmers, Steven Laflamme Apr 2022

The Effects Of A Caffeine Pill On Time Performance Between Male And Female Division 1 Collegiate Swimmers, Steven Laflamme

EXSI 432/532: Research Methods in Exercise Science: Research Proposal Posters

14 collegiate swimmers from a Division 1 University in North Carolina took part in this study v Testing group consumed a caffeine pill equal to 3 mg/kg of body weight on hour before testing. Control group received a placebo in place of the caffeine pill. v Base line times for a 50-yard freestyle was recorded through their conference championship as well as a 50-yard freestyle performed in the offseason. v Both groups were tested on two 50-yard freestyles performed at Bost Pool. v After the both swims were concluded, the resulting data from the two groups were compared.


The Effect Of Nutrient Intake By Collegiate Wrestlers Post-Weigh-In To Optimize Performance Intensity, Jha’Quan Quan’Darius Anderson Apr 2022

The Effect Of Nutrient Intake By Collegiate Wrestlers Post-Weigh-In To Optimize Performance Intensity, Jha’Quan Quan’Darius Anderson

EXSI 432/532: Research Methods in Exercise Science: Research Proposal Posters

The present study used a quantitative experimental design with outcome measures of hydration levels, heart rate (HR) during the match, rate of perceived exertion (RPE) after the match, rate of perceived fatigue (RPF) after the match, and muscle glycogen levels. Participants were split into two groups, 10 starters from both schools to simulate a dual meet style matchup. Each group went through two testing sessions which the first session was weight measurements five days before competition to test for rapid weight loss (RWL) and the second testing session was weight measurements, urine analysis, HR, RPE, RPF, and muscle glycogen.


Effects Of Guided Imagery On The Rehabilitation Of Sports Injuries, Abby Atchley Apr 2022

Effects Of Guided Imagery On The Rehabilitation Of Sports Injuries, Abby Atchley

EXSI 432/532: Research Methods in Exercise Science: Research Proposal Posters

Purpose statement: This study aims at discovering if there will be effects on an athlete's strength, mobility, and mental state if guided imagery (GI) is used along with standardized rehabilitation of sports injuries. Hypothesis: This study hypothesizes that GI could be used to aid in the rehabilitation process of sports injures, allowing athletes to return from injury better prepared for the athletic performance.


Effects Of A Specific Stretching Protocol For The Treatment Of Achilles’ Tendon Chronic Pain Caused By Muscle Tendon’S Stiffness, Massimo Borlina Apr 2022

Effects Of A Specific Stretching Protocol For The Treatment Of Achilles’ Tendon Chronic Pain Caused By Muscle Tendon’S Stiffness, Massimo Borlina

EXSI 432/532: Research Methods in Exercise Science: Research Proposal Posters

Purpose of the study The present study was aimed to investigate if a specific lower limb’s stretching protocol could benefit on Achilles’ tendon ( chronic pain caused by muscle tendon ( stiffness in NCAA D 1 men soccer players during the in season period Hypothesis It was hypothesized that a specific stretching protocol could benefit on D 1 men’s soccer players that have been experiencing AT’s chronic pain for the previous period of activity through the enhancement of superficial backline ( myofascial chain’s compliance levels Methods T wenty four NCAA D 1 men soccer players, from age 18 to 25 …


Success Is In The Block, Steven Couch Apr 2022

Success Is In The Block, Steven Couch

EXSI 432/532: Research Methods in Exercise Science: Research Proposal Posters

According to Freitas-Junior and colleagues (2020) within a single set a player may perform a vertical jump (VJ) 32 plus times. Both Plyometrics and Ballistic training improve VJ performance (Wang et al., 2020; Jiménez-Reyes et al., 2017). According to Silva et al. (2014) and Rabaz et al. (2013) blocking is considered one volleyball actions that result in a game victory following a serve and a spike actions.


The Effects Of Dry Needling Combined With Conservative Treatment And Fitness On College-Aged Athletes With Rotator Cuff Pathology, Reah Barger Apr 2022

The Effects Of Dry Needling Combined With Conservative Treatment And Fitness On College-Aged Athletes With Rotator Cuff Pathology, Reah Barger

EXSI 432/532: Research Methods in Exercise Science: Research Proposal Posters

Rotator cuff injuries are one of the most common shoulder injuries in adults, making college athletes a high risk according to Athwal and Armstrong (2010).


Effects Of Caffeine Consumpton On Restng Metabolic Rate In College-Aged Females, Allyson Butts, Olivia Crews, Peyton Ellis, Baylee Short Apr 2022

Effects Of Caffeine Consumpton On Restng Metabolic Rate In College-Aged Females, Allyson Butts, Olivia Crews, Peyton Ellis, Baylee Short

EXSI 432/532: Research Methods in Exercise Science: Research Proposal Posters

Over the past decade, the health industry has increasingly targeted young females with supplements and nutri8on products. Energy drinks such as Reign Inferno market themselves as “thermogenic fuel,” promising to increase caloric expenditure at rest. The primary ingredient of products like Reign Inferno is caffeine. According to Belza et al. (2009), caffeine exerts a thermogenic response that can cause acute increases in res8ng metabolic rate (RMR). Res8ng metabolic rate (RMR) is measured via indirect calorimetry, which uses measures of oxygen consump8on (VNO2) and carbon dioxide produc8on (VNCO2) to approximate caloric expenditure from oxida8ve metabolism. At rest, VNO2 should be approximately …


Attitudes Towards Drug Screening In Ncaa D-I Football Players: A Perspective From Athletic Trainers And Players, Paul Williams Apr 2022

Attitudes Towards Drug Screening In Ncaa D-I Football Players: A Perspective From Athletic Trainers And Players, Paul Williams

EXSI 432/532: Research Methods in Exercise Science: Research Proposal Posters

The purpose of this study was to assess and determine the attitudes towards drug screening from athletic trainers (ATs) and D-I football players. Participants within this study included 500 ATs and 15,611 football players who were randomly selected from the Southeastern, Atlantic Coast, BIG Twelve, BIG 10, and Pacific 12 Conferences. A quantitative survey research design was developed with twelve questions for both football players and ATs by using Qualtrics. The surveys asked closed ended questions that were used to assess and determine the attitudes of both through data analysis via Jeffrey’s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP).


The Benefits Of Physical Activity In Patients With Parkinson’S Disease, Ciarra Ashworth, Jessica Vetter, Danielle Burke Apr 2022

The Benefits Of Physical Activity In Patients With Parkinson’S Disease, Ciarra Ashworth, Jessica Vetter, Danielle Burke

EXSI 432/532: Research Methods in Exercise Science: Research Proposal Posters

No abstract provided.


Functional Electrical Stimulation For Treatment Of Drop Foot In Stroke Victims, Rebecca Makenzie Beasley Apr 2022

Functional Electrical Stimulation For Treatment Of Drop Foot In Stroke Victims, Rebecca Makenzie Beasley

EXSI 432/532: Research Methods in Exercise Science: Research Proposal Posters

The purpose of this study was to observe how FES can improve the side effect of drop foot resulting from a stroke. It was hypothesized that FES can improve the side effect of drop foot caused by a stroke. This study was a randomized, quantitative experimental design study that consisted of two groups whose participants were recruited from local physical therapy clinics: FES group (10 participants) and control group (10 participants). Intervention occurred for six weeks, five days a week for one-hour sessions. Outcomes were measured by passive and active ROM along with pain levels. Limitations in this study are …