Rehabilitation and Therapy Commons^™

Aging After Stroke: How To Define Post-Stroke Sarcopenia And What Are Its Risk Factors?, Sheng Li, Javier Gonzalez-Buonomo, Jaskiran Ghuman, Xinran Huang, Aila Malik, Nuray Yozbatiran, Elaine Magat, Gerard E Francisco, Hulin Wu, Walter R Frontera

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Background: Sarcopenia, generally described as "aging-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and function", can occur secondary to a systemic disease.

Aim: This project aimed to study the prevalence of sarcopenia in chronic ambulatory stroke survivors and its associated risk factors using the two most recent diagnostic criteria.

Design: A cross-sectional observational study.

Setting: A scientific laboratory.

Population: Chronic stroke.

Methods: Twenty-eight ambulatory chronic stroke survivors (12 females; mean age=57.8±11.8 years; time after stroke=76±45 months), hand-grip strength, gait speed, and appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) were measured to define sarcopenia. Risk factors, including motor impairment and spasticity, were identified using regression …

Aging After Stroke: How To Define Post-Stroke Sarcopenia And What Are Its Risk Factors?, Sheng Li, Javier Gonzalez-Buonomo, Jaskiran Ghuman, Xinran Huang, Aila Malik, Nuray Yozbatiran, Elaine Magat, Gerard E Francisco, Hulin Wu, Walter R Frontera

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

BACKGROUND: Sarcopenia, generally described as "aging-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and function", can occur secondary to a systemic disease.

AIM: This project aimed to study the prevalence of sarcopenia in chronic ambulatory stroke survivors and its associated risk factors using the two most recent diagnostic criteria.

DESIGN: A cross-sectional observational study.

SETTING: A scientific laboratory.

POPULATION: Chronic stroke.

METHODS: Twenty-eight ambulatory chronic stroke survivors (12 females; mean age=57.8±11.8 years; time after stroke=76±45 months), hand-grip strength, gait speed, and appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) were measured to define sarcopenia. Risk factors, including motor impairment and spasticity, were identified using regression …

A Tailored Occupational Therapist-Led Vocational Intervention For People With Stroke: Protocol For A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial, Sophie O'Keefe, Kathryn Radford, Amanda Farrin, Jodi Oakman, Serena Alves-Stein, Geoffrey Cloud, Jacinta Douglas, Mandy Stanley, Natasha A. Lannin

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Background: Resuming work after stroke is a common goal of working-age adults, yet there are few vocational rehabilitation programs designed to address the unique challenges faced following stroke. The Work intervention was developed to address these gaps. Objective: This paper presents a protocol that outlines the steps that will be undertaken to pilot both the intervention and trial processes for the Work trial. Methods: The Work trial is a 2-arm, prospective, randomized, blinded-assessor study with intention-to-treat analysis. A total of 54 adults of working age who have experienced a stroke <4 months prior will be randomized 1:1 to either (1) an experimental group who will receive a 12-week early vocational intervention (Work intervention) plus usual clinical rehabilitation or (2) a control group who will receive only their usual clinical rehabilitation. Results: Outcomes include study and intervention feasibility and intervention benefit. In addition to evaluating the feasibility of delivering vocational intervention early after stroke, benefit will be assessed by measuring rates of vocational participation and quality-of-life improvements at the 3- and 6-month follow-ups. Process evaluation using data collected during the study, as well as postintervention individual interviews with participants and surveys with trial therapists, will complement quantitative data. Conclusions: The results of the trial will provide details on the feasibility of delivering the Work intervention embedded within the clinical rehabilitation context and inform future trial processes. Pilot data will enable a future definitive trial to determine the clinical effectiveness of vocational rehabilitation when delivered in the early subacute phase of stroke recovery.

Suicide Exposure Experience Screener For Use In Therapeutic Settings: A Validation Report, Myfanwy Maple, Julie Cerel, Rebecca Sanford, Fiona Shand, Philip J. Batterham, Navjot Bhullar

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Introduction: A brief screener assessing experience of exposure to suicide for use in therapeutic settings is warranted. To examine the concurrent validity of such a screening tool, labeled as the Suicide Exposure Experience Screener (SEES), the associations of the two SEES items: (i) reported closeness with the person who died by suicide and (ii) perceived impact of suicide death with psychological distress are presented. Methods: Five separate datasets comprising surveys from Australia, Canada, and the United States (Ncombined = 7782) were used to provide evidence of concurrent validity of closeness and impact of suicide exposure. Results: Overall, closeness and impact …

Occupational Therapy Students' Perceptions Of Their Own Notetaking, Marie-Christine Potvin, Monique C. Chabot, Kathleen Carr

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Purpose: Notetaking is a critical skill for higher-level thinking and information integration in graduate students, including occupational therapy students. Though there is a growing body of literature about notetaking modalities, strategies utilized, and self-perceptions of skills in college students, studies about occupational therapy (OT) students’ notetaking preferences have been absent from the literature. This study examines how OT students take notes and their perceptions of their notes. Method: This descriptive study of students in a Master of Occupational Therapy program (n=57) completed the Notetaking Abilities and Strategies of University Students (NASUS) questionnaire which captures the constructs of notetaking methods, reasons …

Influence Of Years Of Experience On Clinical Competence Of Novice Physical And Occupational Therapists In Japan, Hiroaki Sakurai, Soichiro Koyama, Shigeo Tanabe, Kazuya Takeda, Yoshikiyo Kanada

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Purpose: To increase the clinical competence of novice physical and occupational therapists, an accurate assessment of their clinical competence is necessary. However, no previous study has objectively analyzed the changes in novice therapists’ clinical competence in Japan. Hence, this study investigated and evaluated the changes in the clinical competence of such therapists using an objective analysis. Method: The study included 34 novice therapists with 1–3 years of experience in clinical practice. Participants were divided into groups according to their years of experience. The clinical competence of the novice therapists was evaluated twice using a clinical competency evaluation scale. For comparison …

Introducing A Physical Therapist-Led Acceptance And Commitment Therapy Training For Pain: A Clinical Perspective, Joseph Tatta

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Purpose: Mounting evidence supports the use of cognitive and behavioral techniques as part of physical therapist practice. These methods are used within a physical therapist’s multimodal treatment approach for the management of pain and to facilitate health behavior change. There is a multitude of evidence-based cognitive behavioral techniques to choose from including newer approaches based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. Yet few studies have examined physical therapists’ perceptions to learning and implementing ACT into clinical practice. The purpose of this manuscript is to present a clinical perspective of physical therapists learning about and incorporating Acceptance and Commitment Therapy in clinical …

An Examination Of Emotional Resilience Among Athletic Trainers Working In The Secondary School Setting, Shaine Henert, William Pitney, Bethany Wood, Nicholas E. Grahovec, Tyler A. Wood

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Purpose: Athletic training is a demanding profession that is a stressor for many practitioners. Emotional resilience allows Athletic Trainers (ATs) to persist in their roles and benefit from long and successful careers. The purpose of this study was to explore the level of emotional resilience of ATs working in secondary school settings and identify factors perceived to contribute to or mitigate one's emotional resilience. Method: A sequential explanatory mixed-method design using a cross-sectional online survey followed by in-depth interviews was used to gather information from 160 (16% response rate) secondary school NATA members - 97 (60.6%) female; 63 (39.4%) male …

Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaptation, Reliability, And Validity Of The Tamil Version Of Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire In Chronic Low Back Pain, Hasini Dayalan, P. Antony Leo Aseer, Soundararajan K

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Background: Excessive fear of movement, restricted physical activity, and cognitive distortions are frequently found with chronic low back pain (CLBP) subjects. The Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ) is the most well-founded and often used tool to measure fear and avoidance beliefs in CLBP subjects. In India, there is a diversity of culture, educational level, and language. So, there is a need to translate FABQ into the regional language Tamil, which will improve understanding of FABQ and reduce the language barrier of the Tamil population. Objective: To translate, cross-cultural adapt, and investigate the psychometric properties of the Tamil version of FABQ in …

The Clinical Reasoning Assessment Tool For Learning From Standardized Patient Experiences: A Pilot Study, Mary A. Riopel, Sara Benham, Jennifer Landis, Stephanie Falcone, Sarah Harvey

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Purpose: Clinical reasoning (CR) is the ability to integrate the knowledge of diagnoses with the use of supporting theories to create effective, client-centered interventions. One means of teaching CR to rehabilitation students is using standardized patient (SP) experiences. The relationship between faculty and student CR ratings after SP experiences has not been researched. The purpose of the study was to determine if there would be correlations between physical therapy (PT) and occupational therapy (OT) student and faculty ratings of CR skills after an SP experience. Method: The Clinical Reasoning Assessment Tool (CRAT) was used by students to self-reflect on their …

Assessment Of Inter-Instrument Reliability For Dominant Handgrip Dynamometry And Spirometry, Nnamdi Mgbemena, Anne Jones, Anthony Leicht

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the inter-instrument reliability of different dynamometers and spirometers commonly used in clinical practice. Methods: The study involved 113 healthy volunteers across three facility sites. At each site, dominant handgrip strength (DHGS), and lung function (forced expiratory volume in one second [FEV₁], forced vital capacity [FVC] and peak expiratory flow rate [PEFR]), were compared using a local and reference device. Assessments were randomized with five minutes rest between measurements. Significant differences between devices were assessed using paired t-test while relative reliability between devices was determined via intra-class correlations (ICC). Accuracy …

Assessment And Diagnostic Practices Relating To Autism Spectrum Disorder In The United States And Mexico, Maria Valdez, Jessica R. Stewart, Wan-Lin Chang, Ruth Crutchfield, Ralph Carlson

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Purpose: The present study examined and compared professional assessment and diagnostic practices relating to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in Mexico and the United States (U.S.). This information is of great importance because there is an extremely limited amount of information pertaining the assessment and diagnostic practices for ASD in Mexico and little is known about how these practices compare to those in the U.S. Methods: Archival data from a survey investigating ASD in the U.S. and Mexico was used for this study. Participants included 29 professionals from the U.S. and 7 professionals from Mexico. Professionals were from a variety of …

Remote Job Application Simulation Using Technology In Athletic Training Students: A Preliminary Teaching Technique, Kevin M. Schroeder, Jamie Mansell, Dani Moffit

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

While athletic training students go through extensive preparations for engaging with patient populations as healthcare providers, less time is spent on preparing athletic training students on how to secure employment after graduation. Without proper employment skills development, securing employment can pose a challenge for the athletic training student trying to enter the workforce. These skills include developing cover letters and resumes, and remote interviewing skills. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explore the preparations, execution, and lessons learned from a simulated, remote job application and interview process for athletic training students. Methods: This educational technique was performed using …

Characteristics Needed To Transition From Exemplary Clinical Instructor To Successful Site Coordinator Of Clinical Education: A Qualitative Study, Nicki Silberman, Vicki Lafay

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Introduction: In physical therapist (PT) education, the site coordinator of clinical education (SCCE) administers and manages clinical placements for student clinical education experiences from the clinical side. Characteristics of successful site coordinators of clinical education (SCCEs) have been established; minimal evidence informs the identification of individuals with those characteristics. One cannot assume that exemplary clinical instructors (CIs) will become effective SCCEs. Purpose: The purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate if the characteristics of exemplary CIs are consistent with the traits needed in a successful SCCE candidate by exploring these 3 aims: (1) Describe characteristics of exemplary CIs. (2) …

Systematic Review Brief: Virtual Interventions That Address Motor And Balance Impairments And Skills For Adults With Traumatic Brain Injury (Tbi) (12-21), Kitsum Li, Beth Fields, Adam Kinney, Olivia Condon, Emilio Villavicencio

Occupational Therapy | Faculty Scholarship

Systematic Review Briefs provide a summary of the findings from systematic reviews developed in conjunction with the American Occupational Therapy Association’s (AOTA’s) Evidence-Based Practice Program. Each Systematic Review Brief summarizes the evidence on a theme related to a systematic review topic. This Systematic Review Brief presents findings from the theme of virtual interventions that address motor and balance impairments and skills for adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Physical Activity Interventions That Address Motor And Balance Impairments And Skills For Adults With Traumatic Brain Injury (Tbi) (2012-2021), Beth Fields, Kitsum Li, Adam Kinney, Olivia Condon, Emilio Villavicencio

Occupational Therapy | Faculty Scholarship

Systematic Review Briefs provide a summary of the findings from systematic reviews developed in conjunction with the American Occupational Therapy Association’s (AOTA’s) Evidence-Based Practice Program. Each Systematic Review Brief summarizes the evidence on a theme related to a systematic review topic. The systematic review is on interventions to address motor and balance impairments to improve occupational performance for adults with TBI, the theme reported in this Systematic Review Brief is physical activity interventions.

Assessing The Effectiveness Of The Mover Program For Treating Attention Deficit In Children (Mover: Movement Opportunities Through Vestibular Engagement Rhythm), Lindsay B. Williams, Camille Skubik-Peplaski

Student Journal of Occupational Therapy

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of participation in a movement- to music program on the attention span of elementary school-aged children who have attention deficits. The hypothesis was that participants would demonstrate improved attention on the Test of Sustained Selective Attention (TOSSA) (Kovacs, 2015).

Methods: This quantitative study involved nine children who participated in four movement-to-music sessions with a staggered stop over a period of six weeks. The study incorporated a single group pre-test/post-test design, and a non-parametric Sign Test was utilized to analyze data from the TOSSA subcategories of concentration, detection, …

Resilience Development In Children With Adverse Childhood Experiences: The Role Of The Occupational Therapist And The Interdisciplinary Team, Kayla Frederick

Student Journal of Occupational Therapy

Research has revealed adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) can have a negative effect on a child’s development and put a child at an increased risk of physical and mental health problems in adulthood including obesity, diabetes, depressed mood, and attempted suicide (Anda et al., 2006; Felitti et al., 1998; Gilbert et al., 2015; Putamen, 2006). Some children have been able to counteract the negative effects of ACEs and achieve positive life outcomes using a principle called resilience (Zolkoski & Bullock, 2012). While researchers have begun to identify the key skills and character traits associated with resilience in children, few have explored …

Using Whole-Brain Diffusion Tensor Analysis To Evaluate White Matter Structural Correlates Of Delayed Visuospatial Memory And One-Week Motor Skill Retention In Nondemented Older Adults: A Preliminary Study, Jennapher Lingo Vangilder, Maurizio Bergamino, Andrew Hooyman, Megan C. Fitzhugh, Corianne Rogalsky, Jill C. Stewart, Scott C. Beeman, Sydney Y. Schaefer

Physical Therapy Faculty Articles and Research

Skill retention is important for motor rehabilitation outcomes. Recent work has demonstrated that delayed visuospatial memory performance may predict motor skill retention in older and neuropathological populations. White matter integrity between parietal and frontal cortices may explain variance in upper-extremity motor learning tasks and visuospatial processes. We performed a whole-brain analysis to determine the white matter correlates of delayed visuospatial memory and one-week motor skill retention in nondemented older adults. We hypothesized that better frontoparietal tract integrity would be positively related to better behavioral performance. Nineteen participants (age>58) completed diffusion-weighted imaging, then a clinical test of delayed visuospatial memory …

Recommendations For Optimizing Cardiac Ischemia Detection For Physical Therapy Practice: Research Review, Stacey Pirtle, Germaine Ferreira

Physical Therapy Collection

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to guide physical therapists in recognizing ischemia using electrocardiogram strips during graded exercise stress testing using methods other than relying on ST segment deviation for cardiac ischemia detection.

Methods: A literature review of the English-language literature published between 1975 to 2022 on the detection and prediction accuracy of ECG abnormalities on cardiac ischemia during GXT was conducted using PubMed and CINAHL. Inclusion criteria included studies utilizing 12-lead ECG monitoring while performing GXT for the detection of cardiac ischemia. Exclusion criteria included studies that did not utilize GXT or ECG for detection of cardiac …

A Narrative Review Of The Disenfranchisement Of Single Mothers In Highland Ecuador, Lisbeth Alexandra Pino Gavidia, Joy C. Macdermid, Laura K. Brunton, Samantha Doralp

Health and Rehabilitation Sciences Publications

Background:

The Andean South American country of Ecuador presents social challenges that contribute to inequities. The social determinants of health have impacts on the physical, psychological and social health of individuals across all societies. Ecuador is an example of how the interactions of gender roles and social determinants of health impact the health of single mothers and their children.

Methods:

A retrospective historical literature review was conducted on gender role expectations within the rural context Ecuador to inform future public health strategies and health interventions.

Results:

Gender inequality contributes to higher rates of single parenting, child labour, and migration. Food …

Sickle Cell Disease Chronic Joint Pain: Clinical Assessment Based On Maladaptive Central Nervous System Plasticity, Tiago Da Silva Lopes, Samir K. Ballas, Jamille Evelyn Rodrigues Souza Santana, Pedro De Melo-Carneiro, Lilian Becerra De Oliveira, Katia Nunes Sá, Larissa Conceição Dias Lopes, Wellington Dos Santos Silva, Rita Lucena, Abrahão Fontes Baptista

Department of Medicine Faculty Papers

Chronic joint pain (CJP) is among the significant musculoskeletal comorbidities in sickle cell disease (SCD) individuals. However, many healthcare professionals have difficulties in understanding and evaluating it. In addition, most musculoskeletal evaluation procedures do not consider central nervous system (CNS) plasticity associated with CJP, which is frequently maladaptive. This review study highlights the potential mechanisms of CNS maladaptive plasticity related to CJP in SCD and proposes reliable instruments and methods for musculoskeletal assessment adapted to those patients. A review was carried out in the PubMed and SciELO databases, searching for information that could help in the understanding of the mechanisms …

Engaging Stakeholders As Advisors On The Design Of A Large-Scale Calibration Study Of The Spinal Cord Injury Movement Index (Sci-Mi) Item Pools, Olivia M. Biller, Otdc, Jason Biundo, Bs, Edward S.-L. Mitchell, Mba, Ernest Ofori, Mb Chb, Lmcc, Bonnie Richardson, Rachel Y. Kim, Otd, Otrl/L, Nicole Gerhardt, Ms, Otr/L, Cbis, M.J. Mulcahey, Phd, Otr/L, Fasia

Department of Occupational Therapy Posters and Presentations

Introduction

• People living with spinal cord injury (SCI) in North America are involved in the following as stake holders in research: identifying priorities for research; planning interventions; and implementing rehabilitation or peer-support interventions.
• The best practice is for partnerships to span the continuum of research.
• Project purpose: to collaborate with an advisory board of individuals living with SCI, to make recommendations for the methods of a large-scale calibration study of the Spinal Cord Injury Movement Index )SCI-MI).
• The SCI-MI is being developed as a SCI clinical trial outcome assessment to evaluate the construct of movement in the context of function …

An Integrative Review Of Clinical Outcome Assessments Used To Measure Carryover Effects Of Exoskeletons And Functional Electrical Stimulation In Spinal Cord Injury, Martha K. Childress, Olivia M. Biller, Nicole Gerhardt, Ms, Otr/L, Cbis, Namrata Grampurohit, Phd, Otr/L, Rachel Y. Kim, Otd, Otr/L, Mj Mulcahey, Phd, Otr/L

Department of Occupational Therapy Posters and Presentations

Introduction

• Functional electrical stimulation (FES) and exoskeletons are rehabilitation technologies that provide direct functional ability and potential carryover effects
• Carryover effects may be due to neuromuscular recovery, behavioral compensation, or a combination of both (Figure 1)
• Clinical outcome assessments (COAs) are used to measure recovery of function with and without the device on

Assessing Companion Animal Attachment Among Future Latino Human Services Professionals, Yuleinys A. Castillo, Roy K. Chen

School of Rehabilitation Services & Counseling Faculty Publications

As the population of individuals from minoritized ethnic background continues to grow in the United States, the relationship between humans and their companion animals can provide valuable information for human services professionals. Attachment to companion animals can play a significant part in clients’ emotional wellbeing, family dynamics, and quality of life. This study aimed to examine the associations between human attachment with companion animals and their educational training and attitudes about animals. Analysis revealed that relational attachment was significant among Latino students in the study, and participants’ positive attitudes and beliefs about animals significantly predicted their level of attachment to …

A Mixed Methods Approach To Understanding Common Factors Association With Pain And Functional Outcomes In Musculoskeletal Pain Conditions, Mary Beth Holmes

Educational Studies Dissertations

Healthcare costs continue to rise the provision of value-based care with evidence to support improvement in patient outcomes is essential for service coverage. While physical therapy has proven to be effective for the treatment of painful musculoskeletal conditions ostensibly different treatment approaches have yielded similar results. These findings have led to an exploration of the influence of the features present across all interventions, variables known as the “common factors”, on physical therapy outcomes. Research pertaining to common factors remains in the early stages in physical therapy literature, with studies primarily aimed at defining and exploring singular concepts. Using Wampold’s Contextual …

The Management Of Newly Diagnosed Probable Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease In Acute Rehabilitation Setting: A Case Report, Royce Copeland, Shefali Amin, Anthony Donato

Advances in Clinical Medical Research and Healthcare Delivery

Abstract

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is a rare and fatal neurodegenerative disease. The purpose of this report is to demonstrate the role of inpatient rehabilitation for a patient recently diagnosed with probable Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. A 62-year-old male was readmitted to an acute care hospital after a recent mechanical fall. For several weeks, he had a constellation of symptoms, including cognitive impairment and progressive memory loss, gait and postural instability, 20 pounds of unintentional weight loss, visual hallucinations, myoclonus, and hypophonia. After an extensive workup, a diagnosis of probable Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was made, and he was transferred to an acute inpatient rehabilitation hospital. …

The Effects Of Animal- Assisted Therapy On The Health And Well- Being Of Military Veterans: A Systematic Scoping Review And Recommendations For Future Research, Brooke Fonseka, Fiona Marshall, Laura J. Edwards

People and Animals: The International Journal of Research and Practice

Veterans of the armed forces may have experienced a range of physical and psychological traumas during their service, which can lead to long-standing problems with health and well-being, sometimes compounded with challenges accessing and engaging with support. Animal-assisted therapies (AAT) may offer an engaging, holistic approach that could be helpful for the veteran population. The aim of this scoping review is to examine the existing research on the effects of AAT on the health and well-being of veterans.

Method: The databases EMBASE (OVID), Web of Science, Cinahl, Cochrane and Medline were searched in October 2020. Articles were screened against inclusion …

The Effects On Gait Of 4-Wheeled Walker Use In People With Alzheimer's Disease Dementia And Gait Impairment: A Pilot Study, Humberto Omaña, Edward Madou, Susan W. Hunter

Physical Therapy Publications

In people with dementia, provision of mobility aids is standard treatment for those with impaired gait. However, mobility aid use is independently associated with increased falls risk. In this short communication, gait velocity and stride time variability were recorded in eleven adults with Alzheimer's disease dementia. Three conditions were tested: single-task (no aid), walking with a walker, and dual-task (walker use and counting backwards) under both a straight path and Figure-of-8 walking configuration. Gait velocity increased when using a walker compared to no aid in the Figure-of-8 walking configuration. Walker use improved gait in simple walking, but benefits diminished upon …

Physical Therapists Clinical Instructors Perceptions, Practices And Experience When Supervising An Underperforming Student In Clinical Education, Ruth Lyons Hansen

Seton Hall University Dissertations and Theses (ETDs)

Physical Therapist (PT) clinical instructors’ (CIs) perceptions, practices, and experiences when supervising an underperforming student.

Background: The experience of supervising an underperforming student (UPS) in clinical education and failure to fail (FTF) are described in health professions such as nursing and medicine but there is little description of it in Physical Therapist (PT) clinical education.

Purpose: To explore the PT clinical instructors’ (CIs) perceptions, practices and experience when supervising an under-performing student, and to determine if failure to fail exists in PT clinical education and if so, what organizational, personal, and demographic factors may be related to it.

Methods: …